خمس
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خمس - عربی و به معنای یک پنجم - یکی از انواع مالیاتهای اسلامی است که شیعیان بدان معتقدند و به منظور رفع مشکلات مالی امت اسلامی و توزیع عادلانه ثروت و تقویت بنیه مالی حکومت اسلامی وضع شدهاست.
خمس در قران[ویرایش]کتاب مسلمانان قران تنها یک بار نام خمس را ذکر میکند. قرآن در سوره انفال آیه ۴۱ میگوید
خمس در کتاب مقدس[ویرایش]بر اساس روایت «کتاب مقدس» بخش عهد عتیق، حکم و دستور «خمس» در زمان حکومت «یوسف» نبی به عنوان عزیز مصر و در دوره سلطنت فراعنه، از جانب خداوند به یوسف صادر گردید. در کتاب «پیدایش» - نخستین کتاب «تورات» و همچنین نخستین کتاب «عهد عتیق» - آمدهاست که در دوره هفت ساله برکت - پیش از دوره هفت ساله قحطی - خداوند فرمان داد تا مردم از محصول مزارعشان چهار پنجم را به مصرف خانوادههایشان رسانده و یکپنجم - خمس - آن را به خزانه فرعون تقدیم کنند. در هنگام قحطی، به واسطه همین یک پنجمها، مردم مصر توانستند ۷ سال قحطی را پشت سر بگذارند. این حکم در ترجمه کتاب مقدس به فارسی نیز، «خمس» ترجمه شدهاست. تفاوت خمس و زکات[ویرایش]میان خمس و زکات این تفاوت مهم وجود دارد که زکات جزء اموال عمومی جامعه اسلامی محسوب میشود، لذا مصارف آن عموماً در همین قسمت میباشد، ولی خمس از مالیاتهایی است که مربوط به حکومت اسلامی است، یعنی مخارج دستگاه حکومت اسلامی و گردانندگان این دستگاه از آن تأمین میشود. محروم بودن سادات از دست یابی به زکات در حقیقت برای دور نگه داشتن خویشاوندان پیامبر از این قسمت است تا بهانهای به دست مخالفان نیافتد که پیامبر خویشان خود را بر اموال عمومی مسلط ساختهاست، ولی از سوی دیگر نیازمندان سادات نیز باید از طریقی تأمین شوند. در حقیقت خمس نه تنها یک امتیاز برای سادات نیست، بلکه یک نوع کنار زدن آنها، به خاطر مصلحت عموم و به خاطر این که هیچ گونه سوء ظنی تولید نشود میباشد. اعتقاد شیعه[ویرایش]به اعتقاد شیعیان هر مالی که یک سال بدون استفاده قرار گیرد، غنیمت جنگی و چند مورد دیگر خمس به آن تعلق میگیرد و دادن خمس واجب است.[نیازمند منبع] برخی علمای شیعه نیز اعتقادی به خمس از اموال تجاری نداشتهاند. از جمله مقدس اردبیلی دریافت خمس را حرام دانسته است.[۱][۲] بعض از نواندیشان محقق و دانشمندان شیعی، تفکر مرسوم در مورد تعلق خمس به موارد غیر از غنائم جنگی را قبول نداشته و دلائل خود را ارائه دادهاند.[۳][۴] اعتقاد اهل سنت[ویرایش]به اعتقاد اهل سنت خمس فقط به غنیمت جنگی تعلق میگیرد. علمای تسنن معتقدند که واژه غنیمت در قرآن، فقط به معنای دستاوردهای جنگی است و گرفتن خمس مکاسب نامشروع است. ولی علمای شیعه در جواب این شبهه، آنان را به مراجعه پیرامون معنای واژه غنیمت در عربی فصیح(عربی قرآنی یا کلاسیک) و متون قدیمی فراخواندهاند، جایی که غنیمت به مفهوم ماحصل کار و تلاش آمدهاست.[۵] مصارف خمس[ویرایش]طبق اعتقاد بسیاری از فقهای شیعه، خمس به دو سهم تقسیم میشود که یکی سهم سادات فقیر، یتیم و در راه درماندهاست و دیگری سهم امام زمان که هر دو سهم باید به مرجع تقلید یا نمایندهٔ وی داده شود، مگر آن که از ایشان اجازه گرفته و در راهی مصرف شود که آنها اجازه میدهند.[۶] البته جمعی از فقهای شیعی اختصاص نیمی از خمس به سادات را قبول ندارند [۷] سید محمد جواد غروی در کتاب خود چنین مینویسد که خمس در هفت چیز است:
انتقادات[ویرایش]احمد کسروی، معتقد بود که: «زکات و مال امام، مالیات اسلام بوده. اسلام یک حکومتی داشته که سپاه میگرفته و حکمرانان میفرستاده و قاضی میگمارده و شحنه و شرطه برمیگزیده و یک کشور بسیار بزرگی را اداره میکرده و مسلمانان را نگهداری مینموده و در برابر آن از مردم مال امام و زکات میگرفته، اما اکنون که حکومت واحد اسلامی برافتاده و هر توده و نژادی از مسلمانان خود را جدا گردانیده و یک حکومت نژادی بنیاد گزاردهاند و مالیات به دولتهای خود میپردازند، دیگر نیازی به پرداخت زکات و مال امام به ملاها وجود ندارد».[۱۵] البته بر خلاف تصور کسروی هیچ کدام از دو سهم خمس -چنانکه در قسمت مصارف همین مقاله اشاره شد- ( در نزد اهل تشیع دست کم)به مصرف هزینههای دولتی نمیرسد.[۱۶] منابع[ویرایش]پانویس[ویرایش]
جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]پیوند به بیرون[ویرایش] |
For the town in Libya, see Khoms, Libya.
In Islamic tradition, Khums (Arabic: خمس Arabic pronunciation: [xums], literally 'Fifth') refers to a religious obligation to contribute one-fifth of a certain type of income to charity. The obligatory giving of alms is observed throughout Islam and is one of the Five Pillars of the faith, but the nature of the tax varies considerably between various Islamic traditions. Khums is paid on all items regarded as ghanima. There are differing legal traditions within Islam about what constitutes ghanima, and thus how far-reaching khums should be. In certain Shia traditions ghanima is defined as the year's profit, including all net income and wealth left over at the end of a year. Within these traditions, Khums involves an annual taxation of one-fifth of all gain, and can be compared to a tithe, or an income tax. Khums includes the Zakat, or alms required as one of the five pillars of Islam. In Sunni tradition, ghanim is defined as the spoils of war, and the tradition of paying khums has lapsed.[1] However, Sunnis pay Zakat, which involves a one-fortieth taxation of total wealth (and is more akin to a property tax).
Etymology[edit]The Arabic term Khums literally means one-fifth. It is referred to in the Quran in the sura Al-Anfal ("spoils of war, booty") especially verse no 41. History of Khums[edit]
Khums is among the things introduced by Abdul Muttalib, grandfather of the Islamic prophet Mohamed, and it continued in Islam when it was revealed in the Quran. Acting upon a command of God given in a dream, Abdul Muttalib rediscovered the well of Zamzam. He found in it many valuable things that had been buried in a remote past by the Ismailites when they feared that their enemies would usurp them. When Abdul Muttalib found that buried treasure, he gave away one fifth (literally khums) for the way of God and kept the remaining four fifths to himself. This became a custom in his family, and after the Hijrah of Mohamed the system was incorporated in Islam. So the first khums was not given from spoils of war, but from a buried treasure. Khums[edit]Khums, in the Shia tradition, is applied to the business profit, or surplus, of a business income. It is payable at the beginning of the financial year, though this is regarded as being the time at which the amount becomes clear. The surplus is defined as that amount which is net income of a business, after deducting the annual cost from the gross income. Income includes all earnings, wages, dividend, and, in the eyes of most jurists, includes gifts, prizes, legacies also. However it does not include dowries, or inheritances from immediate family. Annual expenses, which are deducted from income in order to calculate the surplus, would include household expenses, marriage and medical expenses, debts, and in the case of businesses, wages of employees, legal costs, and mandatory payments. Expenses are expected to be reasonable; a person who might reasonably expect to have half his income as surplus, but has less due to profligacy, would still be obliged to pay Khums on the half he is reasonably expected to have. On the other hand, a person who is frugal, and has a larger surplus would be expected to pay Khums on the entire surplus.[2] Ghanima[edit]The Items eligible for khums are referred to as Ghanima →"الْغَنيمَة" in the Quran. The Arabic word ghanima has three meanings:
However one hadith (Imams of Ahlu’l-bayt) lists seven items regarded as ghanima:
Sunnis confine the term to cover only
