ترامپیسم: تفاوت میان نسخهها
ایمان ایرانی (بحث | مشارکتها) برچسبها: ویرایش همراه ویرایش از وبگاه همراه ویرایش پیشرفتهٔ همراه |
ایمان ایرانی (بحث | مشارکتها) بدون خلاصۀ ویرایش برچسبها: برگرداندهشده ویرایش همراه ویرایش از وبگاه همراه ویرایش پیشرفتهٔ همراه |
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== منابع == |
== منابع == |
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his-trumps-reichstag-fire-moment/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202040523/https://theintercept.com/2020/06/04/is-this-trumps-reichstag-fire-moment/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Hedges|first1=Chris|date=January 3, 2020|title=Onward, Christian fascists|work=[[Salon (website)|salon]]|url=https://www.salon.com/2020/01/03/onward-Christian-fascists_partner/|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=December 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228071848/https://www.salon.com/2020/01/03/onward-christian-fascists_partner/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|''Helsinki Times'', April 13, 2019}}|title=Trumpism comes to Finland, exporting happiness, and Kardashians in Lapland—Finland in the World Press|url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/world-int/world-news/finland-in-the-world-press/16339-trumpism-comes-to-finland-exporting-happiness-and-kardashians-in-lapland-finland-in-the-world-press.html|newspaper=Helsinki Times|date=April 13, 2019|access-date=January 23, 2021|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124020333/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/world-int/world-news/finland-in-the-world-press/16339-trumpism-comes-to-finland-exporting-happiness-and-kardashians-in-lapland-finland-in-the-world-press.html|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news |last1= Henderson |first1= Bruce |date= August 24, 2017 |title= Evangelical Leader Stays on Trump Advisory Council Despite Charlottesville Response |work= Charlotte Observer |url= http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article169163722.html |access-date= December 28, 2020 |archive-date= February 15, 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223000/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article169163722.html |url-status= live }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Henninger |first1=Daniel |date=March 3, 2021 |title=Trumpism According to Trump |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumpism-according-to-trump-11614812815 |newspaper= [[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=March 17, 2021}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hidalgo-Tenorio|first1=Encarnación |last2= Benítez-Castro|first2= Miguel-Ángel |date=2021 |title= Trump's populist discourse and affective politics, or on how to move 'the People' through emotion |journal= Globalisation, Societies and Education |pages=1–24 |doi= 10.1080/14767724.2020.1861540|s2cid=234260705 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hoad |first1=Neville |date=November 20, 2020 |title=Big man sovereignty and sexual politics in pandemic time |journal=Safundi the Journal of SouthAfrican and American Studies |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=433–455 |doi=10.1080/17533171.2020.1832801|s2cid=228896339 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Hogg|first1=Michael|last2=van Knippenberg|first2=Daan |last3=Rast|first3=David E. |title= The social identity theory of leadership: Theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments|journal= European Review of Social Psychology |volume= 23|date=2012 |pages=258–304|doi= 10.1080/10463283.2012.741134|s2cid=143555737|author-link1=Michael Hogg}} |
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*{{cite news |last1=Hilditch |first1=Cameron |title=Christianity as Ideology: The Cautionary Tale of the Jericho March |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/12/christianity-as-ideology-the-cautionary-tale-of-the-jericho-march/ |access-date=January 19, 2021 |work=[[National Review]] |date=December 18, 2020}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Hopkin |first1=Jonathan |author1-link=Jonathan Hopkin |last2=Blyth |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Blyth |editor1-last=Vormann |editor1-first=Boris |editor2-last=Weinman |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Emergence of Illiberalism |date=2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Global Trumpism: Understanding Anti-System Politics in Western Democracies |isbn=978-0367366247 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222839/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Horton|first1=Michael|date=December 16, 2020|title=The Cult of Christian Trumpism|work=[[The Gospel Coalition]]|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/cult-Christian-trumpism/|access-date=December 28, 2020|author-link1=Michael Horton (theologian)|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222840/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/cult-Christian-trumpism/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Hovland |first1=Ben |date=September 13, 2020 |title=Capitol rally targets Minnesota's COVID-19 state of emergency |work=Albert Lea Tribune and Minnesota Public Radio |url=https://www.albertleatribune.com/2020/09/capitol-rally-targets-minnesotas-covid-19-state-of-emergency/ |access-date=December 11, 2020 }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Hymes |first1=Clare |last2=McDonald |first2=Cassidy |last3=Watson |first3=Elanor |date=April 16, 2021 |title=What we know about the "unprecedented" U.S. Capitol riot arrests |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-riot-arrests-2021-04-16/ |work=CBS News |access-date=April 17, 2021}} |
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* {{Cite news|last1=Hyun-jung|first1=Bae|newspaper=[[The Korea Herald]] |title=[Election 2017] SWOT analysis of presidential candidate Hong Joon-pyo|date=April 5, 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Korea Herald'', April 5, 2017}}|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170405000625|access-date=2021-05-10}} |
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* {{Cite news|last=Ibish|first=Hussain|date=April 12, 2020|title=Is Donald Trump's US sliding towards illiberal democracy?|work=The National (Abu Dhabi)|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/is-donald-trump-s-us-sliding-towards-illiberal-democracy-1.1005011|url-status=live|access-date=June 25, 2021 }} |
