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تغییر اقلیم: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

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جز مصطفی کوهستانی صفحهٔ گرمایش جهانی را به دگرگونی اقلیم منتقل کرد: برابرسازی با عنوان انگلیسی
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برچسب‌ها: جمع عربی واژگان فارسی ویرایش مبدأ ۲۰۱۷
خط ۳: خط ۳:
[[پرونده:Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|بندانگشتی|240 px|روند گرم شدن زمین بین سال‌های ۱۸۸۰ تا ۲۰۲۰]]
[[پرونده:Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|بندانگشتی|240 px|روند گرم شدن زمین بین سال‌های ۱۸۸۰ تا ۲۰۲۰]]
[[پرونده:Change in Average Temperature.svg|بندانگشتی|240px| [[میانگین]] انحراف دمای نقاط مختلف زمین از وضع عادی خود در اثر این پدیده]]
[[پرونده:Change in Average Temperature.svg|بندانگشتی|240px| [[میانگین]] انحراف دمای نقاط مختلف زمین از وضع عادی خود در اثر این پدیده]]
'''گرمایش جهانی''' یا '''گرم شدن زمین''' یا '''گَرمش زمین'''<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=معنی گَرمش زمین {{!}} واژه‌های مصوّب فرهنگستان|نشانی=https://www.vajehyab.com/farhangestan/گَرمش+زمین|وبگاه=www.vajehyab.com|بازبینی=2021-06-29}}</ref> {{انگلیسی|Global warming}}، نام پدیده‌ای است که منجر به افزایش میانگین دمای [[زمین]] و سطح [[اقیانوس]]‌ها شده‌است.<ref name="iranika">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان=گرم شدن زمین| ناشر=پایگاه اطلاعاتی ایرانیکا| نشانی=http://www.iranika.ir/articles%20page/omomi/garmshodanezamin.ls.htm| تاریخ بازدید=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826091534/http://www.iranika.ir/articles%20page/omomi/garmshodanezamin.ls.htm| archivedate=۲۶ اوت ۲۰۰۷| dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="hupaa">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان= گرم شدن جهان| ناشر=انجمن فیزیکدانان جوان ایران| نشانی=http://www.hupaa.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=830| تاریخ بازدید=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷}}</ref>
در کاربرد رایج، '''دگرگونی اقلیم''' {{به انگلیسی|Climate change}} یا '''گرمایش جهانی''' یا '''گرم‌شدن زمین''' یا '''گَرمش زمین'''<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=معنی گَرمش زمین {{!}} واژه‌های مصوّب فرهنگستان|نشانی=https://www.vajehyab.com/farhangestan/گَرمش+زمین|وبگاه=www.vajehyab.com|بازبینی=2021-06-29}}</ref> {{انگلیسی|Global warming}}، نام پدیده‌ای است که منجر به افزایش میانگین دمای [[زمین]] و سطح [[اقیانوس]]‌ها شده‌است.<ref name="iranika">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان=گرم شدن زمین| ناشر=پایگاه اطلاعاتی ایرانیکا| نشانی=http://www.iranika.ir/articles%20page/omomi/garmshodanezamin.ls.htm| تاریخ بازدید=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826091534/http://www.iranika.ir/articles%20page/omomi/garmshodanezamin.ls.htm| archivedate=۲۶ اوت ۲۰۰۷| dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="hupaa">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان= گرم شدن جهان| ناشر=انجمن فیزیکدانان جوان ایران| نشانی=http://www.hupaa.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=830| تاریخ بازدید=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷}}</ref>تغییرات اقلیمی به معنای وسیع‌تر شامل تغییرات طولانی مدت قبلی در آب و هوای زمین نیز می‌شود.
طی ۱۰۰ سال گذشته، [[سیاره|سیّارهٔ]] زمین به‌طور [[طبیعت|غیرطبیعی]] حدود ۱ درجهٔ [[سلسیوس]] گرم‌تر شده که این موضوع دانشمندان را نگران کرده‌است.<ref name="climate-change.ir">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان=گرم شدن زمین| ناشر=دفتر طرح ملی تغییر آب و هوا| نشانی=http://www.climate-change.ir/fa/youth| تاریخ بازدید=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919191439/http://www.climate-change.ir/fa/youth/| archivedate=۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| dead-url=yes}}</ref> برخی از [[دانشمند|دانشمندان]] معتقدند که دهه‌های پایانی قرن [[قرن بیستم]]، گرم‌ترین سال‌ها در ۲٬۰۰۰ سال اخیر بوده‌است.<ref name="aftab1">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان= گرمترین دوران کره زمین| ناشر=پایگاه اینترنتی آفتاب| نشانی=http://www.aftab.ir/news/2006/jun/28/c3c1151483508_science_education_environment.php| تاریخ بازدید= ۱۴ شهریور ۱۳۸۶}}</ref> گزارش‌ها حاکی از آن است که ۱۰ مورد از گرم‌ترین سال‌های جهان تنها از سال [[۱۹۹۰ (میلادی)|۱۹۹۰]] تا سال [[۲۰۰۷ (میلادی)|۲۰۰۷]] به ثبت رسیده‌است که این میزان در ۱۵۰ سال گذشته بی‌سابقه بوده‌است.<ref name="nojan">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان=پیش به سوی جهنم| ناشر=وبگاه نوژن طراحان| نشانی=http://nojanserver.com/mods.php?id=News&file=article&sid=957| تاریخ بازدید=۶ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009102105/http://nojanserver.com/mods.php?id=News&file=article&sid=957| archivedate=۹ اکتبر ۲۰۰۷| dead-url=yes}}</ref> به نظر می‌رسد فعّالیّت‌های [[صنعتی‌سازی|صنعتی]] در ایجاد این مشکل بسیار مؤثّر بوده‌اند و به گرم‌شدن کرهٔ زمین کمک می‌کنند.<ref name="climate-change.ir"/>
طی ۱۰۰ سال گذشته، [[سیاره|سیّارهٔ]] زمین به‌طور [[طبیعت|غیرطبیعی]] حدود ۱ درجهٔ [[سلسیوس]] گرم‌تر شده که این موضوع دانشمندان را نگران کرده‌است.<ref name="climate-change.ir">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان=گرم شدن زمین| ناشر=دفتر طرح ملی تغییر آب و هوا| نشانی=http://www.climate-change.ir/fa/youth| تاریخ بازدید=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919191439/http://www.climate-change.ir/fa/youth/| archivedate=۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| dead-url=yes}}</ref> برخی از [[دانشمند|دانشمندان]] معتقدند که دهه‌های پایانی قرن [[قرن بیستم]]، گرم‌ترین سال‌ها در ۲٬۰۰۰ سال اخیر بوده‌است.<ref name="aftab1">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان= گرمترین دوران کره زمین| ناشر=پایگاه اینترنتی آفتاب| نشانی=http://www.aftab.ir/news/2006/jun/28/c3c1151483508_science_education_environment.php| تاریخ بازدید= ۱۴ شهریور ۱۳۸۶}}</ref> گزارش‌ها حاکی از آن است که ۱۰ مورد از گرم‌ترین سال‌های جهان تنها از سال [[۱۹۹۰ (میلادی)|۱۹۹۰]] تا سال [[۲۰۰۷ (میلادی)|۲۰۰۷]] به ثبت رسیده‌است که این میزان در ۱۵۰ سال گذشته بی‌سابقه بوده‌است.<ref name="nojan">{{یادکرد وب| عنوان=پیش به سوی جهنم| ناشر=وبگاه نوژن طراحان| نشانی=http://nojanserver.com/mods.php?id=News&file=article&sid=957| تاریخ بازدید=۶ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009102105/http://nojanserver.com/mods.php?id=News&file=article&sid=957| archivedate=۹ اکتبر ۲۰۰۷| dead-url=yes}}</ref> به نظر می‌رسد فعّالیّت‌های [[صنعتی‌سازی|صنعتی]] در ایجاد این مشکل بسیار مؤثّر بوده‌اند و به گرم‌شدن کرهٔ زمین کمک می‌کنند.<ref name="climate-change.ir"/>


خط ۷۷: خط ۷۷:
{{ویکی‌انبار-رده|Global warming}}
{{ویکی‌انبار-رده|Global warming}}
{{پانویس|۲|اندازه=کوچک}}
{{پانویس|۲|اندازه=کوچک}}
===منابع===

====گزارشات IPCC====
{{refbegin}}

'''گزارش ارزیابی چهارم'''
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* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
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|title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
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|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=S. |editor-last1=Solomon
|editor-first2=D. |editor-last2=Qin
|editor-first3=M. |editor-last3=Manning
|editor-first4=Z. |editor-last4=Chen
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|publisher=Cambridge University Press
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|isbn=978-0-521-88009-1
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|chapter=Chapter 8: Climate Models and their Evaluation
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}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9|2007}}
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|pages=663–745
}}

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** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR4 WG2 Ch1|2007}}
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** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR4 WG2 Ch19|2007}}
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* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR4 WG3|2007}}
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
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|title=Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change
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|pages=95–116
}}

