آلیداد

یک آلیداد ساده برای استفاده هم‌زمان با یک نورافکن ابریاب

یک ناوی آمریکایی در حال استفاده از آلیداد دوربین‌دار.

آلیداد یا عِضاده یا راستایاب (به انگلیسی: Alidade) نوعی خط‌کش رویت ساده در نقشه‌برداری است که برای مشاهده اشیاء دور و اندازه‌گیری‌های زاویه‌ای بکار می‌رود. آلیداد معمولاً دارای یک دوربین دارای نشانه‌است و یکی از اجزای دستگاه زاویه‌یاب یا تئودلیت می‌باشد. آلیداد هم‌چنین مدرج است و ملحقاتی برای خواباندن یا ثبت نتایج دارد.

آلیداد به شکل U ساخته شده و بدنه اصلی و مهمترین قسمت زاویه‌یاب را تشکیل می‌دهد و شامل محور افقی تئودلیت نیز هست. این قسمت حول محور اصلی یا محور قائم دستگاه نامیده می‌شود و به طور سمتی چرخش می‌کند. با چرخش آلیداد در سمت تلسکوپ نیز همراه آن حول محور اصلی می‌چرخد.

واژه آلیداد شکل اروپایی‌شده واژه العضاده عربی است.

ساختار

آلیداد قسمت فوقانی تئودولیت است و از یک دو شاخه فلزی محکم تشکیل شده‌است. بر انتهای شاخه‌های آلیداد یک محور افقی TT تکیه می‌کند که یک دوربین نقشه‌برداری (عمود بر آن) می‌تواند حول آن دوران نماید و به همین جهت آن را محور چرخش دوربین می‌نامیم. آلیداد نیز می‌تواند حول محور اصلی دستگاه که آن را به PP نمایش می‌دهیم دوران کند. برای آنکه بتوانیم محور اصلی دستگاه را در امتداد قائم قرار دهیم، بین دو شاخه آلیداد، یک تراز نصب شده و برای آن که دستگاه برای اندازه‌گیری زاویه قائم نیز آمادگی داشته باشد یک دایره مدرج به نام لمپ قائم کنار یکی از شاخه‌های آلیداد در نظر گرفته شده به طوریکه محور TT از مرکز آن می‌گذرد.

کارکرد

آلیداد وسیله نشانه‌روی و رسم امتدادها روی تخته می‌باشد. این وسیله قراول‌روی ممکن است دوربین‌دار یا بدون دوربین باشد.

این الیدادها عبارتند از یک خط‌کش که دوربین نقشه‌برداری به آن متصل شده و خط قراولروی دوربین با لبه خط‌کش موازی دوربین آلیداد دارای حرکت ارتفاعی بوده و شیب خط قراول‌روی روی دایره مدرجی قرائت می‌شود. با دوربین آنها می‌توان فواصل را نیز به طریقه استادیمتری اندازه گرفت.

اعداد خوانده شده به وسیله آلیداد:

تار بالا:۰۶۸۵

تار وسط:۰۶۴۵

تار پایین:۰۶۰۵

در شاخص‌خوانی اعداد به دست آمده به صورت میلی‌متر گزارش می‌شود. این سه دوربین از لحاظ زوایایی که به دست می‌دهند با هم تفاوت دارند دوربین تئودولیت هم زاویهٔ افقی و هم عمودی را به دست می‌دهد ولی نیوو تنها زایهٔ افقی و آلیداد تنها زاویه عمودی را به دست می‌دهد.

جستارهای وابسته

• تئودولیت

منابع

• فشارکی، پ. فرهنگ جغرافیا، انتشارات امیرکبیر، ۱۳۷۹.
• سید قاسم رستمی و بهرام صفایی: نقشه‌برداری پیشرفته، دستگاه‌ها. تهران: انتشارات: فروزش، بهمن ۱۳۸۹.

Not to be confused with Adelaide.

A simple alidade for use with a ceiling projector

An alidade (archaic forms include alhidade, alhidad, alidad) or a turning board is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to draw a line on a plane table in the direction of the object or to measure the angle to the object from some reference point. Angles measured can be horizontal, vertical or in any chosen plane.

The alidade was originally a part of many types of scientific and astronomical instrument. At one time, some alidades, particularly those used on graduated circles as on astrolabes, were also called diopters. With modern technology, the name is applied to complete instruments such as the plane table alidade.