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* {{cite web |last=Illing |first=Sean |title=What Machiavelli can teach us about Trump and the decline of liberal democracy |work=Vox |date=November 16, 2018 |url=https://www.vox.com/2017/7/24/15913826/machiavelli-donald-trump-democracy-america-erica-benner |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203230611/https://www.vox.com/2017/7/24/15913826/machiavelli-donald-trump-democracy-america-erica-benner |url-status=live }} |
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* {{Cite web|last=Ilyushina |first=Mary |title=Putin, Bolsonaro and AMLO finally congratulate Biden on US election victory|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/europe/putin-biden-election-congratulates-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-02-22|date=December 15, 2020|website=CNN}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Imhoff|first1=Roland|last2=Lamberty|first2=Pia |title=How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine‐grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories. |journal= European Journal of Social Psychology |volume=48 |issue=7 |date=2018 |pages=909–926|doi=10.1002/ejsp.2494|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2494}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Jeffrey |title=Making America Great Again? |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |date=November 2017 |pages=625–631 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000871 |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite magazine |last1=Jacobs |first1=Thomas |date=October 21, 2016 |title= Masculinity in the Time of Trump |magazine= Pacific Standard |publisher= Grist Magazine, Inc. |url=https://psmag.com/masculinity-in-the-time-of-trump-416ac0cf5571#.yny60wi98 |access-date=April 17, 2021}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Jacquemet |first1=Marco |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-trump-era/45-as-a-bullshit-artist-straining-for-charisma/517B5C97A2B922F2AEA7C60670C69579 |chapter=45 as a Bullshit Artist: Straining for Charisma |title=Language in the Trump Era: Scandals and Emergencies |editor1-last=McIntosh |editor1-first=Janet |editor2-last=Mendoza-Denton |editor2-first=Norma |isbn=978-1-108-74503-1 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |doi=10.1017/9781108887410 |editor2-link=Norma Mendoza-Denton }} |
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* {{cite web |last1=Jeffress |first1=Robert |last2=Fea |first2=John |date=May 26, 2016 |title=The Evangelical Debate Over Trump |work=Interfaith Voices |url=https://interfaithradio.org/Story_Details/The_Evangelical_Debate_Over_Trump |access-date=December 28, 2020 |format=audio |author-link1=Robert Jeffress }} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Jeffress|first1=Robert|last2=Wehner|first2=Peter|date=July 12, 2016|title=Dr. Robert Jeffress and Peter Wehner Join Mike for Important Debate over Evangelical Christian Support of Trump|work=The Mike Gallagher Show|url=https://mikeonline.com/dr-robertjeffress-peter_wehner-join-mike-for-an-important-debate-over-evangelical-christians-support-of-trump/|format=audio|author-link1=Robert Jeffress|author-link2=Peter Wehner|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222844/https://mikeonline.com/dr-robertjeffress-peter_wehner-join-mike-for-an-important-debate-over-evangelical-christians-support-of-trump/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite magazine |last1=Jindal |first1=Bobby |last2=Castellanos |first2=Alex |date=January 3, 2021|title=Separating Trump from Trumpism is key to the GOP's future {{!}} Opinion|url=https://www.newsweek.com/separating-trump-trumpism-key-gops-future-opinion-1572180|access-date=2021-03-02|magazine=Newsweek}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Johnson|first1=Jessica |date=2018 |title=The Self-Radicalization of White Men |journal=Communication Culture & Critique|volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/ccc/tcx014}} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Rich |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Why Did Sean Hannity Lose His Punisher Skull Pin On Fox News? |work=[[Bleeding Cool]] |url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/why-did-sean-hannity-lose-his-punisher-skull-pin-on-fox-news/ |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222915/https://bleedingcool.com/comics/why-did-sean-hannity-lose-his-punisher-skull-pin-on-fox-news/ |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Karen |date=2019 |title=Trust, distrust, and affective looping |journal= Philosophical Studies|volume=176 | issue=4 |pages=955–968 |publisher=Springer Nature |doi=10.1007/s11098-018-1221-5 |s2cid=171852867 }} |
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** Partial reprint: {{cite web |last=Jones |first=Karen |title= Understanding the emotions is key to breaking the cycle of distrust |date=November 14, 2019 |work= ABC's Religion and Ethics |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date= April 10, 2021 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/understanding-emotions-and-breaking-the-cycle-of-distrust/11704032 |ref=none}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Theidon |first1=Kimberly |date=November 11, 2020 |title= A forecasted failure: Intersectionality, COVID-19, and the perfect storm |journal=Journal of Human Rights |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=528–536 |doi=10.1080/14754835.2020.1822156 |s2cid=226308311 }} |
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* {{Cite news|last1=John|first1=Tara|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=What to Know About Geert Wilders, the 'Dutch Trump'|date=March 10, 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|''Time (magazine)'', March 10, 2017}}|url=https://time.com/4696459/geert-wilders-the-dutch-trump/|access-date=2021-06-22}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Jones|first1=Karen |chapter= Trusting Interpretations |title=Trust: Analytic and Applied Perspectives |editor1-last=Mäkelä |editor1-first=Pekka| editor2-last=Townley |editor2-first=Cynthia |isbn=9789401209410 |date=2013 |publisher=Rodopi|volume=263|series=Value Inquiry Book Series }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Jutel |first1=Olivier |chapter= Donald Trump, American Populism and Affective Media |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |editor1-last=de la Torre |editor1-first=Carlos| editor2-last=Barr |editor2-first=Robert R.| editor3-last=Arato |editor3-first=Andrew| editor4-last=Cohen |editor4-first=Jean L.| editor5-last=Ruzza |editor5-first=Carlo |publisher=[[Routledge]] |series=Routledge International Handbooks|isbn=978-1-315-22644-6 |date=2019 |location=London/New York}} |