<!-- =========AR5================== -->
'''گزارش ارزیابی پنجم'''
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}<!-- ipcc:20200215 -->
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2013
|title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
|series=Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|display-editors=4
|editor1-first=T. F. |editor1-last=Stocker
|editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=Qin
|editor3-first=G.-K. |editor3-last=Plattner
|editor4-first=M. |editor4-last=Tignor
|editor5-first=S. K. |editor5-last=Allen
|editor6-first=J. |editor6-last=Boschung
|editor7-first=A. |editor7-last=Nauels
|editor8-first=Y. |editor8-last=Xia
|editor9-first=V. |editor9-last=Bex
|editor10-first=P. M. |editor10-last=Midgley
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|place=Cambridge, UK & New York
|isbn=978-1-107-05799-9 <!-- ISBN in printed source is incorrect. -->
|url=http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf <!-- Same file, new url per IPCC. -->
}}. [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC]
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2013}}
|chapter=Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url=https://ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf
|year=2013
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2|2013}}
|chapter=Chapter 2: Observations: Atmosphere and Surface
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2017/09/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf
|year=2013
|display-authors=4
|first1=D. L. |last1=Hartmann
|first2=A. M. G. |last2=Klein Tank
|first3=M. |last3=Rusticucci
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|pages=159–254
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3|2013}}
|chapter=Chapter 3: Observations: Ocean
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|year=2013
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** {{cite book |ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5|2013}}
|chapter=Chapter 5: Information from Paleoclimate Archives
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|year=2013
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|first16=X. |last16=Shao
|first17=A. |last17=Timmermann
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}
|pages=383–464
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013}}
|chapter=Chapter 10: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change: from Global to Regional
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter10_FINAL.pdf
|year=2013
|display-authors=4
|first1=N. L. |last1=Bindoff
|first2=P. A. |last2=Stott
|first3=K. M. |last3=AchutaRao
|first4=M. R. |last4=Allen
|first5=N. |last5=Gillett
|first6=D. |last6=Gutzler
|first7=K. |last7=Hansingo
|first8=G. |last8=Hegerl
|first9=Y. |last9=Hu
|first10=S. |last10=Jain
|first11=I. I. |last11=Mokhov
|first12=J. |last12=Overland
|first13=J. |last13=Perlwitz
|first14=R. |last14=Sebbari
|first15=X. |last15=Zhang
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}
|pages=867–952
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12|2013}}
|chapter=Chapter 12: Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Commitments and Irreversibility
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter12_FINAL.pdf
|year=2013
|display-authors=4
|first1=M. |last1=Collins
|first2=R. |last2=Knutti
|first3=J. M. |last3=Arblaster
|first4=J.-L. |last4=Dufresne
|first5=T. |last5=Fichefet
|first6=P. |last6=Friedlingstein
|first7=X. |last7=Gao
|first8=W. J. |last8=Gutowski
|first9=T. |last9=Johns
|first10=G. |last10=Krinner
|first11=M. |last11=Shongwe
|first12=C. |last12=Tebaldi
|first13=A. J. |last13=Weaver
|first14=M. |last14=Wehner
|pages=1029–1136
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}
}}

<!----------------AR5 Working Group II Report -->
{{anchor|{{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2|2014}}}} <!-- For the entire AR5 WG2 report -->
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2014
|title=Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects
|series=Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=C. B. |editor-last1=Field
|editor-first2=V. R. |editor-last2=Barros
|editor-first3=D. J. |editor-last3=Dokken
|editor-first4=K. J. |editor-last4=Mach
|editor-first5=M. D. |editor-last5=Mastrandrea
|editor-first6=T. E. |editor-last6=Bilir
|editor-first7=M. |editor-last7=Chatterjee
|editor-first8=K. L. |editor-last8=Ebi
|editor-first9=Y. O. |editor-last9=Estrada
|editor-first10=R. C. |editor-last10=Genova
|editor-first11=B. |editor-last11=Girma
|editor-first12=E. S. |editor-last12=Kissel
|editor-first13=A. N. |editor-last13=Levy
|editor-first14=S. |editor-last14=MacCracken
|editor-first15=P. R. |editor-last15=Mastrandrea
|editor-first16=L. L. |editor-last16=White
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-1-107-05807-1
|url=<!-- ** I haven't added AR5 urls yet as I have not determined which is best. -JJ -->
}}. Chapters 1–20, SPM, and Technical Summary.
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch3|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 3: Freshwater Resources
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap3_FINAL.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=B. E. |last1=Jiménez Cisneros
|first2=T. |last2=Oki
|first3=N. W. |last3=Arnell
|first4=G. |last4=Benito
|first5=J. G. |last5=Cogley
|first6=P. |last6=Döll
|first7=T. |last7=Jiang
|first8=S. S. |last8=Mwakalila
|year=2014
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|pages=229–269
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch7|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 7: Food Security and Food Production Systems
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap7_FINAL.pdf
|year=2014
|display-authors=4
|first1=J. R. |last1=Porter
|first2=L. |last2=Xie
|first3=A. J. |last3=Challinor
|first4=K. |last4=Cochrane
|first5=S. M. |last5=Howden
|first6=M. M. |last6=Iqbal
|first7=D. B. |last7=Lobell
|first8=M. I. |last8=Travasso
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|pages=485–533
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch11|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 11: Human Health: Impacts, Adaptation, and Co-Benefits
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf
|year=2014
|display-authors=4
|first1=K. R. |last1=Smith
|first2=A. |last2=Woodward
|first3=D. |last3=Campbell-Lendrum
|first4=D. D. |last4=Chadee
|first5=Y. |last5=Honda
|first6=Q. |last6=Lui
|first7=J. M. |last7=Olwoch
|first8=B. |last8=Revich
|first9=R. |last9=Sauerborn
|title=In {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|pages=709–754
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch13|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 13: Livelihoods and Poverty
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap13_FINAL.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=L. |last1=Olsson
|first2=M. |last2=Opondo
|first3=P. |last3=Tschakert
|first4=A. |last4=Agrawal
|first5=S. H. |last5=Eriksen
|first6=S. |last6=Ma
|first7=L. N. |last7=Perch
|first8=S. A. |last8=Zakieldeen
|year=2014
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|pages=793–832
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch18|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 18: Detection and Attribution of Observed Impacts
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap18_FINAL.pdf
|year=2014
|display-authors=4
|first1=W. |last1=Cramer
|first2=G. W. |last2=Yohe
|first3=M. |last3=Auffhammer
|first4=C. |last4=Huggel
|first5=U. |last5=Molau
|first6=M. A. F. |last6=da Silva Dias
|first7=A. |last7=Solow
|first8=D. A. |last8=Stone
|first9=L. |last9=Tibig
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|pages=979–1037
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch19|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 19: Emergent Risks and Key Vulnerabilities
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap19_FINAL.pdf
|year=2014
|display-authors=4
|first1=M. |last1=Oppenheimer
|first2=M. |last2=Campos
|first3=R. |last3=Warren
|first4=J. |last4=Birkmann
|first5=G. |last5=Luber
|first6=B. |last6=O'Neill
|first7=K. |last7=Takahashi
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}
|pages=1039–1099
}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 B|2014}}
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2014
|title=Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects
|series=Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=V. R. |editor-last1=Barros
|editor-first2=C. B. |editor-last2=Field
|editor-first3=D. J. |editor-last3=Dokken
|editor-first4=K. J. |editor-last4=Mach
|editor-first5=M. D. |editor-last5=Mastrandrea
|editor-first6=T. E. |editor-last6=Bilir
|editor-first7=M. |editor-last7=Chatterjee
|editor-first8=K. L. |editor-last8=Ebi
|editor-first9=Y. O. |editor-last9=Estrada
|editor-first10=R. C. |editor-last10=Genova
|editor-first11=B. |editor-last11=Girma
|editor-first12=E. S. |editor-last12=Kissel
|editor-first13=A. N. |editor-last13=Levy
|editor-first14=S. |editor-last14=MacCracken
|editor-first15=P. R. |editor-last15=Mastrandrea
|editor-first16=L.L |editor-last16=White
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|place=Cambridge, UK & New York
|isbn=978-1-107-05816-3
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-PartB_FINAL.pdf
}}. Chapters 21–30, Annexes, and Index.
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG2 Ch28|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 28: Polar Regions
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-Chap28_FINAL.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=J. N. |last1=Larsen
|first2=O. A. |last2=Anisimov
|first3=A. |last3=Constable
|first4=A. B. |last4=Hollowed
|first5=N. |last5=Maynard
|first6=P. |last6=Prestrud
|first7=T. D. |last7=Prowse
|first8=J. M. R.|last8=Stone
|year=2014
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 B|2014}}
|pages=1567–1612
}}

