وقایع مارس

وقایع مارس
	بخشی از جنگ داخلی روسیه
	; قربانیان آذربایجانی در باکو
تاریخ	۳۰ مارس تا ۲ آوریل ۱۹۱۸
موقعیت	باکو، ; جمهوری دموکراتیک فدراتیو ماورا قفقاز
نتایج	پیروزی بلشویک - فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی
طرف‌های درگیر
حزب بلشویک; فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی	حزب مساوات
قوا
بلشویک; ۶٬۰۰۰ سرباز منظم، ناوچه‌های توپدار ناوگان روسیه; فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی; ۴٬۰۰۰ شبه نظامی	۱۰٬۰۰۰ سرباز و شبه نظامی
تلفات و ضایعات
سرباز فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی	۲۰٬۰۰۰ آذربایجانی و دیگر مسلمانان از جمله غیرنظامیان

وقایع مارس یا روزهای مارس نزاع بین قومی و کشتارجمعی تا ۱۲٬۰۰۰^[۲]^[۳] آذربایجانی و دیگر مسلمانان است^[۴] که بین ۳۰ مارس تا ۲ آوریل ۱۹۱۸ در شهر باکو و نواحی نزدیکش در فرمانداری باکوی جمهوری فدرال دموکراتیک قفقاز جنوبی به وقوع پیوست.^[۵]

این وقایع که کشمکش بین بلشویک‌ها با حمایت فدراسیون انقلابی ارمنی^[۶]^[۷]^[۸] در یک سو و حزب آذربایجانی مساوات در سوی دیگر آن را تسهیل کرد، به شایعاتی در خصوص یک قیام احتمالی مسلمانان^[۹]^[۱۰]^[۱۱]^[۱۲] در میان نیروهای بلشویک و داشناک دامن زد^[۱۳]^[۱۴] و به ایجاد کمون کوتاه مدت ۲۶ روزه باکو در آوریل ۱۹۱۸ انجامید.^[۱۵]

بیشتر منابع تاریخی و گزارش‌ها وقایع مارس را در پیش زمینه ناآرامی جنگ داخلی تفسیر می‌کنند،^[۱۶]^[۱۷]^[۶]^[۱۸]^[۱۹] در حالی که منابع معاصر جمهوری آذربایجان رسماً از وقایع مارس به عنوان نسل‌کشی (soyqırım) یاد می‌کنند.^[۲۰]^[۲۱] در پی این وقایع، روزهای سپتامبر رخ داد که ۱۰٬۰۰۰ ارمنی‌تبار از سوی اردوی اسلام قفقاز و همپیمانان محلی آذری آنها در پی تسخیر باکو کشتار جمعی شدند.^[۲۲]^[۲۳]

نگارخانه[ویرایش]

پانویس[ویرایش]