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* {{Cite news|last=Kagan|first=Robert|date=May 16, 2016|title=This is how fascism comes to America|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-how-fascism-comes-to-america/2016/05/17/c4e32c58-1c47-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=April 20, 2021 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kahan|first1=Dan|last2=Peters|first2=Ellen|last3=Dawson|first3=Erica Cantrell|last4=Slovic|first4=Paul |title=Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government |journal=Behavioural Public Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= 1|issue=1 |date=2017 |pages=54–86|doi=10.1017/bpp.2016.2|author-link1=Dan Kahan|author-link4=Paul Slovic|hdl=1794/18962|s2cid=231735365|hdl-access=free}} |
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* {{cite news|last=Kakissis|first=Joanna|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/13/722620996/in-trump-hungarys-viktor-orban-has-a-rare-ally-in-the-oval-office|title=In Trump, Hungary's Viktor Orban Has A Rare Ally In The Oval Office|work=NPR|date=May 13, 2019|access-date=January 23, 2021|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222842/https://www.npr.org/2019/05/13/722620996/in-trump-hungarys-viktor-orban-has-a-rare-ally-in-the-oval-office|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Katzenstein |first=Peter J. |author-link=Peter J. Katzenstein |title=Trumpism is Us |work=WZB Mitteilungen |publisher=Social Science Research Center |location=Berlin |url=https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |access-date=October 15, 2020 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222927/https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |date=January 10, 2018 |title=President Trump has made more than 2,000 false or misleading claims over 355 days |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/01/10/president-trump-has-made-more-than-2000-false-or-misleading-claims-over-355-days/ |work=[[The Washington Post]] |author-link1=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/01/10/president-trump-has-made-more-than-2000-false-or-misleading-claims-over-355-days/ |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Kimmel|first1=Michael |last2=Wade |first2=Lisa |date=2018 |title= Ask a Feminist: Michael Kimmel and Lisa Wade Discuss Toxic Masculinity |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=44 |issue=1|pages=233–254 | doi= 10.1086/698284|s2cid=149487672 |author-link1=Michael Kimmel}} |
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* {{Cite news|last1=Kirchgaessner|first1=Stephanie |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |title=Italy's Matteo Salvini: the European leader most like Trump|date=June 25, 2018 |ref={{sfnRef|''The Irish Times'', June 25, 2018}}|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/italy-s-matteo-salvini-the-european-leader-most-like-trump-1.3542105|access-date=2021-06-22}} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Kreiss|first1=Daniel |chapter=The Media Are about Identity, Not Information |date=2018 |editor1-last= Boczkowski|editor1-first=Pablo J. |editor2-last= Papacharissi |editor2-first=Zizi |title=Trump and the Media |isbn=978-0-262-03796-9 |publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Kruse|first1=Michael|date=October 13, 2017|title=The Power of Trump's Positive Thinking|journal=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/10/13/donald-trump-positive-thinking-215704|access-date=December 9, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222913/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/10/13/donald-trump-positive-thinking-215704/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Kuhn |first1=Johannes |title=Who moved America to the right |work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=September 2, 2017 |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/1.3648311 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222849/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/trumps-vordenker-wer-amerika-nach-rechts-rueckte-1.3648311 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite news |last=Kuhn |first=Johannes |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/gipfel-reaktionen-trumps-partei-mault-und-bleibt-folgsam-1.4057834 |title=Trump und Putin: Republikaner üben leichte Kritik |language=de |work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222846/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/gipfel-reaktionen-trumps-partei-mault-und-bleibt-folgsam-1.4057834 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Lebow |first=David |title=Trumpism and the Dialectic of Neoliberal Reason |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/trumpism-and-the-dialectic-of-neoliberal-reason/DB944338AE28F9BBA57C6F60B8D8CA7A |access-date=June 9, 2020 |date=May 13, 2019 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=380–398 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719000434 |s2cid=182013544 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222847/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/trumpism-and-the-dialectic-of-neoliberal-reason/DB944338AE28F9BBA57C6F60B8D8CA7A |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite magazine |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |title=The Republican Identity Crisis After Trump |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=November 2, 2020 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/11/02/the-republican-identity-crisis-after-trump |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222848/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/11/02/the-republican-identity-crisis-after-trump |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=Luigi |last2=Desimoni |first2=Marta |last3=Chirumbolo |first3=Antonio |title=Interest and expertise moderate the relationship between right-wing attitudes, ideological self-placement and voting |journal=European Journal of Personality |volume=28 |issue=1 |date=September 26, 2012 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1002/per.1880 |s2cid=143037865 }} |
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* {{Cite news|last1=Leonhardt|first1=David|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Extremists in a Pod|date=May 14, 2019 |ref={{sfnRef|''The New York Times'', May 14, 2019}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/opinion/viktor-orban-hungary-trump.html|access-date=2021-06-21}} |