<!-- ------------------------------ -->
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014}}
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2014
|title=Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change
|series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=O. |editor-last1=Edenhofer
|editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Pichs-Madruga
|editor-first3=Y. |editor-last3=Sokona
|editor-first4=E. |editor-last4=Farahani
|editor-first5=S. |editor-last5=Kadner
|editor-first6=K. |editor-last6=Seyboth
|editor-first7=A. |editor-last7=Adler
|editor-first8=I. |editor-last8=Baum
|editor-first9=S. |editor-last9=Brunner
|editor-first10=P. |editor-last10=Eickemeier
|editor-first11=B. |editor-last11=Kriemann
|editor-first12=J. |editor-last12=Savolainen
|editor-first13=S. |editor-last13=Schlömer
|editor-first14=C. |editor-last14=von Stechow
|editor-first15=T. |editor-last15=Zwickel
|editor-first16=J. C. |editor-last16=Minx
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|place=Cambridge, UK & New York, NY
|isbn= 978-1-107-05821-7
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch5|2014}}<!-- ipcc:20190900 -->
|chapter=Chapter 5: Drivers, Trends and Mitigation
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_full.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=G. |last1=Blanco
|first2=R. |last2=Gerlagh
|first3=S. |last3=Suh
|first4=J. |last4=Barrett
|first5=H. C. |last5=de Coninck
|first6=C. F. |last6=Diaz Morejon
|first7=R. |last7=Mathur
|first8=N. |last8=Nakicenovic
|first9=A. |last9=Ofosu Ahenkora
|first10=J. |last10=Pan
|first11=H. |last11=Pathak
|first12=J. |last12=Rice
|first13=R. |last13=Richels
|first14=S. J. |last14=Smith
|first15=D. I. |last15=Stern
|first16=F. L. |last16=Toth
|first17=P. |last17=Zhou
|year=2014
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014}}
|pages=351–411
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG3 Ch9|2014}}
|chapter=Chapter 9: Buildings
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter9.pdf
|year=2014
|display-authors=4
|first1=O. |last1=Lucon
|first2=D. |last2=Ürge-Vorsatz
|first3=A. |last3=Ahmed
|first4=H. |last4=Akbari
|first5=P. |last5=Bertoldi
|first6=L. |last6=Cabeza
|first7=N. |last7=Eyre
|first8=A. |last8=Gadgil
|first9=L. D. |last9=Harvey
|first10=Y. |last10=Jiang
|first11=E. |last11=Liphoto
|first12=S. |last12=Mirasgedis
|first13=S. |last13=Murakami
|first14=J. |last14=Parikh
|first15=C. |last15=Pyke
|first16=M. |last16=Vilariño
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3|2014}}
}}
* {{cite book
|author=IPCC AR5 SYR |author-link=IPCC
|year=2014
|title=Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report
|series=Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|Fifth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|editor1=The Core Writing Team
|editor-first2=R. K. |editor-last2=Pachauri
|editor-first3=L. A. |editor-last3=Meyer
|publisher=IPCC
|place=Geneva, Switzerland
|isbn=<!-- no isbn -->
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 SYR Summary for Policymakers|2014}}
|chapter=Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf
|year=2014
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR|2014}}
}}
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014}}
|chapter=Annex II: Glossary
|chapter-url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_Annexes.pdf
|year=2014
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR|2014}}
}}

<!-- =========SR15================== -->
'''گزارش ویژه: گرمایش جهانی 1.5 درجه سانتی گراد'''
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2018
|title=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty
|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=V. |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte
|editor-first2=P. |editor-last2=Zhai
|editor-first3=H.-O. |editor-last3=Pörtner
|editor-first4=D. |editor-last4=Roberts
|editor-first5=J. |editor-last5=Skea
|editor-first6=P. R. |editor-last6=Shukla
|editor-first7=A. |editor-last7=Pirani
|editor-first8=W. |editor-last8=Moufouma-Okia
|editor-first9=C. |editor-last9=Péan
|editor-first10=R. |editor-last10=Pidcock
|editor-first11=S. |editor-last11=Connors
|editor-first12=J. B. R. |editor-last12=Matthews
|editor-first13=Y. |editor-last13=Chen
|editor-first14=X. |editor-last14=Zhou
|editor-first15=M. I. |editor-last15=Gomis
|editor-first16=E. |editor-last16=Lonnoy
|editor-first17=T. |editor-last17=Maycock
|editor-first18=M. |editor-last18=Tignor
|editor-first19=T. |editor-last19=Waterfeld
|publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|isbn=<!-- not issued? -->
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf
}} [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Global Warming of 1.5 ºC —].
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2018
|chapter=Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_HR.pdf
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}
|pages=3–24
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|year=2018
|chapter=Chapter 1: Framing and Context
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter1_High_Res.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=M. R. |last1=Allen
|first2=O. P. |last2=Dube
|first3=W. |last3=Solecki
|first4=F. |last4=Aragón-Durand
|first5=W. |last5=Cramer
|first6=S. |last6=Humphreys
|first7=M. |last7=Kainuma
|first8=J. |last8=Kala
|first9=N. |last9=Mahowald
|first10=Y. |last10=Mulugetta
|first11=R. |last11=Perez
|first12=M. |last12=Wairiu
|first13=K. |last13=Zickfeld
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}
|pages=49–91
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|year=2018
|chapter=Chapter 2: Mitigation Pathways Compatible with 1.5°C in the Context of Sustainable Development
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter2_High_Res.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=J. |last1=Rogelj |author1-link=Joeri Rogelj
|first2=D. |last2=Shindell
|first3=K. |last3=Jiang
|first4=S. |last4=Fifta
|first5=P. |last5=Forster
|first6=V. |last6=Ginzburg
|first7=C. |last7=Handa
|first8=H. |last8=Kheshgi
|first9=S. |last9=Kobayashi
|first10=E. |last10=Kriegler
|first11=L. |last11=Mundaca
|first12=R. |last12=Séférian
|first13=M. V. |last13=Vilariño
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}
|pages=93–174
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|year=2018
|chapter=Chapter 3: Impacts of 1.5ºC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter3_High_Res.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=O. |last1=Hoegh-Guldberg
|first2=D. |last2=Jacob
|first3=M. |last3=Taylor
|first4=M. |last4=Bindi
|first5=S. |last5=Brown
|first6=I. |last6=Camilloni
|first7=A. |last7=Diedhiou
|first8=R. |last8=Djalante
|first9=K. L. |last9=Ebi
|first10=F. |last10=Engelbrecht
|first11=J. |last11=Guiot
|first12=Y. |last12=Hijioka
|first13=S. |last13=Mehrotra
|first14=A. |last14=Payne
|first15=S. I.|last15=Seneviratne
|first16=A. |last16=Thomas
|first17=R. |last17=Warren
|first18=G. |last18=Zhou
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}
|pages=175–311
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Ch4|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|year=2018
|chapter=Chapter 4: Strengthening and Implementing the Global Response
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter4_High_Res.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=H. |last1=de Coninck
|first2=A. |last2=Revi
|first3=M. |last3=Babiker
|first4=P. |last4=Bertoldi
|first5=M. |last5=Buckeridge
|first6=A. |last6=Cartwright
|first7=W. |last7=Dong
|first8=J. |last8=Ford
|first9=S. |last9=Fuss
|first10=J.-C. |last10=Hourcade
|first11=D. |last11=Ley
|first12=R. |last12=Mechler
|first13=P. |last13=Newman
|first14=A. |last14=Revokatova
|first15=S. |last15=Schultz
|first16=L. |last16=Steg
|first17=T. |last17=Sugiyama
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}
|pages=313–443
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Ch5|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->
|year=2018
|chapter=Chapter 5: Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter5_High_Res.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=J. |last1=Roy
|first2=P. |last2=Tschakert
|first3=H. |last3=Waisman
|first4=S. |last4=Abdul Halim
|first5=P. |last5=Antwi-Agyei
|first6=P. |last6=Dasgupta
|first7=B. |last7=Hayward
|first8=M. |last8=Kanninen
|first9=D. |last9=Liverman
|first10=C. |last10=Okereke
|first11=P. F. |last11=Pinho
|first12=K. |last12=Riahi
|first13=A. G. |last13=Suarez Rodriguez
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}
|pages=445–538
}}

<!-- =========SRCCL ============================ -->
'''گزارش ویژه: دگرگونی اقلیم و سرزمین'''
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SRCCL|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200204 -->
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=P. R. |editor-last1=Shukla
|editor-first2=J. |editor-last2=Skea
|editor-first3=E. |editor-last3=Calvo Buendia
|editor-first4=V. |editor-last4=Masson-Delmotte
|editor-first5=H.-O. |editor-last5=Pörtner
|editor-first6=D. |editor-last6=C. Roberts
|editor-first7=P. |editor-last7=Zhai
|editor-first8=R. |editor-last8=Slade
|editor-first9=S. |editor-last9=Connors
|editor-first10=R. |editor-last10=van Diemen
|editor-first11=M. |editor-last11=Ferrat
|editor-first12=E. |editor-last12=Haughey
|editor-first13=S. |editor-last13=Luz
|editor-first14=S. |editor-last14=Neogi
|editor-first15=M. |editor-last15=Pathak
|editor-first16=J. |editor-last16=Petzold
|editor-first17=J. |editor-last17=Portugal Pereira
|editor-first18=P. |editor-last18=Vyas
|editor-first19=E. |editor-last19=Huntley
|editor-first20=K. |editor-last20=Kissick
|editor-first21=M. |editor-last21=Belkacemi
|editor-first22=J. |editor-last22=Malley
|year=2019
|title=IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/SRCCL-Full-Report-Compiled-191128.pdf
|publisher=In press
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200204 -->
|chapter=Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/12/02_Summary-for-Policymakers_SPM.pdf
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2019
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SRCCL|2019}}
|pages=3–34
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SRCCL Ch2|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200204 -->
|chapter=Chapter 2: Land-Climate Interactions
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/05_Chapter-2.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=G. |last1=Jia
|first2=E. |last2=Shevliakova
|first3=P. E. |last3=Artaxo<!-- 'Artaxo-Netto'? -->
|first4=N. |last4=De Noblet-Ducoudré
|first5=R. |last5=Houghton
|first6=J. |last6=House
|first7=K. |last7=Kitajima
|first8=C. |last8=Lennard
|first9=A. |last9=Popp
|first10=A. |last10=Sirin
|first11=R. |last11=Sukumar
|first12=L. |last12=Verchot
|year=2019
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SRCCL|2019}}
|pages=131–247
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SRCCL Ch5|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200204 -->
|chapter=Chapter 5: Food Security
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=C. |last1=Mbow
|first2=C. |last2=Rosenzweig
|first3=L. G. |last3=Barioni
|first4=T. |last4=Benton
|first5=M. |last5=Herrero
|first6=M. V. |last6=Krishnapillai
|first7=E. |last7=Liwenga
|first8=P. |last8=Pradhan
|first9=M. G. |last9=Rivera-Ferre
|first10=T. |last10=Sapkota
|first11=F. N. |last11=Tubiello
|first12=Y. |last12=Xu
|year=2019
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SRCCL|2019}}
|pages=437–550
}}