Origins

An example of an alidade on a circumferentor. Taken from the Table of Surveying, Cyclopaedia, Volume 2, 1728

The word in Arabic (الحلقة العضدية al-ḥilqa al-ʿaḍudiyya, "the ruler"), signifies the same device. In Greek and Latin, it is respectively called δίοπτρα, "dioptra", and linea fiduciae, "fiducial line".

The earliest alidades consisted of a bar, rod or similar component with a vane on each end. Each vane (also called a pinnule or pinule) has a hole, slot or other indicator through which one can view a distant object. There may also be a pointer or pointers on the alidade to indicate a position on a scale. Alidades have been made of wood, ivory, brass and other materials.

Examples of old alidade types

Several examples of alidade types.

Traverse plane-table alidade, c. 1898

The figure on the left displays drawings that attempt to show the general forms of various alidades that can be found on many antique instruments. Real alidades of these types could be much more decorative, revealing the maker's artistic talents as well as his technical skills. In the terminology of the time, the edge of an alidade at which one reads a scale or draws a line is called a fiducial edge.

Alidade B in the diagram shows a straight, flat bar with a vane at either end. No pointers are used. The vanes are not centred on the bar but offset so that the sight line coincides with the edge of the bar.

The vanes have a rectangular hole in each with a fine wire held vertically in the opening. To use the alidade, the user sights an object and lines it up with the wires in each vane. This type of alidade could be found on a plane table, graphometer or similar instrument.

Alidades A and C are similar to B but have a slit or circular hole without a wire. In the diagram, the openings are exaggerated in size to show the shape; they would be smaller in a real alidade, perhaps 2 mm or so in width. One can look through the openings and line the openings up with the object of interest in the distance. With a small opening, the error in sighting the object is small. However, if a dim object such as a star is observed through a small hole, the image is difficult to see.

This form is shown in the diagram as having pointers. These can be used to read off an angle on a scale that is engraved around the outer edge (or limb) of the instrument. Alidades of this form are found on astrolabes, mariner's astrolabes and similar instruments.

Alidade D has vanes without any openings. In this case, the object is viewed and the alidade is rotated until the two opposite vanes simultaneously eclipse the object. With skill, this sort of alidade can yield very precise measures. In this example, pointers are shown.

Alidade E is a representation of a very interesting design by Johannes Hevelius. Hevelius was following in Tycho Brahe's footsteps and cataloging star positions with high accuracy. He did have access to the telescopic sights that were being used by astronomers in other countries, however, he chose to use naked-eye observations for his positional instruments. Due to the design of his instruments and the alidades, as well as his diligent practices, he was able to yield very precise measures.

Hevelius' design featured a pivot point with a vertical cylinder and a vane at the observer's end. The vane had two narrow slits that were spaced precisely the same distance apart as the diameter of the cylinder (in the diagram, the portion of the vane between the slits is removed for clarity; the left and right edges of the opening represent the slits). If the observer could sight a star on only one side of the cylinder, as seen in F, the alignment was off. By carefully moving the vane so that the star could just barely be seen on either side of the cylinder (G), the alidade was aligned with the position of the star. This could not be used with a closely located object. A star, being so far away as to exhibit no parallax to the naked-eye, would be observable as a point source simultaneously on both sides.

Modern alidade types

A U.S. Navy sailor using a telescopic alidade.

• The alidade is the part of a theodolite that rotates around the vertical axis, and that bears the horizontal axis around which the telescope (or visor, in early telescope-less instruments) turns up or down.
• In a sextant the alidade is the turnable arm carrying a mirror and an index to a graduated circle in a vertical plane. Today it is more commonly called an index arm.
• Alidade tables have also long been used in fire towers for sighting the bearing to a forest fire. A topographic map of the local area, with a suitable scale, is oriented, centered and permanently mounted on a leveled circular table surrounded by an arc calibrated to true north of the map and graduated in degrees (and fractions) of arc. Two vertical sight apertures are arranged opposite each other and can be rotated along the graduated arc of the horizontal table. To determine a bearing to a suspected fire, the user looks through the two sights and adjusts them until they are aligned with the source of the smoke (or an observed lightning strike to be monitored for smoke). See Osborne Fire Finder.

See also

• Gunsight
• Pelorus

References

• Gerard L'E. Turner, Nineteenth Century Scientific Instruments, Sotheby Publications, 1983, ISBN 0-85667-170-3
• Gerard L'E. Turner, Antique Scientific Instruments, Blandford Press Ltd. 1980, ISBN 0-7137-1068-3

External links

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "^{article name needed}". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.