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* {{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Matt|title=Bad News for Evangelicals—God Doesn't Need Donald Trump in the White House |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/opinion/bad-news-for-evangelicals-god-doesn-t-need-donald-trump-in-the-white-house/ar-BB1bVf18 |date=December 12, 2020|access-date=January 23, 2021 |website=[[The Daily Beast]] |via=www.msn.com}} |
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* {{cite news |last=Liu |first=William Ming |title=How Trump's 'Toxic Masculinity' Is Bad for Other Men |url=https://time.com/4273865/donald-trump-toxic-masculinity/ |work=Motto (Time) |date=14 April 2016 |location=New York |access-date=21 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121131734/http://motto.time.com/4273865/donald-trump-toxic-masculinity/ |archive-date=21 January 2018 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Lowndes |first1=Joseph |editor-last=de la Torre |editor-first=Carlos |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter=Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump |isbn=978-1-315-22644-6 |date=2019 |location=London/New York |at="Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200 |quote=Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades.}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Lubbers |first1=Marcel |last2=Scheepers |first2=Peer |title=French Front National voting: A micro and macro perspective |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=December 7, 2010 |pages=120–149 |doi=10.1080/01419870120112085 |hdl=11370/a3226cec-30ee-4c69-bd24-ba49cbbb17cf |s2cid=59362467 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3047692/LubbersM-FrenchFront.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222856/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3047692/LubbersM-FrenchFront.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite news|last=Lyall|first=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Lyall|title=The Trump Presidency Is Now History. So How Will It Rank?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/23/us/politics/trump-presidential-history.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 January 2021|access-date=January 23, 2021|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222945/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/23/us/politics/trump-presidential-history.html|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news |last=MacWilliams |first=Matthew |date=January 17, 2016 |work=[[Politico (website)|Politico]] |title=The one weird trait that predicts whether you're a Trump supporter |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/donald-trump-2016-authoritarian-213533 }} |
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* {{Cite web|last=MacWilliams|first=Matthew C.|title=Trump Is an Authoritarian. So Are Millions of Americans|date=September 23, 2020|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/09/23/trump-america-authoritarianism-420681|access-date=2021-02-09|website=POLITICO}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Massachs|first1=Joan |last2=Monti|first2=Corrado |last3=Morales |first3=Gianmarco De Francisci |last4=Bonchi |first4= Francesco |title=Roots of Trumpism: Homophily and Social Feedback in Donald Trump Support on Reddit. |journal=WebSci '20: 12th ACM Conference on Web Science|pages=49–58 |date=2020 |doi=10.1145/3394231.3397894 |arxiv=2005.01790 |isbn=9781450379892 |s2cid=218502169 |url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.01790.pdf|access-date=March 5, 2021}} |
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* {{cite web|last=Matthews|first=Dylan|work=Vox|title=The F Word|url=https://www.vox.com/22225472/fascism-definition-trump-fascist-examples|date=January 14, 2021|access-date=January 26, 2021|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124130908/https://www.vox.com/22225472/fascism-definition-trump-fascist-examples|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2015/12/10/9886152/donald-trump-fascism |title=I asked 5 fascism experts whether Donald Trump is a fascist. Here's what they said. |date=December 10, 2015 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222945/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21521958/what-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web |last=Matthews |first=Dylan |title=Is Trump a fascist? 8 experts weigh in |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21521958/what-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump |date=October 23, 2020 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. |last2=Grynbaum |first2=Michael M. |title=Rush Limbaugh Dies at 70; Turned Talk Radio Into a Right-Wing Attack Machine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html?searchResultPosition=1 |access-date=17 February 2021 |agency=New York Times |date=February 18, 2021 }} |
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* {{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Tom |last2=Ho |first2=Vivian |last3=Greve |first3=Joan E. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden |title=Schumer calls pro-Trump mob 'domestic terrorists' as Senate resumes election certification—live |date=January 7, 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230506/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Moore|first1=Johnnie|date=August 24, 2017|title=Evangelical Trump Adviser: Why I Won't Bail on the White House|work=Religion News Service|url=https://religionnews.com/2017/08/24/johnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house/|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222915/https://religionnews.com/2017/08/24/johnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Morris |first=Edwin Kent |title=Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism |journal=New Political Science |volume=41 |issue=1 |date=2019 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037|s2cid=149978398|quote=Trumpian fascism is a different kind of fascism. It is better understood as an inverted, American kind of fascism, distinct from European fascism, but not entirely dissimilar from it. Inverted American-style fascism differs from European fascist in one crucial way: the role of corporate power in the politics of the state. }} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Mullen|first=Lincoln|date=June 16, 2018|title=The Fight to Define Romans 13|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/06/romans-13/562916/|journal=The Atlantic|access-date=December 28, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222916/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/06/romans-13/562916/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Nessen |first=Stephen |title=4 Ways Donald Trump's Pro Wrestling Experience Is Like His Campaign Today |date=April 30, 2016 |work=NPR.org |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/30/476198343/4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222849/https://www.npr.org/2016/04/30/476198343/4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Reicher |first1=Stephen |author1-link=Steve Reicher |last2=Haslam |first2=S. Alexander |author2-link=Alexander Haslam |title=The politics of hope: Donald Trump as an entrepreneur of identity |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=November 19, 2016 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-politics-of-hope-donald-trump-as-an-entrepreneur-of-identity/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222908/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-politics-of-hope-donald-trump-as-an-entrepreneur-of-identity/ |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Richardson|first1=Michael |title=The Disgust of Donald Trump |journal= Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies |volume=31 |issue=6 |date=2017 |pages=747–756 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2017.1370077|s2cid=148803267 }} |
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* {{cite web|last1=Roper|first1=Willern|date=January 8, 2021|title=Nearly Half of Republicans Approve of Capitol Riot|work=[[Statista]]|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/23886/capitol-riot-approval/|access-date=February 8, 2021}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Rosenfeld |first=Steven |title=Leading Civil Rights Lawyer Shows 20 Ways Trump Is Copying Hitler's Early Rhetoric and Policies |date=August 9, 2019 |work=Common Dreams |access-date=November 21, 2020 |url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/08/09/leading-civil-rights-lawyer-shows-20-ways-trump-copying-hitlers-early-rhetoric-and |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222924/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/08/09/leading-civil-rights-lawyer-shows-20-ways-trump-copying-hitlers-early-rhetoric-and |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Stoller|first1=Paul|title=More on the Anthropology of Trump|date=April 27, 2017|volume=9|issue=1|journal=Anthropology Now|pages=58–60|doi=10.1080/19428200.2017.1291135|s2cid=149440462|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19428200.2017.1291135?journalCode=uann20|access-date=December 9, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222919/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19428200.2017.1291135?journalCode=uann20&|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite web| last1=Tashman|first1=Brian|title=Jeffress Says Satan Is Behind Roman Catholicism|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/jeffress-says-satan-behind-roman-catholicism|work=Right Wing Watch|date=October 8, 2011|access-date=April 15, 2021}} |
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* {{cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=July 11, 2018|title=Trump's NATO trip shows 'America First' is 'America Alone'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/11/trumps-nato-trip-shows-america-first-is-america-alone/|work=The Washington Post|location=Washington D.C.|access-date=November 28, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222953/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/11/trumps-nato-trip-shows-america-first-is-america-alone/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite news | last=Teague | first=Matthew | title='He wears the armor of God': evangelicals hail Trump's church photo op | newspaper=The Guardian | date=June 3, 2020 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/03/donald-trump-church-photo-op-evangelicals | access-date=February 8, 2021 | archive-date=February 15, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222924/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/03/donald-trump-church-photo-op-evangelicals | url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jack |title=Understanding Trumpism: The foreign policy of the new American president |journal=Sirius: Journal of Strategic Analysis |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=June 12, 2017 |pages=109–115 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |doi=10.1515/sirius-2017-0052 |s2cid=157683957 |url=https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Thompson-2017-Sirius-Trumpism-EN.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223000/https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Thompson-2017-Sirius-Trumpism-EN.pdf |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald J. |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Remarks of President Trump at the 74th Session of the United Nations General Assembly |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-74th-session-united-nations-general-assembly/ |access-date=December 6, 2020 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |quote=In everything we do, we are focused on empowering the dreams and aspirations of our citizens ... we will cast off the enemies of liberty and overcome the oppressors of dignity. }} |
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* {{cite web |last=Weber |first=Thomas |title=Trump is not a fascist. But that didn't make him any less dangerous to our democracy|date=January 24, 2021 |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/24/opinions/trump-fascism-misguided-comparison-weber/index.html |work=CNN|author-link=Thomas Weber (historian)}} |
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* {{cite news |last1= Wehner |first1= Peter |date= July 5, 2016 |title=The Theology of Donald Trump |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/opinion/campaign-stops/the-theology-of-donald-trump.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location= New York, NY|author1-link= Peter Wehner}} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Wehner |first1= Peter |date=January 21, 2017 |title=Why I Cannot Fall in Line Behind Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/opinion/sunday/why-i-cannot-fall-in-line-behind-trump.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210213045216/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/opinion/sunday/why-i-cannot-fall-in-line-behind-trump.html |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |author-link1=Peter Wehner}} |