<!-- =========SROCC ============================ -->
'''گزارش ویژه: اقیانوس و کرایوسفر در اقلیم درحال دگرگونی'''
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SROCC|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200202 -->
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2019
|display-editors=4
|editor-first1=H.-O. |editor-last1=Pörtner
|editor-first2=D. C. |editor-last2=Roberts
|editor-first3=V. |editor-last3=Masson-Delmotte
|editor-first4=P. |editor-last4=Zhai
|editor-first5=M. |editor-last5=Tignor
|editor-first6=E. |editor-last6=Poloczanska
|editor-first7=K. |editor-last7=Mintenbeck
|editor-first8=A. |editor-last8=Alegría
|editor-first9=M. |editor-last9=Nicolai
|editor-first10=A. |editor-last10=Okem
|editor-first11=J. |editor-last11=Petzold
|editor-first12=B. |editor-last12=Rama
|editor-first13=N. |editor-last13=Weyer
|title=IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
|publisher=In press
|isbn=<!-- Not yet assigned -->
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/SROCC_FullReport_FINAL.pdf
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200202 -->
|chapter=Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/03_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf
|author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC
|year=2019
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019}}
|pages=3–35
}}
** {{Cite book | ref= {{harvid|IPCC SROCC Ch3|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200202 -->
|chapter= Chapter 3: Polar Regions
|chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/07_SROCC_Ch03_FINAL.pdf
|display-authors= 4
|first1= M. |last1= Meredith
|first2= M. |last2= Sommerkorn
|first3= S. |last3= Cassotta
|first4= C. |last4= Derksen
|first5= A. |last5= Ekaykin
|first6= A. |last6= Hollowed
|first7= G. |last7= Kofinas
|first8= A. |last8= Mackintosh
|first9= J. |last9= Melbourne-Thomas
|first10= M. M. C. |last10= Muelbert
|first11= G. |last11= Ottersen
|first12= H. |last12= Pritchard
|first13= E. A. G. |last13= Schuur
|year= 2019
|title= {{Harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019}}
|pages= 203–320
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SROCC Ch4|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200202 -->
|chapter=Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/08_SROCC_Ch04_FINAL.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=M. |last1=Oppenheimer
|first2=B. |last2=Glavovic
|first3=J. |last3=Hinkel
|first4=R. |last4=van de Wal
|first5=A. K. |last5=Magnan
|first6=A. |last6=Abd-Elgawad
|first7=R. |last7=Cai
|first8=M. |last8=Cifuentes-Jara
|first9=R. M. |last9=Deconto
|first10=T. |last10=Ghosh
|first11=J. |last11=Hay
|first12=F. |last12=Isla
|first13=B. |last13=Marzeion
|first14=B. |last14=Meyssignac
|first15=Z. |last15=Sebesvari
|year=2019
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019}}
|pages=321–445
}}
<!-- ## -->
** {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019}} <!-- ipcc:20200202 -->
|chapter=Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities
|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/11/09_SROCC_Ch05_FINAL.pdf
|display-authors=4
|first1=N. L. |last1=Bindoff
|first2=W. W. L. |last2=Cheung
|first3=J. G. |last3=Kairo
|first4=J. |last4=Arístegui
|first5=V. A. |last5=Guinder
|first6=R. |last6=Hallberg
|first7=N. J. M. |last7=Hilmi
|first8=N. |last8=Jiao
|first9=Md S. |last9=Karim
|first10=L. |last10=Levin
|first11=S. |last11=O'Donoghue
|first12=S. R. |last12=Purca Cuicapusa
|first13=B. |last13=Rinkevich
|first14=T. |last14=Suga
|first15=A. |last15=Tagliabue
|first16=P. |last16=Williamson
|year=2019
|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019}}
|pages=447–587
}}

'''گزارش ارزیابی ششم'''
* {{Cite book |ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}
|author= IPCC |author-link= IPCC
|year= 2021
|title= Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
|series= Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|display-editors= 4
|editor1-first= V. |editor1-last= Masson-Delmotte
|editor2-first= P. |editor2-last= Zhai
|editor3-first= A. |editor3-last= Pirani
|editor4-first= S. L. |editor4-last= Connors
|editor5-first= C. |editor5-last= Péan
|editor6-first= S. |editor6-last= Berger
|editor7-first= N. |editor7-last= Caud
|editor8-first= Y. |editor8-last= Chen
|editor9-first= L. |editor9-last= Goldfarb
|editor10-first= M. I. |editor10-last= Gomis
|publisher= Cambridge University Press (In Press)
|place= Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
|isbn=
|url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf
}}
** {{Cite book |ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021}}
|chapter= Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf
|author= IPCC |author-link= IPCC
|year= 2021
|title= {{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}
|pages=
}}
** {{Cite book |ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021}}
|chapter= Technical Summary
|last1 = Arias |first1=Paola A.
|last2 = Bellouin |first2= Nicolas
|last3 = Coppola |first3 = Erika
|last4 = Jones |first4 = Richard G.
|last5 = Krinner |first5 = Gerhard
|display-authors=4
|chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf
|year= 2021
|title= {{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}
|pages=
}}
**{{Cite book
|ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11|2021}}
|chapter=Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate
| last1 = Seneviratne| first1 = Sonia I.| last2 = Zhang| first2 = Xuebin| last3 = Adnan| first3 = M.| last4 = Badi| first4 = W.| last5 = Dereczynski| first5 = Claudine| last6 = Di Luca| first6 = Alejandro| last7 = Ghosh| first7 = S.
|chapter-url= https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_11.pdf
|display-authors=4
|title= {{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}
|year=2021
}}
* {{cite book
|author=IPCC
|ref = {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022}}
|editor-last1 = Pörtner | editor-first1 = H.-O.
|editor-last2 = Roberts |editor-first2 = D.C.
|editor-last3 = Tignor |editor-first3 = M.
|editor-last4 = Poloczanska |editor-first4= E.S.
|editor-last5 = Mintenbeck |editor-first5= K.
|editor-last6 = Alegría |editor-first6= A.
|editor-last7 = Craig |editor-first7= M.
|editor-last8 = Langsdorf |editor-first8= S.
|editor-last9 = Löschke |editor-first9= S.
|editor-last10 = Möller |editor-first10= V.
|editor-last11 = Okem |editor-first11= A.
|editor-last12 = Rama |editor-first12= B.
|display-editors = etal
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
|title = Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|year=2022}}
* {{cite book
|author=IPCC
|ref = {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}}
|editor-last1 = Shukla | editor-first1 = P.R.
|editor-last2 = Skea |editor-first2 = J.
|editor-last3 = Slade |editor-first3 = R.
|editor-last4 = Al Khourdajie |editor-first4=A.
|display-editors = etal
|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/
|title = Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|year=2022}}
** {{Cite book |ref= {{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022}}
|chapter= Summary for Policymakers
|chapter-url= https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg3/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf
|author= IPCC |author-link= IPCC
|year= 2022
|title= {{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}}
|pages=
}}
{{refend}}

