دودمان خلجی: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

سلطنت خلجی
سلطنت خلجی;
۱۲۹۰–۱۳۲۰
	دودمان خلج
پایتخت	دهلی
زبان(های) رایج	فارسی (رسمی)
دین(ها)	اسلام
حکومت	سلطنتی
سلطان
• ۱۲۹۰–۱۲۹۶	جلال الدین فیروز خلجی
• ۱۲۹۶–۱۳۱۶	علاءالدین خلجی
• ۱۳۱۶	شهاب الدین عمر
• ۱۳۱۶–۱۳۲۰	قطب الدین مبارک شاه
تاریخ
• بنیان‌گذاری	۱۲۹۰
• فروپاشی	۱۳۲۰
پیشین	پسین
	سلطنت مملوک (دهلی)
تغلق‌شاهیان
امروز بخشی از	هند; پاکستان

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نسخهٔ ‏۱۶ مهٔ ۲۰۲۱، ساعت ۰۵:۴۱

سلسله خلجی (به هندی: सलतनत ख़िलजी) یک سلسله پادشاهی ترک‌تبار در شبه‌قاره هند و پایتخت آن دهلی بود^[۲]^[۳]^[۴] که در میان سال‌های ۱۲۹۰ تا ۱۳۲۰ میلادی در بخش گسترده‌ای از جنوب آسیا حکمرانی می‌کرد. این سلسله توسط جلال‌الدین فیروز خلجی تأسیس شد و دومین سلسله سلطنت دهلی بود. سلسله خلجی بخاطر فتوحاتش در حنوب هند و دفع حملات پی‌درپی مغول به هند شناخته شده‌است.^[۵]

تبار

خاندان خلجی اصالتی [[مردمان ترک]^[۶] داشتند. گفته می‌شود اجدادشان، خلج‌ها در ابتدا قومی ترکتبار از آسیای میانه بودند و به همراه هون‌های ایرانی و هپتالی‌ها به مناطق جنوبی و شرقی افغانستان امروزی مهاجرت کردند.^[۷] آنها از اوایل سال ۶۶۰ تا سال ۸۷۰ میلادی به عنوان سلسله کابل شاهیان بر منطقه کابل فرمانروایی کردند.^[۸] خلج‌ها از همان آغاز آمدن به ولایات پشتون نشین، در حال گذراندن فرایند جذب در سیستم قبایلی پشتون بودند و از سوی اشراف‌زادگان ترک سلطنت دهلی، با آنها به عنوان افغان رفتار می‌شد.^[۹]^[۱۰]^[۱۱]

زبان

زبان رسمی و درباری سلسله خلجی فارسی بود.^[۳]^[۱۲] پس از آن عربی^[۳] و برخی از زبان‌های بومی شمال هند بوده‌است. هرچند فارسی، زبان مادری افراد این سلسله نبوده ولی سلاطین سلسله خلجی تشویق به استفاده از زبان فارسی می‌کردند. این استفاده از زبان‌های مختلف باعث به وجود آمدن اولین فرم از زبان اردو شد.

شاهان

لقب	نام	سلطنت
جلال الدین	ملک فیروز خلجی	۱۲۹۰–۱۲۹۶
علاءالدین	علی گرشاسپ خلجی	۱۲۹۶–۱۳۱۶
شهاب الدین	عمر خان خلجی	۱۳۱۶
قطب الدین	مبارک خان خلجی	۱۳۱۶–۱۳۲۰
خسرو خان در سال ۱۳۲۰ به کار سلسله خلجی پایان داد.

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp
↑ «خلجی | لغت‌نامه دهخدا». www.vajehyab.com. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۱-۰۲-۲۶.
↑ ^۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ ^۳٫۲ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
↑ Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana Parmar (2003). South Asia: a historical narrative. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579711-6. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)
↑ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia. U of Nebraska Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
↑ Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971). Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) (به انگلیسی). Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
↑ "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
↑ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017-03-15). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (به انگلیسی). Edinburgh University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5. A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-
↑ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966). The History of India, 1000 A.D. -1707 A.D. (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98. OCLC 575452554:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)
↑ Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)
↑ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic. p. 28. ISBN 81-269-0123-3:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)
↑ "زبان فارسی در سلسله خلجی" (به انگلیسی).

[1] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp

[2] «خلجی | لغت‌نامه دهخدا». www.vajehyab.com. دریافت‌شده در ۲۰۲۱-۰۲-۲۶.

[asi.nic.in-3] ۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ ^۳٫۲ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

[Parmar-4] Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana Parmar (2003). South Asia: a historical narrative. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-579711-6. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)

[5] Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia. U of Nebraska Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1. Retrieved 2010-08-23.

[Indian_Institute_of_Advanced_Study-6] Khan, Yusuf Husain (1971). Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) (به انگلیسی). Indian Institute of Advanced Study.