Interpretations of the verse regarding Ghanima[edit]Taken in context[edit]If read in context, "Khums" should only be paid on war booty. The ruling appears in The Qur'an 008:041. Chapter 8 of the Qur'an (Al-Anfal - "spoils of war, booty") begins with the following verse:
The chapter continues to enlighten the reader on how to address various types of situations in the battle-field (as well as lessons to be learnt). The definition of a true believer is given at the beginning. Many of the verses are giving the believers courage (as at the beginning some were afraid), including those verses explaining the favours of Allah on the believers and the reality of the unbelievers. At the same time some are warning the believers from committing evils. Every verse is relevant to the battle-field, and continues to be.
Notes:
Taken in the literal sense[edit]Some Muslims, typically those who are referred to as Shia, hold the view that since the word Ghanima is used, it therefore implies that the one-fifth tax of Khums also applies wherever gain or profit is involved. "Ghanima" has two meanings as mentioned above; the second meaning is illustrated by the common use of the Islamic banking term "al-ghunm bil-ghurm" meaning "gains accompany liability for loss or risk"[3][4] Also in a famous supplication, the supplication after the noon prayer, the person asks God to bestow on him His favors. One of those favors which the person asks is the benefit or gain from every act of righteousness; the word used here is "al-ghanima." →"وَالْغَنيمَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ بِر"[5] This is in accordance with the second meaning of the word. The Sunni View[edit]Sunnis that follow one of the four Sunni Schools of Law (Hanafi • Shafi`i • Maliki • Hanbali) for the most part consider Khums to be something that exists, and do not consider it as an innovation. Followers of a contemporary Islamic movement -- Salafism, the adherents of which claim to adhere to the path of the 'as-Salaf aṣ-Ṣāliḥ' (righteous predecessors) consider the payment of Khums to be an innovation—a bid'ah.
An example of Khums seen in the Shafi`i school of law is the "Zakat on Treasure Troves". The 1991 English Translation of Umdat al-Salik wa Uddat al-Nasik (Reliance of the Traveller and the Tools of the Worshipper) has this text as the translation in the section H6.2 (ZAKAT ON TREASURE TROVES):
As for the strict understanding, that Khums is only applicable on Ghanayam (property, movable and immovable,) surrendered by the enemy in any battle or as a result of actual warfare, this is the opinion of only some Sunnis. (For this point one can refer to the quote above, or potentially consult the meaning of ghanimat: tafsir al manar; tafsir qartabi (Volume 4, Page 2840); tafsir razi (Volume 15, Page 164).) The other opinion is illustrated by the addition of the comment "(in war)" by Abdullah Yusuf Ali in his translation of the meaning of the Qur'an, for verse 41 of Surah al-Anfaal (8):
The significance of the brackets around the words "in war" is to show that they are an addition to the original text. This is done to highlight that this verse came down about the "Day of Testing"—the day of the Battle of Badr. This for some Sunnis implies that Khums is only applicable on the spoils of war. With regard to "The Spoils of Battle" this topic is discussed under section O10.0, under the chapter of the same name. This understanding of Khums is mentioned in section O10.4, under the title of "Dividing the First Fifth Taken (Khums)". References[edit]
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