==== سایر منابع بازنگری‌شده-همتا ====
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|access-date=9 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113084025/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/12we24.htm
|archive-date=13 November 2011
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Global trends in climate change litigation: 2019 snapshot
|last1=Setzer |first1=Joana
|last2=Byrnes |first2=Rebecca
|date=July 2019
|publisher=the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy
|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GRI_Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2019-snapshot.pdf
|location=London
}}
* {{cite report |ref={{harvid|NREL|2017}}
|last1 = Steinberg |first1=D.
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|last3 = Eichman |first3=J.
|last4 = Eurek |first4=K.
|last5 = Logan |first5=J.
|last6 = Mai |first6=T.
|last7 = McMillan |first7=C.
|last8 = Parker |first8=A.
|display-authors= 2
|title= Electrification & Decarbonization: Exploring U.S. Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Scenarios with Widespread Electrification and Power Sector Decarbonization
|publisher= National Renewable Energy Laboratory
|date= July 2017
|location=Golden, Colorado
|url= https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68214.pdf
}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Teske, ed.|2019}}
|chapter=Executive Summary
|date=2019
|title=Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5&nbsp;°C and +2&nbsp;°C
|pages=xiii–xxxv
|editor-last=Teske |editor-first=Sven
|publisher=Springer International Publishing
|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 |doi-access=free
|isbn=978-3-030-05843-2
|s2cid=198078901
|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-3-030-05843-2%2F1.pdf
|url=https://apo.org.au/node/235336
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Teske |first1=Sven
|last2=Pregger |first2=Thomas
|last3=Naegler|first3=Tobias
|last4=Simon |first4=Sonja
|last5=Pagenkopf |first5=Johannes
|last6=Vvan den Adel |first6=Bent
|last7=Deniz |first7= Özcan
|display-authors= 4
|chapter= Energy Scenario Results
|date=2019
|title=Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5&nbsp;°C and +2&nbsp;°C
|pages=175–402
|editor-last=Teske |editor-first=Sven
|publisher=Springer International Publishing
|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_8 |doi-access=free
|isbn=978-3-030-05843-2
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}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Teske |first1=Sven
|chapter= Trajectories for a Just Transition of the Fossil Fuel Industry
|date=2019
|title=Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals: Global and Regional 100% Renewable Energy Scenarios with Non-energy GHG Pathways for +1.5&nbsp;°C and +2&nbsp;°C
|pages=403–411
|editor-last=Teske |editor-first=Sven
|publisher=Springer International Publishing
|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2_9 |doi-access=free
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}}
* {{cite report
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}}
* {{cite book
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|title=Emissions Gap Report 2019
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}}
* {{cite book
|author=United Nations Environment Programme
|year=2021
|title=Emissions Gap Report 2021
|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/36991/EGR21_ESEN.pdf
|location=Nairobi
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}}
* {{cite book|author = UNEP |year= 2018|title=The Adaptation Gap Report 2018|location=Nairobi, Kenya|url =https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report|isbn=978-92-807-3728-8|publisher = United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)}}
* {{cite conference
|year =1992
|author=UNFCCC |author-link=UNFCCC
|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|url=https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
}}
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* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Kyoto Protocol|1997}}
|date =1997
|author=UNFCCC |author-link=UNFCCC
|title=Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|publisher=United Nations
|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html
}}
<!-- ## -->
<!-- Example: Decision 2/CP.15 in {{harvnb|UNFCCC: Copenhagen|2009|loc=}} -->
<!-- Cite by paragraph, as page numbering is variable. -->
* {{cite conference |ref={{harvid|UNFCCC: Copenhagen|2009}}
|date =30 March 2010
|author=UNFCCC |author-link=UNFCCC
|chapter=Decision 2/CP.15: Copenhagen Accord
|title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its fifteenth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19&nbsp;December&nbsp;2009
|id =FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1
|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|chapter-url=http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/3594.php?rec=j&priref=600005735#beg
|access-date=17 May 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430005322/https://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/3594.php?rec=j&priref=600005735#beg
|archive-date=30 April 2010
|url-status=live
}}
<!-- ## -->
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Paris Agreement|2015}}
|date =2015
|author=UNFCCC |author-link=UNFCCC
|title=Paris Agreement
|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
|url=https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf
}}
<!-- ## -->
* {{cite report |ref={{harvid|UN NDC Synthesis Report|2021}}
| author = UNFCCC
| author-link = UNFCCC
| date = 26 February 2021
| title = Nationally determined contributions under the Paris Agreement Synthesis report by the secretariat
| url = https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2021_02E.pdf
| publisher = [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]
}}
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* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|UNHCR|2011}}
|title=Climate Change and the Risk of Statelessness: The Situation of Low-lying Island States
|last=Park |first=Susin
|date=May 2011
|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
|url=http://www.unhcr.org/4df9cb0c9.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502223251/http://www.unhcr.org/4df9cb0c9.pdf
|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live|access-date=13 April 2012
}}
* {{cite report
|author=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|year=2016
|title=Methane and Black Carbon Impacts on the Arctic: Communicating the Science
|url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/methane-and-black-carbon-impacts-arctic-communicating-science_.html
|access-date=27 February 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906225344/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/methane-and-black-carbon-impacts-arctic-communicating-science_.html
|archive-date=6 September 2017 |url-status=live
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Van Oldenborgh |first1=Geert-Jan
|last2=Philip |first2=Sjoukje
|last3=Kew |first3=Sarah
|last4=Vautard |first4=Robert
|display-authors=etal
|date=2019
|website=Semantic Scholar
|s2cid=199454488 |title=Human contribution to the record-breaking June 2019 heat wave in France
}}
* {{cite book
|ref=none
|last=Weart
|first=Spencer
|date=October 2008
|title=The Discovery of Global Warming
|edition=2nd
|location=Cambridge, MA
|publisher=Harvard University Press
|isbn=978-0-674-03189-0
|url=http://history.aip.org/climate/reviews.htm
|access-date=16 June 2020
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118000413/http://history.aip.org/climate/reviews.htm
|archive-date=18 November 2016}}
* {{cite book
|ref=none
|last=Weart
|first=Spencer
|date=February 2019
|title=The Discovery of Global Warming
|edition=online
|url=http://history.aip.org/climate/index.htm
|access-date=19 June 2020
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618075616/http://history.aip.org/climate/index.htm
|archive-date=18 June 2020
|author-link=Spencer R. Weart}}
** {{citation|ref={{harvid|Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect"}} |mode=cs1 <!-- Because {cite web} doesn't do chapters. -->
|last =Weart |first=Spencer
|date =January 2020<!-- "The Discovery of Global Warming" is an evolving website, date is not useful for SFNs. -->
|title=The Discovery of Global Warming
|chapter=The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect
|chapter-url=http://history.aip.org/climate/co2.htm
|access-date=19 June 2020
|publisher=American Institute of Physics
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191800/http://history.aip.org/climate/co2.htm
|archive-date=11 November 2016
|url-status=live
}}
** {{citation|ref=none |mode=cs1 <!-- Because {cite web} doesn't do chapters. -->
|last =Weart |first=Spencer
|date =January 2020<!-- "The Discovery of Global Warming" is an evolving website, date is not useful for SFNs. -->
|title=The Discovery of Global Warming
|chapter=The Public and Climate Change
|chapter-url=http://history.aip.org/climate/public.htm
|access-date=19 June 2020
|publisher =American Institute of Physics
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191711/http://history.aip.org/climate/public.htm
|archive-date=11 November 2016
|url-status=live
}}
*** {{citation|ref={{harvid|Weart "Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)"}} |mode=cs1 <!-- Because {cite web} doesn't do chapters. -->
|last =Weart |first=Spencer
|date =January 2020<!-- "The Discovery of Global Warming" is an evolving website, date is not useful for SFNs. -->
|title=The Discovery of Global Warming
|chapter=The Public and Climate Change: Suspicions of a Human-Caused Greenhouse (1956–1969)
|chapter-url=http://history.aip.org/climate/public.htm#S2
|access-date=19 June 2020
|publisher =American Institute of Physics
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191711/http://history.aip.org/climate/public.htm#S2
|archive-date=11 November 2016
|url-status=live
}}
** {{citation|ref={{harvid|Weart "The Public and Climate Change (since 1980)"}} |mode=cs1 <!-- Because {cite web} doesn't do chapters. -->
|last1=Weart |first1=Spencer
|date =January 2020<!-- "The Discovery of Global Warming" is an evolving website, date is not useful for SFNs. -->
|title=The Discovery of Global warming
|chapter=The Public and Climate Change (cont.&nbsp;– since 1980)
|chapter-url=https://history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm
|access-date=19 June 2020
|publisher =American Institute of Physics
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191659/http://history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm
|archive-date=11 November 2016
|url-status=live
}}
*** {{citation|ref={{harvid|Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"}} |mode=cs1 <!-- Because {cite web} doesn't do chapters. -->
|first=Spencer |last=Weart
|date =January 2020<!-- "The Discovery of Global Warming" is an evolving website, date is not useful for SFNs. -->
|title=The Discovery of Global Warming
|chapter=The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988
|chapter-url=http://history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm#S1988
|access-date=19 June 2020
|publisher=American Institute of Physics
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191659/http://history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm#S1988
|archive-date=11 November 2016
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite report|ref={{harvid|World Bank, June|2019}}
|title=State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019
|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/191801559846379845/pdf/State-and-Trends-of-Carbon-Pricing-2019.pdf
|date=June 2019
|publisher=World Bank
|location=Washington, D.C.
|doi=10.1596/978-1-4648-1435-8
|hdl=10986/29687
|isbn=978-1-4648-1435-8
|hdl-access=free
}}
* {{cite report |ref={{harvid|WHO|2014}}
|author=World Health Organization
|year=2014
|title=Quantitative risk assessment of the effects of climate change on selected causes of death, 2030s and 2050s
|location=Geneva, Switzerland
|isbn=978-92-4-150769-1
|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/134014/9789241507691_eng.pdf
}}
* {{Cite report |ref={{harvid|WHO|2016}}
| author= World Health Organization
| year= 2016
| title=Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease
| location= Geneva, Switzerland
| isbn = 978-92-4-1511353
| url= https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1061179/retrieve
}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|WHO|2018}}
|author=World Health Organization
|title=COP24 Special Report Health and Climate Change
|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276405/9789241514972-eng.pdf?ua=1
|year=2018
|location=Geneva
|isbn=978-92-4-151497-2
}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|WMO|2021}}
|author=[[World Meteorological Organization]]
|title=WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2020
|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10618
|year=2021
|location=Geneva
|series=WMO-No. 1264
|isbn=978-92-63-11264-4
}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|World Resources Institute, December|2019}}
|author=World Resources Institute
|date=December 2019
|title=Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A Menu of Solutions to Feed Nearly 10 Billion People by 2050
|location=Washington, D.C.
|url=https://files.wri.org/d8/s3fs-public/wrr-food-full-report.pdf
|isbn=978-1-56973-953-2
}}
{{refend}}