[7] "ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021-01-15.

[8] Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017-03-15). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity (به انگلیسی). Edinburgh University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5. A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-

[Ashirbadi-9] Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1966). The History of India, 1000 A.D. -1707 A.D. (Second ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 98. OCLC 575452554:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)

[Eraly-10] Abraham Eraly (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-93-5118-658-8:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)

[Chaurasia-11] Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic. p. 28. ISBN 81-269-0123-3:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: پست اسکریپت (link)

[12] "زبان فارسی در سلسله خلجی" (به انگلیسی).

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]

@@ خط ۴۷: / خط ۴۷: @@
 == تبار ==
 [[File:Copper coin of Alauddin Khilji.jpg|thumb|left|سکه مسی از علاءالدین خلجی|alt=Front and back of copper coin with raised inscription, against a red background]]
-خاندان خلجی اصالتی [[مردمان ترک|ترکی]]-[[پشتون‌ها|افغان]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yusuf Husain |title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) |year=1971 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |language=en}}</ref> داشتند. گفته می‌شود اجدادشان، [[خلج‌ها]] در ابتدا قومی ترکتبار از آسیای میانه بودند و به همراه [[هون‌های ایرانی]] و [[هپتالیان|هپتالی‌ها]] به مناطق جنوبی و شرقی [[افغانستان]] امروزی مهاجرت کردند.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan|access-date=2021-01-15|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> آنها از اوایل سال ۶۶۰ تا سال ۸۷۰ میلادی به عنوان سلسله [[ترک شاهیان|کابل شاهیان]] بر منطقه کابل فرمانروایی کردند.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5|location=|pages=165|language=en|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-}}</ref> خلج‌ها از همان آغاز آمدن به ولایات پشتون نشین، در حال گذراندن فرایند جذب در [[قبیله‌های پشتون|سیستم قبایلی پشتون]] بودند و از سوی اشراف‌زادگان ترک [[سلطنت دهلی]]، با آنها به عنوان [[پشتون‌ها|افغان]] رفتار می‌شد.<ref name="Ashirbadi">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D. -1707 A.D.|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1966|edition=Second|page=98|oclc=575452554|postscript=:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."}}</ref><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|page=126|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."|author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|page=28|postscript=:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."}}</ref>
+خاندان خلجی اصالتی [[مردمان ترک]<ref name="Indian Institute of Advanced Study">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yusuf Husain |title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) |year=1971 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |language=en}}</ref> داشتند. گفته می‌شود اجدادشان، [[خلج‌ها]] در ابتدا قومی [[ترکتبار]] از آسیای میانه بودند و به همراه [[هون‌های ایرانی]] و [[هپتالیان|هپتالی‌ها]] به مناطق جنوبی و شرقی [[افغانستان]] امروزی مهاجرت کردند.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan|access-date=2021-01-15|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> آنها از اوایل سال ۶۶۰ تا سال ۸۷۰ میلادی به عنوان سلسله [[ترک شاهیان|کابل شاهیان]] بر منطقه کابل فرمانروایی کردند.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rezakhani|first=Khodadad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjRWDwAAQBAJ&q=Turk+shahis+khalaj&pg=PA165|title=ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-0030-5|location=|pages=165|language=en|quote=A Bactrian Document (BD T) from this period brings interesting information about the area to our attention. In it, dated to BE 476 (701 AD), a princess identified as `Bag-aziyas, the Great Turkish Princess, the Queen of Qutlugh Tapaghligh Bilga Sävüg, the Princess of the Khalach, the Lady of Kadagestan offers alms to the local god of the region of Rob, known as Kamird, for the health of (her) child. Inaba, arguing for the Khalaj identity of the kings of Kabul, takes this document as a proof that the Khalaj princess is from Kabul and has been offered to the (Hephthalite) king of Kadagestan, thus becoming the lady of that region. The identification of Kadagestan as a Hephthalite stronghold is based on Grenet's suggestion of the survival of Hephthalite minor stares in this region,' and is in con-}}</ref> خلج‌ها از همان آغاز آمدن به ولایات پشتون نشین، در حال گذراندن فرایند جذب در [[قبیله‌های پشتون|سیستم قبایلی پشتون]] بودند و از سوی اشراف‌زادگان ترک [[سلطنت دهلی]]، با آنها به عنوان [[پشتون‌ها|افغان]] رفتار می‌شد.<ref name="Ashirbadi">{{cite book|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D. -1707 A.D.|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1966|edition=Second|page=98|oclc=575452554|postscript=:"His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks."}}</ref><ref name="Eraly">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|page=126|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."|author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref><ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|publisher=Atlantic|year=2002|isbn=81-269-0123-3|page=28|postscript=:"The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi."}}</ref>
 == زبان ==