ماتریدی

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
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Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
از سلسله مقالات مذاهب اسلام
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شامل: 1 احمدیه, Qutbism & وهابیت
2 علویان (سوریه), حشاشین, دروز & قزلباش
3 ازارقه, Ajardi, Haruriyyah, نجدات & Sufriyyah
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نشان درگاه درگاه اسلام

اهل سنت در کل دارای چهار مذهب کلامی هستند که اشعریون و ماتُریدون اکثریت آنان را شامل می‌شود مؤسس مذهب ماتریدی ابو منصور ماتریدی نام دارد.

ابومنصور محمدبن محمدبن محمود ماتریدی. وفات او در ۳۳۳ هجری قمری است. دانشمند حنفی مؤلف «کتاب التوحید» و «کتاب المقامات» و «کتاب رد اهل الادلة» و «کتاب بیان اوهام المعتزله» و «تأویلات القرآن» و «رد الاصول الخمسة لابی محمد الباهلی» و «ردالامامة لبعض الروافض» و «الرد علی القرامطة» و «مآخذ الشرایع» و «الحبل فی اصول الفقه» و «شرح الفقه الاکبر امام ابی حنیفة النعمان» و میان وی و ابوالقاسم سمرقندی دربارهٔ اختلاف میان اهل سنت و معتزلیان و کرامیان در سمرقند مناظره بوده‌است. (از تعلیقات تاریخ بیهقی چ سعید نفیسی ج۲ ص۹۶۴). رجوع به تاریخ بیهقی چ سعید نفیسی ج۲ و کتاب القند فی تاریخ سمرقند نجم‌الدین ابوحفص عمربن محمد نسفی و کتاب ترکستان پیش از دورهٔ استیلای مغول تألیف بارتولد و لباب‌الالباب شود.[۱]

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

منابع[ویرایش]

  1. ↑ مؤسسه لغتنامه دهخدا، لغتنامه دهخدا (لوح فشرده)، مؤسسه انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران،1378.

با اندکی تغییر از لغتنامه دهخدا (لوح فشرده)، مؤسسه انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران، ۱۳۷۸.

 bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
Part of a series on

Sunni Islam
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Sunni schools of theology

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Maturidiyya (Arabic: الماتريدية‎) is one of the main schools of Sunni Islam theology. It was formalized by Abu Mansur Al Maturidi and brought the beliefs already present among the majority of Sunnis under one school of systematic theology (kalam). It is considered one of the orthodox Sunni creeds alongside the Ash'ari school and Athari school.[1] Māturīdism has been the predominant theological orientation among the Sunni Muslims of Persia prior to its conversion to Shiaism in the 16th century, Hanafis, and the Ahl al-Ray (people of reason) and enjoyed a preeminent status in the Ottoman Empire and Mughal India. Outside the old Ottoman and Mughal empires, the majority of Turkic tribes, Central Asian, and South Asian Muslims also believe in Maturidi theology. The Maturidi school paved the way fora later rather Turco-Persian understanding than Arabian understanding of Islam often combined with Sufism.[2]

Beliefs

The Maturidi view holds that:

  • All attributes of God are eternal and not separated from God.[3]
  • Ethics have an objective existence and humans are capable of recognizing it through reason.[4]
  • Although humans are intellectually capable of realizing God, they need revelations and guidance of Prophets, because human desire can divert the intellect and because certain knowledge of God has been specially given to these Prophets (i.e. the Quran was revealed to Muhammad, who was given this special knowledge from God and only through Muhammad did this knowledge become accessible to others).[5]
  • Humans are free in determining their actions within scope of God-given possibilities. Accordingly, God has created all possibilities, but humans are free to choose.[6]
  • The Quran is the uncreated word of God, however when it takes form (in sound or letters) it is created.
  • The Six articles of faith.[7]
  • Religious authorities need reasonable arguments to prove their claims.[8]
  • Support of science and falsafa.[9]
  • The Maturidis state that iman (faith) does not increase nor decrease depending on one's deeds; it is rather taqwa (piety) which increases and decreases. The Ash'aris say that faith itself increases or decreases according to one's actions.[10]
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Maturidism holds, that humans are creatures endowed with reason, that differentiates them from animals. Further, the relationship between people and God differs from that of nature and God; humans are endowed with free-will, but due to God's sovereignty, God creates the acts the humans choose, so humans can perform them. Ethics can be understood just by reason and do not need prophetic guidance. Maturidi also considered hadiths as unreliable, when they are in odd with reason.[11] However, the human mind alone could not grasp the entire truth, thus it is in need of revelation in regard of mysterious affairs. Further, Maturidism opposes anthropomorphism and similitude, while simultaneously does not deny the divine attributes. They must be either interpretated in the light of Tauhid or be left out.[12]

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ "Maturidiyah". Britanicca. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  2. ^ Marlène Laruelle Being Muslim in Central Asia: Practices, Politics, and Identities BRILL, 11.01.2018 ISBN 9789004357242 p. 21
  3. ^ Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014
  4. ^ Oliver Leaman The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy Bloomsbury Publishing 2015 ISBN 978-1-472-56945-5 page 311
  5. ^ Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014
  6. ^ Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1014
  7. ^ Oliver Leaman The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia Taylor & Francis 2006 ISBN 978-0-415-32639-1 page 41
  8. ^ Ulli Roth, Armin Kreiner, Gunther Wenz, Friedo Ricken, Mahmut Ay, Roderich Barth, Halis Albayrak, Muammer Esen, Engin Erdem, Hikmet Yaman Glaube und Vernunft in Christentum und Islam Kohlhammer Verlag 2017 ISBN 978-3-170-31526-6 page 83
  9. ^ Ulli Roth, Armin Kreiner, Gunther Wenz, Friedo Ricken, Mahmut Ay, Roderich Barth, Halis Albayrak, Muammer Esen, Engin Erdem, Hikmet Yaman Glaube und Vernunft in Christentum und Islam Kohlhammer Verlag 2017 ISBN 978-3-170-31526-6 page 83
  10. ^ Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 ISBN 978-1-610-69217-5 page 1015
  11. ^ Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power Springer, 2018 ISBN 9783319973555 p. 108
  12. ^ Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers PH Publishing, 1994 ISBN 9788170246237 p. 30
  • Article "Kalam" in The Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition.

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