====منابع غیرفنی====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''[[Associated Press]]''
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Associated Press, 22 September|2015}}
|url=https://www.apstylebook.com/blog_posts/4
|title=An addition to AP Stylebook entry on global warming
|last=Colford
|first=Paul
|date=22 September 2015
|website=AP Style Blog
|access-date=6 November 2019}}
* ''[[BBC]]''
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|BBC, 1 May|2019}}
|date=1 May 2019
|title=UK Parliament declares climate change emergency
|publisher=BBC
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48126677
|access-date=30 June 2019
}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February|2020}}
|last=Rigby |first=Sara
|date=3 February 2020
|title=Climate change: should we change the terminology?
|website=BBC Science Focus Magazine

|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/climate-change-should-we-change-the-terminology/
|access-date=24 March 2020}}
* ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]''
** {{cite news
|last1=Stover |first1=Dawn
|title=The global warming 'hiatus'
|url=https://thebulletin.org/2014/09/the-global-warming-hiatus/
|work=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
|date=23 September 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711032006/https://thebulletin.org/2014/09/the-global-warming-hiatus/
|archive-date=11 July 2020
|url-status=live
}}
* ''[[Carbon Brief]]''
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Carbon Brief, 4 Jan|2017}}
|date=4 January 2017
|last=Yeo |first=Sophie
|title=Clean energy: The challenge of achieving a 'just transition' for workers
|website=Carbon Brief
|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/clean-energy-the-challenge-of-achieving-a-just-transition-for-workers
|access-date=18 May 2020
}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018}}
|date=15 January 2018
|last1=McSweeney |first1=Robert M.
|last2=Hausfather |first2=Zeke
|title= Q&A: How do climate models work?
|website=Carbon Brief
|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work
|access-date=2 March 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305004530/https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work
|archive-date=5 March 2019
|url-status=live
}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Carbon Brief, 19 April|2018}}
|date =19 April 2018
|last1=Hausfather |first1=Zeke
|title=Explainer: How 'Shared Socioeconomic Pathways' explore future climate change
|website=Carbon Brief
|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-shared-socioeconomic-pathways-explore-future-climate-change
|access-date=20 July 2019
}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Carbon Brief, 8 October|2018}}
|date=8 October 2018
|last1=Hausfather |first1=Zeke
|title=Analysis: Why the IPCC 1.5C report expanded the carbon budget
|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-why-the-ipcc-1-5c-report-expanded-the-carbon-budget
|access-date=28 July 2020|website=Carbon Brief}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Carbon Brief, 7 January|2020}}
|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/media-reaction-australias-bushfires-and-climate-change
|title=Media reaction: Australia's bushfires and climate change
|last1=Dunne |first1=Daisy |last2=Gabbatiss |first2=Josh |last3=Mcsweeny |first3=Robert
|date=7 January 2020
|website=Carbon Brief|access-date=11 January 2020}}
* ''[[Deutsche Welle]]''
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|Deutsche Welle, 22 June|2019}}
|last1=Ruiz |first1=Irene Banos
|title=Climate Action: Can We Change the Climate From the Grassroots Up?
|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-action-grassroots-2638915946.html
|access-date=23 June 2019
|agency=Deutsche Welle
|publisher=Ecowatch
|date=22 June 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623124154/https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-action-grassroots-2638915946.html
|archive-date=23 June 2019 |url-status=live }}
* ''[[EPA]]''
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|EPA|2016}}
|title=Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act
|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
|date=25 August 2016
|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/myths-vs-facts-denial-petitions-reconsideration-endangerment-and-cause-or-contribute
|access-date=7 August 2017}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|EPA|2019}}
|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data
|title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data
|author=US EPA
|date=13 September 2019
|access-date=8 August 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218125157/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data
|archive-date=18 February 2020|url-status=live}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|EPA|2020}}
|url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases
|title=Overview of Greenhouse Gases
|author=US EPA
|date=15 September 2020
|access-date=15 September 2020
}}
* ''[[EUobserver]]''
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|EUobserver, 20 December|2009}}
|date=20 December 2009
|title=Copenhagen failure 'disappointing', 'shameful'
|website=euobserver.com
|access-date=12 April 2019
|url=https://euobserver.com/environment/29181
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412092312/https://euobserver.com/environment/29181
|archive-date=12 April 2019
|url-status=live}}
* ''[[European Parliament]]''
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|European Parliament, February|2020}}
|date=February 2020
|first=M. |last=Ciucci
|title=Renewable Energy
|website=European Parliament
|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/70/renewable-energy
|access-date=3 June 2020}}
* ''[[The Guardian]]''<!--
|issn=0261-3077 - not needed, nor location.
The parameters for harvid should match the first two parameters
used in harvnb for the short-cite in the text. -->
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 26 January|2015}}
|last1=Nuccitelli |first1=Dana
|date=26 January 2015
|title=Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought
|newspaper=The Guardian
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/jan/26/climate-change-could-impact-poor-much-more-than-previously-thought
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200446/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/jan/26/climate-change-could-impact-poor-much-more-than-previously-thought
|archive-date=28 December 2016
|url-status=live
}}
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 19 March|2019}}
|last=Carrington |first=Damian
|date=19 March 2019
|title=School climate strikes: 1.4 million people took part, say campaigners
|newspaper=The Guardian
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/19/school-climate-strikes-more-than-1-million-took-part-say-campaigners-greta-thunberg
|access-date=12 April 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320122303/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/19/school-climate-strikes-more-than-1-million-took-part-say-campaigners-greta-thunberg
|archive-date=20 March 2019|url-status=live
}}
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 17 May|2019}}
|last=Carrington |first=Damian
|date=17 May 2019
|title=Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses about the environment
|newspaper=The Guardian
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/17/why-the-guardian-is-changing-the-language-it-uses-about-the-environment
|access-date=20 May 2019
}}
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 28 November|2019}}
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/28/eu-parliament-declares-climate-emergency
|title='Our house is on fire': EU parliament declares climate emergency
|last=Rankin |first=Jennifer
|date=28 November 2019
|work=The Guardian
|access-date=28 November 2019
|issn=0261-3077}}
** {{cite news |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 19 February|2020}}
|last= Watts |first=Jonathan
|date= 19 February 2020 |title=Oil and gas firms 'have had far worse climate impact than thought'
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/19/oil-gas-industry-far-worse-climate-impact-than-thought-fossil-fuels-methane
|newspaper=The Guardian
}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 6 April|2020}}
|last=Carrington |first=Damian
|date=6 April 2020
|title=New renewable energy capacity hit record levels in 2019
|work=The Guardian
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/06/new-renewable-energy-capacity-hit-record-levels-in-2019
|access-date=25 May 2020
}}
** {{cite web |ref={{harvid|The Guardian, 28 October|2020}}
|date=28 October 2020
|last=McCurry
|first=Justin
|title=South Korea vows to go carbon neutral by 2050 to fight climate emergency
|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/28/south-korea-vows-to-go-carbon-neutral-by-2050-to-fight-climate-emergency
|access-date=6 December 2020
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* ''[[International Energy Agency]]''
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{{refend}}
{{آلودگی}}
{{آلودگی}}
{{چرخه کربن}}
{{چرخه کربن}}

نسخهٔ ‏۴ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۱۶:۴۸

برای دیگر کاربردها، تغییرپذیری و تغییر اقلیم را ببینید.
علوم جوّی
هواشناسی
اقلیم‌شناسی
زبرجوّشناسی
واژه‌نامه‌ها
Earth seen from Apollo 17
محیط زیست
محیط زیست در
روند گرم شدن زمین بین سال‌های ۱۸۸۰ تا ۲۰۲۰
میانگین انحراف دمای نقاط مختلف زمین از وضع عادی خود در اثر این پدیده

در کاربرد رایج، دگرگونی اقلیم (به انگلیسی: Climate change) یا گرمایش جهانی یا گرم‌شدن زمین یا گَرمش زمین[۱] (به انگلیسی: Global warming)، نام پدیده‌ای است که منجر به افزایش میانگین دمای زمین و سطح اقیانوس‌ها شده‌است.[۲][۳]تغییرات اقلیمی به معنای وسیع‌تر شامل تغییرات طولانی مدت قبلی در آب و هوای زمین نیز می‌شود. طی ۱۰۰ سال گذشته، سیّارهٔ زمین به‌طور غیرطبیعی حدود ۱ درجهٔ سلسیوس گرم‌تر شده که این موضوع دانشمندان را نگران کرده‌است.[۴] برخی از دانشمندان معتقدند که دهه‌های پایانی قرن قرن بیستم، گرم‌ترین سال‌ها در ۲٬۰۰۰ سال اخیر بوده‌است.[۵] گزارش‌ها حاکی از آن است که ۱۰ مورد از گرم‌ترین سال‌های جهان تنها از سال ۱۹۹۰ تا سال ۲۰۰۷ به ثبت رسیده‌است که این میزان در ۱۵۰ سال گذشته بی‌سابقه بوده‌است.[۶] به نظر می‌رسد فعّالیّت‌های صنعتی در ایجاد این مشکل بسیار مؤثّر بوده‌اند و به گرم‌شدن کرهٔ زمین کمک می‌کنند.[۴]

از سال ۱۸۸۰ اندازه‌گیری دمای هوای کرهٔ زمین آغاز شده‌است و تاکنون نیز ادامه دارد. گفته می‌شود گرم‌شدن کرهٔ زمین، در سال ۲۱۰۰ باعث خشکسالی شدید، گرمای سوزان و توفان‌های وحشتناک خواهد شد.[۷]