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* {{cite magazine |last1=Wehner |first1=Peter |title=The Deepening Crisis in Evangelical Christianity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/evangelical-christians-face-deepening-crisis/593353/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=July 5, 2019|author1-link= Peter Wehner}} |
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* {{cite magazine |last1=Wehner |first1=Peter |title= Trump's Most Malicious Legacy |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-most-malicious-legacy/617319/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=December 7, 2020|author1-link= Peter Wehner}} |
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* {{cite web|last=Weisbrot|first=Mark|date=October 20, 2017|title=Brazil's Donald Trump?|url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president|website=U.S. News}} |
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* {{cite news|last1=West|first1=Cornel|title=American Neoliberalism: A New Neo-Fascist Era Is Here|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election|date=November 17, 2016|access-date=December 20, 2020|author-link1=Cornel West}} |
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* {{cite magazine |last1=West|first1=Cornel |last2=Livesey |first2=Bruce |date=October 8, 2020 |title=All the elements are in place for American-style fascism, says Cornel West |magazine= [[National Observer (Canada)]] |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/10/08/features/all-elements-are-place-american-style-fascism-says-cornel-west |access-date=June 24, 2021| ref={{sfnRef|West|2020}}|author-link1=Cornel West }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Whitebook |first1=Joel |date=March 20, 2017 |title=Trump's Method, Our Madness |newspaper= The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/opinion/trumps-method-our-madness.html |access-date=May 14, 2021}} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Will |first1=George F. |title=The difference between Trumpism and fascism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-difference-between-trumpism-and-fascism/2020/07/09/377ae76e-c208-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html |access-date=December 17, 2020 |agency=Washington Post |date=July 10, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223029/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-difference-between-trumpism-and-fascism/2020/07/09/377ae76e-c208-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=September 21, 2020 |title=US announces new Iran sanctions and claims it is enforcing UN arms embargo |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/21/donald-trump-legal-power-to-impose-sanctions-on-iranians-questioned |access-date=November 17, 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/21/donald-trump-legal-power-to-impose-sanctions-on-iranians-questioned |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite news|last=Wolf|first=Zachary B.|date=November 9, 2020|title=Election 2020: How the Trump administration's roadblocks could cause problems for Biden|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/what-matters-november-9/index.html|access-date=February 16, 2021|agency=CNN|postscript=. Update November 10, 2020}} |
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* {{cite news| last = Woods| first = Mel| title = Erin O'Toole's 'Take Back Canada' Slogan Prompts Plenty Of Questions| work = Huffington Post| access-date = January 12, 2021| date = June 11, 2020| url = https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/erin-otoole-take-back-canada_ca_5ee2af10c5b67f9eb84b61c9}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Womick |first1=Jake |last2=Rothmund |first2=Tobias |last3=Azevedo |first3=Flavio |last4=King |first4=Laura A. |last5=Jost |first5=John T. |title=Group-Based Dominance and Authoritarian Aggression Predict Support for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |volume=10 |issue=5 |date=June 20, 2018 |pages=643–652 |doi=10.1177/1948550618778290 |s2cid=55503314 |url=https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/psychology/documents/facultypublications/johnjost/Group-Based%20Dominance%20&%20Authoritarian%20Aggression%20Predict%20Support%20for%20Trump.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|Womick et al.|2018}}}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Zaretsky |first1=Robert |title=Donald Trump and the myth of mobocracy |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |date=July 7, 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/trump-le-bon-mob/493118/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 }} |
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* {{cite news |last=Zengerle |first=Patricia |date=February 2, 2019 |title=With eye on Afghanistan talks, Trump vows to stop 'endless wars' |work=[[Reuters]].com |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-afghanistan/with-eye-on-afghanistan-talks-trump-vows-to-stop-endless-wars-idUSKCN1PV07M |access-date=November 17, 2020 }} |
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* {{cite news |last1=Zurcher |first1=Anthony |title=RNC 2020: The Republican Party Now the Party of Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53914829 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |agency=BBC News |date=August 26, 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015654/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53914829 |url-status=live }} |
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[[رده:پوپولیسم دست راستی در ایالات متحده آمریکا]] |
نسخهٔ ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۱، ساعت ۰۵:۱۹
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ترامپیسم (به انگلیسی: Trumpism) اصطلاحی است که در حوزههای ایدئولوژی سیاسی، هیجانات اجتماعی، سبکی از حکومتداری، جنبش اجتماعی و مکانیزمی برای کسب و حفظ قدرت بهکار گرفته میشود و ارتباط نزدیکی با اندیشهها و اعمال رئیسجمهور سابق ایالات متحده آمریکا، دونالد ترامپ دارد. ترامپیسم یا ترامپیها همواره در این موارد به کار گرفته میشوند و این درحالی است که به طرفداران شخص ترامپ اصطلاح «ترامپر» اطلاق میگردد.
اصطلاحات دقیقی که ترامپیسم را تشکیل میدهند بسیار پیچیده و بحثبرانگیز میباشند و نمیتوان آنها را در یک چارچوب تحلیلی و تفسیری واحدی قرار داد، اما بهطور کلی ترامپیسم را گونهای از سیاست آمریکاییِ راست افراطی، پوپولیسم جناح راست، نئوناسیونالیسم، نژادگرایی و مسیحیت انجیلی میدانند که در برخی کشورها در دههٔ ۲۰۱۰ تا ۲۰۲۰ رشد یافته بود.[۱] اگرچه بهطور کلی طرفداران ترامپ در یک حزب خاص محدود نمیشوند اما آنها در حزب جمهوری خواهان جناح خاصی را تشکیل دادند و مابقی در جناح مخالف قرار گرفتند. تعدادی از جمهوریخواهان مخالف ترامپ نیز به جنبش «ترامپ هرگز» پیوستند و عدهای دیگر هم از این حزب کنارهگیری کردند.
