راهنما:آیپیای/عربی
ظاهر
جدول زیر توضیح میدهد که ویکیپدیا چگونه تلفظهای عربی استاندارد نوین را با الفبای آوانگاری بینالمللی نشان میدهد.
| آوا | برابر انگلیسی | حرف عربی | لاتیننویسی معمول | یادداشت |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| همخوانها | ||||
| b | bee | ب | b | [الف] |
| d | dash | د | d | [ب] |
| dˤ | /d/ غلیظ، بدون برابر | ض | ḍ | [پ][ب] |
| dʒ | jam | ج | j، ǧ، j، g | [ت] |
| ð | these | ذ | dh، ḏ | [ث] |
| ðˤ | /ð/ غلیظ، بدون برابر | ظ | ẓ | [پ][ج] |
| f | father | ف | f | [چ] |
| h | he | ه | h | |
| ħ | jota در مکزیکی، بدون برابر | ح | ḥ | [ح] |
| j | yes | ي | y | |
| k | skin | ك | k | [خ] |
| l | lease (انگلیسی فصیح) | ل | l | |
| ɫ | tool | [د] | ||
| m | me | م | m | |
| n | no | ن | n | |
| q | /k/ غلیظ، بدون برابر | ق | q، g، ' | [ذ] |
| r | r با لرزش؛ pero در اسپانیایی |
ر | r | [ر] |
| s | see | س | s | |
| sˤ | /s/ غلیظ، بدون برابر | ص | ṣ | [پ] |
| ʃ | she | ش | sh، š، ch | |
| t | stick | ت (گاهاً ة) |
t | [ب][خ] |
| tˤ | /t/ غلیظ، بدون برابر | ط | ṭ | [پ][ب] |
| θ | think | ث | th، ṯ | [ث] |
| w | we | و | w | |
| x | loch در اسکاتلندی، jota در اسپانیایی، Bach در آلمانی |
خ | kh، ḫ، ḵ | [ز] |
| ɣ | fuego در اسپانیایی، parler در فرانسوی |
غ | gh، ġ، ḡ | [ژ] |
| z | zoo | ز | z | |
| zˤ | /z/ غلیظ، بدون برابر | ظ | ẓ | [پ][ج] |
| ʔ | مکث در uh-oh!; butter لندنی |
ء | ʾ ’ ' | [س] |
| ʕ | بدون برابر | ع | ʿ ‘ ' ` | [ش][ص] |
| [ˈkiːwi] كيوي 'kiwi' | بهمعنی این که هجای دنبالشده تکیه دارد: /ˈʕarabiː/. | |||
| [kiːs] كيس 'sack' | نشان میدهد که واکۀ قبلی کشیده شده | |||
| [ˈdˤɑħ.ħæː] ضَحّى [he] 'قربانی' [mʊdærˈrɪsæ] مُدَرِّسَة [female] 'معلم' |
||||
| واکهها | ||||
| u | put | ُ | u، o، ou | [ض][ط] |
| uː | rule | و | ū، oo، ou، u | [ظ] |
| i | milk | ِ | i، e | [ع][ط] |
| iː | machine | ي | ī، ee، i | [غ] |
| a | father، ولی کوتاهتر | َ | a، e | [ف][ط] |
| aː | father | ا ،ى | ā، aa a | [ق] |
| واکههای مرکب | ||||
| aj | /a/+/j/، شبیه به bright | ـَي | ay، ai، ey، ei | [ک] |
| aw | /a/+/w/، شبیه به cow | ـَو | aw، au | [گ] |
یادداشتها
[ویرایش]- ↑ The letter ب may represent [p] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written پ) (Kaye 1997, p. 193).
- 1 2 3 4 /d dˤ t tˤ/ are realized as either dental, denti-alveolar or alveolar (Al-Ani 2008, p. 597).
- 1 2 3 4 5 Emphatic consonants may be either pharyngealized or velarized and are accompanied with labialization ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 599); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193–194)).
- ↑ The letter ج is pronounced as [ɡ] in Egypt and as [ʒ] in the Levant and the Maghreb ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 598); (Gairdner 1925، ص. 23)).
- 1 2 In nonstandard pronunciations, /θ/ and /ð/ may be pronounced as [s] and [z] (Gairdner 1925, p. 19, 81).
- 1 2 The letter ظ is pronounced as [ðˤ] or [zˤ] (Al-Ani 2008, p. 601).
- ↑ The letter ف may represent [v] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written ڤ or ڥ) (Kaye 1997, p. 193).
- ↑ /ħ/ is pronounced as [ħ] or [ʜ].
- 1 2 /k/ and /t/ are usually aspirated (Al-Ani 2008, p. 597–598).
- ↑ [ɫ] occurs only in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 600); (Kaye 1997، ص. 196); (Kaye 2009، ص. 564)).
- ↑ /q/ may be pronounced as [ʔ] in Egypt and the Levant and as [ɡ] or [ɢ] in other dialects (Gairdner 1925, p. 26–27).
- ↑ /r/ is a trill [r] or a flap [ɾ]; it may be velarized or pharyngealized as well (Al-Ani 2008, p. 600).
- ↑ /x/ is pronounced as [x] or [χ].
- ↑ /ɣ/ is pronounced as [ɣ] or [ʁ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 599); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 598); (Gairdner 1925، ص. 26)).
- ↑ /ʔ/ is usually written above or below أ, إ, آ, ئ or ؤ.
- ↑ /ʕ/ is pronounced as [ʕ] or [ʔˤ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 599); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 51)).
- ↑ /ʢ/ is neither pharyngeal nor fricative, but it is more correctly described as a creaky-voiced epiglottal approximant (Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)).
- ↑ Allophones of /u/ include [ʊ]~[ɤ]~[o] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)); they are distinct phonemes in loan words. /u/ completely becomes /o/ in some other particular dialects.
- 1 2 3 In colloquial pronunciation of Northern Africa (except Egypt), short /a, i, u/ may be reduced to [ə]. This pronunciation is not standard.
- ↑ Allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ Allophones of /i/ include [ɪ]~[e] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)); they are distinct phonemes in loan words. /ɪ/ completely becomes /e/ in some other particular dialects.
- ↑ Allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ Allophones of /a/ include [ɑ] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æ] elsewhere ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ Allophones of /aː/ include [ɑː] before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æː] elsewhere ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595, 600); (Thelwall و Sa'adeddin 1999، ص. 52–53); (Kaye 1997، ص. 193, 197)).
- ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, /aj/ may be realized as [eː]~[ɛː]~[ej] ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595); (Kaye 1997، ص. 198)).
- ↑ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as [oː]~[ɔː]~[ow] may occur ((Al-Ani 2008، ص. 595); (Kaye 1997، ص. 198)).
منابع
[ویرایش]- Al-Ani, Salman H. (2008). "Phonetics". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Vol. III. Brill. pp. 593–603.
- Gairdner, W. H. T. (1925). The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford University Press.
- {{cite book|title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa|last1=Kaye|first1=Alan S.|date=1997|volume=I|pages=187–204|chapter=Arabic phonology|ref=harv}}
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Mitchell, T. F. (1990). Pronouncing Arabic. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram (1999). "Arabic". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–54.