در مورد دلایل این پدیده، یک سری از تئوری‌ها بر تأثیر گازهای گلخانه‌ای توسط انسان‌ها بر این فرایند مبتنی است و برخی دیگر فرایندهایی نظیر فعّالیّت‌های آتشفشانی و زمین گرمایی و همچنین فعّالیّت‌های خورشیدی را دلیل این پدیده می‌دانند. استناد این دانشمندان برای گفته‌های خویش، وقوع دوره‌های سرد و گرم در طول مدت زمانی است که از عمر زمین می‌گذرد.[۳]

به عقیدهٔ بسیاری از دانشمندان با افزایش آگاهی‌های عمومی، مصرف بهینه سوخت و انرژی، افزایش سطح فضای سبز و جلوگیری از تخریب جنگل‌ها، بازیافت مواد و استفاده از انرژی‌های جایگزین سوخت‌های فسیلی مانند باد و خورشید می‌توان این پدیده و اثرات منفی آن بر زندگی بشر را کنترل کرد. در نشست آب‌وهوایی کانکون مکزیک که در ماه دسامبر ۲۰۱۰ تشکیل شد ۱۹۳ کشور شرکت‌کننده تصمیم گرفتند تا صندوقی ۱۰۰ میلیارد دلاری را به منظور کمک به کشورهای در حال توسعه در مبارزه با گرمایش زمین تأسیس کنند.[۸]

علل

گازدی‌اکسید کربن، که عمدتاً از کاربرد سوخت‌های فسیلی ناشی می‌شود، به عنوان یکی از عوامل افزایش دمای زمین مطرح است.

هیئت بین دولتی تغییرات آب‌وهوایی (IPCC) می‌گوید تغییرات جوی که در سراسر جهان مشاهده می‌شود به احتمال خیلی زیاد ناشی از عواملی است که بشر در آن‌ها دست دارد.[۹] آکادمی ملی علوم آمریکا نیز فعّالیت انسان‌ها و تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای را علّت اصلی این پدیده معرفی می‌کند.[۵]

بر اساس ششمین گزارش این هیئت، تنها در صورت کاهش گسترده و فوری در انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای، می‌توان از گرم شدن ۱٫۵ یا ۲ درجه سانتی گراد جلوگیری کرد.[۱۰] عنوان «شدیدترین هشدار تا کنون» در مورد «تغییرات اقلیمی بزرگ اجتناب ناپذیر و غیرقابل برگشت» توسط بسیاری از روزنامه‌ها و نیز رهبران سیاسی و کنشگران محیط زیست در سراسر جهان تکرار شده‌است.[۱۱]

دانشمندان با استفاده از داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده از گیاهان، یخچال‌ها و سایر نمونه‌ها به این نتیجه دست یافته‌اند و معتقدند که این پژوهش‌ها به‌طور قطعی تأیید می‌کند که فعالیت‌های انسانی بر آب و هوا تأثیر می‌گذارد.[۱۲]

همچنین نابودی و آتش‌سوزی جنگل‌ها به عنوان یکی از دلایل گرم شدن دمای زمین مطرح شده‌است.[۱۳] درحقیقت درختان با جذب دی‌اکسید کربن، آن را ذخیره می‌کنند و در اثر سوختن نیز آزاد می‌شود؛ بنابراین آتش‌سوزی در جنگل‌ها می‌تواند به‌عنوان یکی از دلایل افزایش میزان دی‌اکسید کربن در اتمسفر و در نتیجه گرم شدن زمین مورد توجه قرار بگیرد. شایان ذکر است که رویداد ال‌نینیو میزان گرمای زمین را به‌طور موقت افزایش می‌دهد.

بی‌شک انسان در آنچه امروزه به عنوان گرم شدن جهانی از آن یاد می‌شود، نقش مؤثری داشته‌است. دخالت و برداشت بی حد و حصر نوع بشر در طبیعت باعث دگرگونی عظیمی شده که نمی‌توان آن را انکار کرد. اما در طول تاریخ مسکونی شدن زمین این اولین باری نیست که این سیاره آبی به شدت گرم می‌شود. دوره‌های بی‌اندازه گرم یا سرد زمین نتیجه مستقیم یا غیرمستقیم عوامل متعددی است که از قلب این سیاره آغاز شده و تا عمق فضا پیش می‌رود. از جمله عوامل طبیعی گرم شدن زمین می‌توان به دوره‌های فعالیت خورشیدی، فوران آتشفشان‌های بزرگ، چرخه‌های میلانکوویچ، گردش دماشوری اقیانوس و برخورد سیارک‌ها یا دنباله‌دارها اشاره کرد.[۱۴]

اثر گلخانه‌ای

تحقیقات نشان می‌دهند بین افزایش میزان گازهای گلخانه‌ای موجود در اتمسفر با گرم شدن کره زمین ارتباط مستقیمی وجود دارد.[۱۵]

نمودار میزان غلظت کربن دی‌اکسید و میزان دمای زمین؛ دمای زمین با میزان غلظت کربن دی‌اکسید رابطه مستقیم دارد.

زمین مقداری از انرژی خورشید را جذب و باقی آن را منعکس می‌کند. در طی این فرایند طول موج نور تغییر پیدا می‌کند. بعضی از گازهای موجود در جو، این تابش خروجی را جذب می‌کنند. این تابش عمدتاً در محدوده فروسرخ است. مولکول گازهای گلخانه‌ای، بسیار بیشتر از سایر گازها نور مادون قرمز را جذب می‌کند. جذب انرژی توسط مولکول‌های گاز سبب جنبش مولکول و افزایش انرژی آن می‌شود. وقتی این اتفاق در مقیاس بزرگ رخ دهد، مانند این است که زمین را با یک پتو پوشانده‌ایم. دمای کل نواحی زمین افزایش می‌یابد. این پدیده اثر گلخانه‌ای و گازهایی که در آن موثرند، گازهای گلخانه‌ای نامیده می‌شوند.[۱۶][۱۷]

دامداری صنعتی

سازمان خواربار و کشاورزی ملل متحد (فائو) در سال ۲۰۰۶ با انتشار گزارشی با نام سایه بلند احشام عنوان نمود که پرورش دام‌ها جهت استفاده بشر، عامل ایجاد ۱۸٪ از مجموع آلاینده‌ها و گازهای گلخانه‌ای است. درصد مزبور، رقمی بیش از سهم وسایل نقلیه در سرتاسر جهان در تولید آلاینده‌ها و گازهای گلخانه‌ای را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد.[۱۸][۱۹]

جنگل‌زدایی عامل دوم گرمایش

بخش جنوبی رود جاسی پارانا (روی نقشه) در روندونیا برزیل تنها یکی از مناطق بزرگ نابود شده‌است که در سرتاسر حاشیه جنوبی آمازون امتداد یافته‌اند

جنگل‌زدایی دومین عامل گرمایش جهانی است.[۲۰] نقشه‌های ماهواره‌ای نتیجه فرایند سریع تخریب گسترده جنگل‌های آمازون (نمایش روی نقشه) در روندونیا بیشتر برای ایجاد دام‌پروری و چراگاه را نشان می‌دهند. آمار سال ۲۰۱۷ نشان می‌دهد که در هر دقیقه مساحتی معادل یک زمین فوتبال از آمازون برای این هدف نابود می‌شود.[۲۱] این وضعیت شامل مناطق جنگلی شمال ایران که در این کشور خشک کمیاب بلکه نایاب هستند از جمله جنگلهای هیرکانی نیز می‌شود. فرایند تخریب گسترده جنگل در کانادا نیز برای استخراج ماسه‌های نفتی صورت می‌گیرد که در کنار آلودگی‌های محیطی مانند سمی شدن آب آشامیدنی مناطق مسکونی و نابودی حیات وحش، خود فرایند استخراج سوخت قابل مصرف از ماسه‌های نفتی نیازمند سوزاندن حجمی معادل یک سوم گاز طبیعی تولیدی این کشور است[۲۲] که به تولید ۱۷ درصد دی‌اکسید کربن بیشتر نسبت به نفت خام تصفیه شده در ایالات متحده ختم می‌شود.[۲۳]

کشورهای آلوده‌کننده هوا

طبق گزارش پروژه جهانی کربن در خرداد ۱۳۹۶ چین با تولید سالانه ۱۰۳۵۷ میلیون تن دی‌اکسید کربن بزرگترین کشور آلوده‌کننده هوا و آمریکا با تولید سالانه ۵۴۱۴ میلیون تن در ردیف دوم و هند با تولید سالانه ۲۲۷۴ سوم و روسیه با تولید سالانه ۱۶۱۷ میلیون تن چهارم و ژاپن با تولید سالانه ۱۲۳۷ میلیون تن پنجم و آلمان با تولید سالانه ۷۹۸ میلیون تن ششم و ایران با تولید سالانه ۶۴۸ میلیون تن گاز دی‌اکسید کربن در ردیف هفتم قرار دارد.[۲۴]

پیامدها

همچنین ببینید:تأثیرات گرم‌شدن زمین

برخی از دانشمندان، افزایش توفان‌ها و گردبادهای سهمگین را یکی از نتایج گرم شدن کره زمین قلمداد می‌کنند.[۵] اغلب کارشناسان اقلیمی معتقدند که این روند می‌تواند به وقوع خشکسالی‌ها، سیل‌ها، بادهای گرم و توفان‌های مهیب‌تر منجر شود اما بعضی از آن‌ها هم بر این باور هستند که بعضی از این حوادث رخ داده علامت گرم شدن زمین نیستند چون این آشفتگی و نابسامانی ویژگی طبیعی اقلیم است.[۶] از پیامدهای دیگر، بالا آمدن آب دریاها، و در نتیجه رفتن مناطق ساحلی و جزایر زیر آب و رقیق‌شدن آب اقیانوس‌ها و در نتیجه افزایش بارندگی در تمام جهان است.