برخی از تحلیلگران معتقدند که ترامپیسم روایت جدیدی از پوپولیسم نیست بلکه باید آنرا گونهای نو از فاشیسم بدانیم و برخی دیگر نیز این نوع اندیشه را نژادپرستانه، خودکامه یا غیرلیبرال تفسیر کردهاند. درعین حال بسیاری از پژوهشگران این رویکرد را درعین داشتن تضادهایی با فاشیسمِ اروپایی در دههٔ ۱۹۳۰، بیشباهت به آن نیز ندانستهاند.[۲]
با اوج گرفتن این رویکرد جدید در اندیشهٔ سیاسی، رسانهها بسیاری از سیاستمداران و حاکمان کشورهای مختلف (همچون ژائیر بولسونارو، مارین لوپن، بنیامین نتانیاهو، نارندرا مودی، رجب طیب اردوغان، رودریگو دوترته، بوریس جانسون، نایجل فاراژ، هوراسیو کارتس، ویکتور اوربان، نجیب رزاق و ماتئو سالوینی) را با برچسب «ترامپیسم» یا «ترامپ آن سرزمین» معرفی کردهاند.[۳][۴]
اصول ترامپیسم
ترامپیسم برای اولینبار خود را در کارزار ریاستجمهوری دونالد ترامپ در سال ۲۰۱۶ نشان داد. بنا به عقیدهٔ بسیاری از محققان، ترامپیسم یک رویکرد پوپولیستی است که ملیگرایی را پاسخی برای سیاست، اقتصاد و مشکلات اجتماعی میداند. این تمایلات در ترامپیسم به ترجیحات سیاستی مانند محدودیت مهاجرت، حمایتگرایی تجاری، انزواطلبی و مخالفت با اصلاح دستمزد تبدیل میشود. به عنوان یک راه و روش سیاسی، پوپولیسم توسط هیچیک از ایدئولوژیهای سیاسی موجود در ادبیات سیاسی هدایت نمیشود. در اینباره مشاور سابق امنیت ملی آمریکا (جان بولتون) دربارهٔ ترامپیسم گفته بود که من مخالف این هستم که گفته شود ترامپیسم در هر فلسفهٔ سیاسی میتواند وجود داشته باشد، بلکه او [ترامپ] هیچ فلسفه ای برای تصمیمات خود ندارد و اگر مردم میخواهند تلاش کنند تا یک خط مشخص را در اعمال او ترسیم کنند، در اشتباه هستند.
مایکل کیمل با اشاره به پوپولیسم ترامپ میگوید که، ترامپیسم یک اندیشهٔ سیاسی یا ایدئولوژی نیست بلکه یک «تمایل» است. این تمایل یک خشم عادلانه است که دولت ما را به این شکل ناجور درآورده است. کیمل خاطرنشان میکند که "ترامپ شخصیت جالبی است زیرا او تمام آن چیزی را که من آن را «حق آسیب دیده» مینامیدهام، منتقل میکند. واژه ای که کیمل تعریف میکند عبارت است از این حس که مزایایی که شما معتقد بودید مستحق آن هستید توسط نیروهای غیبی بزرگ و قدرتمندی از شما سلب شدهاست. شما خود را وارث یک وعدهٔ بزرگ، رؤیای آمریکایی میدانید که حالا تبدیل به یک خیال و آرزوی غیرممکن برای وارثان این وعده شدهاست.
زیزی پاپاچاریسی، محقق ارتباطات، ابهام ایدئولوژیکی و استفاده از اصطلاحات و شعارهایی را که میتواند به هر معنایی باشد که حامی میخواهد آن را داشته باشد مفید است زیرا که این ابهام این خصوصیت را به او میبخشد. اینکه مردم در تعامل عاطفی قرار میگیرند به این دلیل است که آنها یک «قلاب عاطفی» پیدا کردهاند که در اطراف یک «دال باز» ساخته شدهاست که میتوانند از آن بارها و بارها استفاده کنند. بله، البته میدانید رئیسجمهور ترامپ از این دال باز استفاده کرده استو آن همان شعار «آمریکا را دوباره عالی کن» میباشد. این شعار دالی است که همه این افراد را به خود جذب میکند و باز است زیرا به همه آنها اجازه میدهد تا معانی متفاوتی را به آن اختصاص دهند؛ بنابراین این شعار برای هر شخصی که با آن ارتباط دارد معنا و کارکرد متفاوتی دارد، زیرا به اندازه کافی باز است که به مردم اجازه میدهد تا معنای خود را به آن اطلاق کنند.
همچنین سایر محققان و نویسندگان در پروژهٔ کتاب «پوپولیسم» راتلج معتقدند که رهبران پوپولیست بیشتر از آنکه تابع یک ایدئولوژی خاص باشند، بهدنبال ایدهها، موضوعات و باورهایی میروند که روی مخاطبانشان تأثیر زیادی دارد به همین خاطر پوپولیستها را میتوان فرصتطلب و حتی پراگماتیست خواند. اگر بخواهیم این گزارهها را با شعارهای انتخاباتی ترامپ مقایسه کنیم میبینم که او نیز با سر دادن شعارها و وعدههایی با موضوع «حقوق سفیدپوستان» به روی بسیاری از کارگران تحت فشار اروپایی و سفیدپوست طبقات پایین تأثیرات فراوانی بهجای گذاشتهاست.