↑ (Pasdermadjian ۱۹۱۸, pp. ۱۹۳)
↑ Smith, Michael (2001). "Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917-1920". Journal of Contemporary History. ۳۶ (۲): ۲۲۸. The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Minahan, James B. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. p. ۲۲. ISBN 0-313-30610-9. The tensions and fighting between the Azeris and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azeris in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918
↑ "New Republics in the Caucasus". The New York Times Current History. ۱۱ (۲): ۴۹۲. 1920. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ (روسی)Michael Smith. "Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory". Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States). Sakharov Center. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
↑ ^۶٫۰ ^۶٫۱ De Waal, Thomas (2010). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9. In the so called March Days of 1918, Baku descended into a mini-civil war, after the Bolsheviks declared war on Musavat Party and then stood by as Dashnak militias rampaged through the city, killing Azerbaijanis indiscriminately
↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1.
↑ Buttino, Marco (1993). In a collapsing empire:underdevelopment, ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the Soviet Union Volume 28. Feltrinelli Editor. p. 176. ISBN 88-07-99048-2. Violence increased during the Civil War, with massacres of Azeri Turks – by the combined forced of Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party and the Bolsheviks
↑ Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951
↑ "Азербайджан и Россия. Общества и государства". old.sakharov-center.ru.
↑ Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, ۲۰۰۴. شابک ‎۰−۵۲۱−۵۲۲۴۵−۵, 9780521522458, pp ۱۱۶—118
The truly tragic turn of events came after acceptance of the ultimatum, when the Dashnakist allies of the Bolsheviks took to looting, burning, and killing in the Muslim sections of the city
↑ World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 786. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. Muslims in Baku revolted in March 1918, but their uprising was suppressed by the city's Armenians
↑ De Waal, Thomas (2003). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. NYU Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. When in March 1918, Azerbaijanis revolted against the Baku Commune, Armenian Dashnaks and Bolshevik troops poured into the Azerbaijani quarters of the city and slaughtered thousands
↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1. After crushing a Muslim revolt in the city, the Bolshevik-led government, with its small Red Guard, was forced to rely on Armenian troops led by Dashnak officers
↑ Cronin, Stephanie (2004). Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: new perspectives on the Iranian left. Psychology Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-415-33128-5. After the 'March Days', the Bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous Baku Commune in April 1918
↑ Shahumyan, Stepan (1959). Letters 1896–1918. Yerevan: State Publishing House of Armenia. pp. 63–67. On one side were fighting the Soviet Red Guard; the Red International Army, recently organized by us; the Red Fleet, which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time; and Armenian national units. On the other side the Muslim Savage Division in which there were quite a few Russian officers, and bands of armed Muslims, led by the Musavat Party... For us the results of the battle were brilliant. The destruction of the enemy was complete... More than three thousand were killed on both sides
↑ خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام :0 وارد نشده‌است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).
↑ خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام rgsunycommune وارد نشده‌است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).
↑ Croissant, Michael (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. The oil-rich city of Baku had emerged as a stronghold of Bolshevism shortly after the October Russian Revolution, and friction between the Bolsheviks and the pan-Turkic Musavat party sparked a brief civil war in March 1918
↑ Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people, March 1998
↑ "PACE Written Declaration, "Recognition of the genocide perpetrated against the Azeri population by the Armenians", Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 9066 2nd edition, 14 May 2001". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
↑ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California press. p. 227. ISBN 0-520-00574-0.
↑ Croissant, Michael P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger. p. 15. ISBN 0-275-96241-5.

منابع[ویرایش]

Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1950). The Struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921). Anglo Caspian Press Lted. pp. ۳۶۰. ISBN 978-0-9560004-0-8.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پیش‌فرض تکرار ref (link)
Alstatdt, Audrey L. (1992). The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9182-1.
Ratgauzer, Iakov A. (1927). Революция и гражданская война в Баку, ۱۹۱۷–۱۹۱۸. Красный Восток.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پیش‌فرض تکرار ref (link)
Swietochowski, Tadeusz (2004). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پیش‌فرض تکرار ref (link)
Suny, Ronald Grigor (1972). The Baku Commune. Princeton University Press. pp. ۲۱۷–۲۲۱. ISBN 978-0-691-05193-2.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پیش‌فرض تکرار ref (link)
Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). "Saving Forty Thousand Armenians". Current History. New York Times Co. ,. Retrieved 12 December 2008.{{cite news}}: نگهداری CS1: نقطه‌گذاری اضافه (link) نگهداری CS1: پیش‌فرض تکرار ref (link)
Pasdermadjian, Garegin (1918). Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War. The Armenian National Union of America. pp. ۱۸۸–۱۹۹.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پیش‌فرض تکرار ref (link)
Balayev, Aydin (2008). "A Defining Moment For Azerbaijan". Azerbaijan in the World. I (۱۸). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[1] (Pasdermadjian ۱۹۱۸, pp. ۱۹۳)

[smithmusavat-2] Smith, Michael (2001). "Anatomy of Rumor: Murder Scandal, the Musavat Party and Narrative of the Russian Revolution in Baku, 1917-1920". Journal of Contemporary History. ۳۶ (۲): ۲۲۸. The results of the March events were immediate and total for the Musavat. Several hundreds of its members were killed in the fighting; up to 12,000 Muslim civilians perished; thousands of others fled Baku in a mass exodus {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[minahan-3] Minahan, James B. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States. p. ۲۲. ISBN 0-313-30610-9. The tensions and fighting between the Azeris and the Armenians in the federation culminated in the massacre of some 12,000 Azeris in Baku by radical Armenians and Bolshevik troops in March 1918