گرم شدن زمین باعث شده‌است که دمای داخلی یخچال‌های طبیعی واقع در نقاط مختلف جهان از جمله یخچال‌های واقع در شمالگان، جنوبگان و چین افزایش پیدا کند و در نتیجه با آب‌شدن تدریجی، حجم زیادی از ذخایر این یخچال‌ها ذوب شود. این مسئله از آنجا حائز اهمیت است که این یخچال‌ها بخش عمده‌ای از ذخایر آب آشامیدنی جهان را تشکیل می‌دهند.[۲۵] بنابراین منابع آب آشامیدنی سالم رو به کاهش می‌گذارد و احتمال شیوع بیماری‌هایی که از طریق آب آشامیدنی ناسالم شیوع می‌یابند، بیشتر می‌شود. گرمایش زمین همچنین تأثیر بسزایی در کاهش تعداد جوجه پنگوئن‌ها دارد.[۲۶] طبق برآوردهای سازمان بهداشت جهانی، بیماری‌هایی که از تغییرات اقلیمی و گرم شدن زمین ناشی می‌شود، هر ساله باعث مرگ و میر ۸۰ هزار نفر در کشورهای آسیایی می‌شود.[۲۷] مقامات سازمان ملل تاکنون چندین بار دربارهٔ پیامدهای گرم شدن زمین هشدار داده‌اند و خواستار اقدام فوری اعضای این سازمان در جلوگیری از این پدیده شده‌اند.[۲۸]

گرم‌ترین سال تاریخ زمین

براساس گزارش سازمان جهانی هواشناسی، سال ۲۰۱۶ گرم‌ترین سال زمین بوده‌است. پدیده ال‌نینو در این رکوردشکنی گرما مؤثر بوده‌است. از سال ۱۸۸۰ میلادی تاکنون (مارس ۲۰۱۷)، سال ۲۰۱۶ به‌طور متوسط جهانی گرم‌ترین سال بوده‌است. تحقیقات علمی نشان می‌دهند که زمین آخرین بار ۱۱۵ هزار سال پیش چنین گرم بوده و این سیاره از چهار میلیون سال پیش تاکنون چنین حجم بالایی از دی‌اکسید کربن در اتمسفر زمین را تجربه نکرده‌است.[۲۹][۳۰] بر اساس اطلاعات منتشر شده از سوی ناسا (NASA) و سازمان هواشناسی ژاپن (JMA)، ماه ژوئیه سال ۲۰۱۵ به عنوان گرم‌ترین ماه ثبت شده پس از پیدایش ابزارهای سنجش دمای هوا در اواخر قرن نوزدهم میلادی لقب گرفت. پژوهش‌ها بر روی جنگل‌ها، یخ‌های قطبی و جزایر مرجانی در دریاها نیز نشان داده‌است که کره زمین در این سال در گرم‌ترین حالت خود در طی ۴۰۰۰ سال گذشته بوده‌است.[۳۱] پیش از این سال ۲۰۱۰ گرم‌ترین سال تاریخ زمین تعیین شده بود.[۳۲]

جستارهای وابسته

پیوند به بیرون


منابع

در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ تغییر اقلیم موجود است.
  1. ↑ «معنی گَرمش زمین | واژه‌های مصوّب فرهنگستان». www.vajehyab.com. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۱-۰۶-۲۹.
  2. ↑ «گرم شدن زمین». پایگاه اطلاعاتی ایرانیکا. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۶ اوت ۲۰۰۷. دریافت‌شده در ۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  3. ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ «گرم شدن جهان». انجمن فیزیکدانان جوان ایران. دریافت‌شده در ۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  4. ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ «گرم شدن زمین». دفتر طرح ملی تغییر آب و هوا. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷. دریافت‌شده در ۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  5. ↑ ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ ۵٫۲ «گرمترین دوران کره زمین». پایگاه اینترنتی آفتاب. دریافت‌شده در ۱۴ شهریور ۱۳۸۶.
  6. ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ «پیش به سوی جهنم». وبگاه نوژن طراحان. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۹ اکتبر ۲۰۰۷. دریافت‌شده در ۶ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  7. ↑ «دانشمندان می‌گویند: گرم شدن زمین فاجعه‌بار خواهد شد». رادیو زمانه. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۷ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷. دریافت‌شده در ۲ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  8. ↑ رادیو فردا: توافق بر سر ایجاد صندوق ۱۰۰ میلیارد دلاری مبارزه با گرمایش جهانی، بازدید: ۱۱ دسامبر ۲۰۱۰.
  9. ↑ «گرم شدن زمین به 'احتمال زیاد' کار بشر است». بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. دریافت‌شده در ۳ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  10. ↑ McGrath, Matt (2021-08-09). "Climate change: IPCC report is 'code red for humanity'". BBC News (به انگلیسی). BBC. Archived from the original on 2021-08-13. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
  11. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (2021-08-09). "Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC's starkest warning yet". The Guardian.
  12. ↑ «زمین به اوج گرمای خود در دو هزاره اخیر پا گذاشته‌است». بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. دریافت‌شده در ۳ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  13. ↑ «آتش‌سوزی جنگل‌ها یکی از علل تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای است». پایگاه اینترنتی آفتاب. دریافت‌شده در ۱۴ شهریور ۱۳۸۶.
  14. ↑ «سلسله مقالات دانش فضایی دربارهٔ گرمایش جهانی». وبگاه دانش فضایی. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۴ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۰. دریافت‌شده در ۲۶ مرداد ۱۳۸۹.
  15. ↑ بیگی، خانم (۲۰۲۱-۰۲-۰۶). «اثر گلخانه ای چیست و از اثرات نامطلوب آن بر زمین چه می دانید؟ | جهان شیمی فیزیک». جهان شیمی فیزیک. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۲۴.
  16. ↑ «اثر گلخانه‌ای». وبگاه تبیان. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۸ اوت ۲۰۰۷. دریافت‌شده در ۳ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۷.
  17. ↑ متمم، گروه (۲۰۲۲-۰۸-۲۱). «اثر گلخانه ای | گرمایش زمین چیست و چرا باید به آن توجه کنیم؟ | بخش اول». متمم. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۲۴.
  18. ↑ راسخون - مقالات موضوعی - زمین زیر پای گاوهای گرمازا!
  19. ↑ Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options
  20. ↑ «Deforestation and Climate Change». earthday.org. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۵ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۹. دریافت‌شده در ۲۹ دسامبر ۲۰۱۹.
  21. ↑ David Shukman. «Football pitch of Amazon forest lost every minute». BBC.
  22. ↑ «We have too many fossil-fuel power plants to meet climate goals». National Geographic.
  23. ↑ «Keystone's hit to the environment». CNN بیزینس.
  24. ↑ ایران هفتمین کشور بزرگ آلوده‌کننده هوا در جهان معرفی شد
  25. ↑ «یخچال‌های چین به سرعت ذوب می‌شوند». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۱۲ ژانویه ۲۰۱۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۸ شهریور ۱۳۸۶.
  26. ↑ «مرگ جوجه پنگوئن‌ها بر اثر گرمایش زمین». سایت خبری بیتنا ۲۴. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۲ فوریه ۲۰۱۴.
  27. ↑ «سازمان بهداشت جهانی: گرم شدن زمین، سالانه جان ۸۰ هزار آسیایی را می‌گیرد». خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی ایران، ایرنا. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲ ژوئن ۲۰۱۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ شهریور ۱۳۸۶.
  28. ↑ «دبیرکل سازمان ملل خواستار اقدام فوری برای مقابله با گرمایش شد». بی‌بی‌سی پارسی. دریافت‌شده در ۸ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۱.
  29. ↑ سازمان جهانی هواشناسی: زمین به مکانی ناشناخته تبدیل شده خبرگزاری انتخاب
  30. ↑ ۲۰۱۵ گرمترین سال جهان است خبرگزاری انتخاب
  31. ↑ بر اساس اطلاعات ناسا گرمایش زمین باز هم رکورد زد! خبرگزاری انتخاب
  32. ↑ «سال ۲۰۱۰ گرم‌ترین سال زمین». پایگاه خبری آفتاب. بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۲ ژانویه ۲۰۱۱. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰ ژانویه ۲۰۱۰.
  33. ↑ فهرست کامل کاریکاتورهای مسابقه سازمان ملل در سال ۲۰۰۷

منابع

گزارشات IPCC

گزارش ارزیابی چهارم

گزارش ارزیابی پنجم

گزارش ویژه: گرمایش جهانی 1.5 درجه سانتی گراد

گزارش ویژه: دگرگونی اقلیم و سرزمین

گزارش ویژه: اقیانوس و کرایوسفر در اقلیم درحال دگرگونی

گزارش ارزیابی ششم

سایر منابع بازنگری‌شده-همتا

کتب، گزارشات و اسناد حقوقی

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