[York_Times_Current_History_1920_p._492-4] "New Republics in the Caucasus". The New York Times Current History. ۱۱ (۲): ۴۹۲. 1920. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[Smith-5] (روسی)Michael Smith. "Pamiat' ob utratakh i Azerbaidzhanskoe obshchestvo/Traumatic Loss and Azerbaijani. National Memory". Azerbaidzhan i Rossiia: obshchestva i gosudarstva (Azerbaijan and Russia: Societies and States). Sakharov Center. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

[dewaal2010-6] ۶٫۰ ^۶٫۱ De Waal, Thomas (2010). The Caucasus: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9. In the so called March Days of 1918, Baku descended into a mini-civil war, after the Bolsheviks declared war on Musavat Party and then stood by as Dashnak militias rampaged through the city, killing Azerbaijanis indiscriminately

[suny41-42-7] Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1.

[8] Buttino, Marco (1993). In a collapsing empire:underdevelopment, ethnic conflicts and nationalisms in the Soviet Union Volume 28. Feltrinelli Editor. p. 176. ISBN 88-07-99048-2. Violence increased during the Civil War, with massacres of Azeri Turks – by the combined forced of Armenian Dashnaktsutiun party and the Bolsheviks

[Kazemzadeh-9] Firuz Kazemzadeh. Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921), New York Philosophical Library, 1951

[10] "Азербайджан и Россия. Общества и государства". old.sakharov-center.ru.

[Swietochowski-11] Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, ۲۰۰۴. شابک ‎۰−۵۲۱−۵۲۲۴۵−۵, 9780521522458, pp ۱۱۶—118
The truly tragic turn of events came after acceptance of the ultimatum, when the Dashnakist allies of the Bolsheviks took to looting, burning, and killing in the Muslim sections of the city

[Cavendish-12] World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 786. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. Muslims in Baku revolted in March 1918, but their uprising was suppressed by the city's Armenians

[blackgarden100-13] De Waal, Thomas (2003). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. NYU Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. When in March 1918, Azerbaijanis revolted against the Baku Commune, Armenian Dashnaks and Bolshevik troops poured into the Azerbaijani quarters of the city and slaughtered thousands

[suny42-14] Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). The revenge of the past:nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-8047-2247-1. After crushing a Muslim revolt in the city, the Bolshevik-led government, with its small Red Guard, was forced to rely on Armenian troops led by Dashnak officers

[15] Cronin, Stephanie (2004). Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran: new perspectives on the Iranian left. Psychology Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-415-33128-5. After the 'March Days', the Bolsheviks finally came to power and established their famous Baku Commune in April 1918

[:1-16] Shahumyan, Stepan (1959). Letters 1896–1918. Yerevan: State Publishing House of Armenia. pp. 63–67. On one side were fighting the Soviet Red Guard; the Red International Army, recently organized by us; the Red Fleet, which we had succeeded in reorganizing in a short time; and Armenian national units. On the other side the Muslim Savage Division in which there were quite a few Russian officers, and bands of armed Muslims, led by the Musavat Party... For us the results of the battle were brilliant. The destruction of the enemy was complete... More than three thousand were killed on both sides

[:0-17] خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام :0 وارد نشده‌است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).

[rgsunycommune-18] خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام rgsunycommune وارد نشده‌است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).

[croissant-19] Croissant, Michael (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 0-275-96241-5. The oil-rich city of Baku had emerged as a stronghold of Bolshevism shortly after the October Russian Revolution, and friction between the Bolsheviks and the pan-Turkic Musavat party sparked a brief civil war in March 1918

[decree-20] Decree of President of Republic of Azerbaijan about genocide of Azerbaijani people, March 1998

[21] "PACE Written Declaration, "Recognition of the genocide perpetrated against the Azeri population by the Armenians", Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 9066 2nd edition, 14 May 2001". Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.

[22] Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California press. p. 227. ISBN 0-520-00574-0.

[23] Croissant, Michael P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger. p. 15. ISBN 0-275-96241-5.

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