ترامپ و احساسات طرفداران
عنصر مهم دیگر ترامپ و رویکرد وی، توجه و استفاده از قدرت «احساسات» است. بسیاری از محققان معتقدند که ترامپ در طول انتخابات ریاست جمهوری در سال ۲۰۱۶ در آمریکا توانست احساسات و عواطی مانند حسِ نیاز به تغییر آمریکا در بسیاری از آمریکاییها را درک کند و با آنها همدلی داشته باشد. احساسات عنصری بود که رقبای دموکرات وی از فهم آن عاجز بودند و توان ایجاد و فهم عاطفهٔ میان رأی دهندگان را نداشتند.
ترامپ و رسانهها
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استفادهٔ ترامپ از رسانهها نیز برمبنای احساسات و عواطف طرفداران بنا شدهاست. ترامپ با استفاده از عواطف طرفداران خود در شبکههای اجتماعی ارتباطی بر مبنای لذت و عواطف برقرار میکرد. با این روش کاربران و طرفداران به جای توجه به درستی و صحت مطلب، برمبنای همان شور و هیجان از اخبار استفاده میکردند و آن را بارها و بارها به اشتراک میگذاشتند. این همان چیزی است که جسیکا جانسون (انسانشناس) آن را «سرمایهداری ارتباطی» میخواند. در سرمایهداری ارتباطی سوژهها مجذوب و اسیر شخص منتشر کننده پیام میشوند. درهمین رابطه برایان ال اوت (محقق رسانه) میگوید که، همانطور که در فیلم پستچی گفته میشد که «کم اطلاعترین افراد را در غرب با تولید خبرهایی به شکل سرگرمی پرورش دهید»، توییتر با تولید انبوه خبرهایی که کاربران انبوه آن دست به دست میکنند درحال تولید چنین افرادی است. او در ادامه میافزاید که اگر تلویزیون به روزنامهنگاری حمله کرد، توییتر آن را کُشت.
پوپولیسم اقتدارگرای راست
بسیاری از دانشگاهیان و متفکران هشدارهایی درمورد اقتدارگرایی ترامپ داده بودند.[۵] مانند فیلیپ اس گورسکی، جامعهشناس دانشگاه ییل که بیان کرده بود «انتخاب دونالد ترامپ شاید بزرگترین تهدید برای دموکراسی آمریکایی از زمان حمله ژاپن به پرل هاربر باشد. یک خطر واقعی و فزاینده وجود دارد که دولت به تدریج تبدیل به یک دولت اقتدارگرای پوپولیستی شود. ارعاب رسانهها، تبلیغات جمعی، سرکوب رأی دهندگان، جمعآوری دادگاهها و حتی ظهور شبه نظامیان مسلح، بسیاری از شرایط لازم و کافی برای تحول استبدادی به تدریج در حال ایجاد شدن است.
نوستالژی و مردانگی از دست رفته
نوستالژی بخش جدایی ناپذیر سیاست آمریکاست اما به گفتهٔ فیلیپ گورسکی، نوستالژی ترامپ با تمامی نوستالژیهای پیش از خود فرق دارد زیرا او ارتباط سنتی بین عظمت سیاسی و فضایل را رد میکند. در روایتهای سنتی پیوریتنی، فضلیت و اخلاقگرایی بر هر شکوه و عظمت تقدم دارد و اصل اساسی آن نیز بازگشت به قانون است نه عظمت. اما نوستالژی ترامپ به گونه ای دیگر است. در نسخهٔ ترامپی، افول ناشی از مطیع بودن است و مطیع بودن همانا نماد زنانگی است. ترامپ میخواست که بار دیگر عظمت را برقرار کند و این مهم نیز با تسلط مردانگی برقرار میگشت. پس در روایت ترامپی فضیلت به تسلط و غلبهٔ مردانگی افول میکند. نوستالژی او ریشه در این داشت که آیا در این دنیای چند فرهنگی و برابریطلبِ جدید جایی برای شکوه و عزت پیدا میشود؟ مسلماً در این وضعیت مردان وقتی به گذشتهٔ خود نگاه میکردند و میدیدند که چطور مردسالاری شان از دست رفته خشمگین میشدند. پس آنها میخواستند که کشور خود را پس بگیرند، جایگاه حقیقی خود را بازیابند و مردانگی را بازسازی کنند. کیمل این رفتار را با عنوان «مردانگی سمی» توصیف میکند. کیمل از چرخش جنسیتی انتخابات سال ۲۰۱۶ شگفت زده شده بود. او فکر میکرد که ترامپ برای بسیاری از مردان عصبانی آمریکایی یک شخصیت فانتزی بود. او مردی جوان و آزاد بود که میتوانست به ارضای تمام نیازهای خود بپردازد. این مردان معتقد بودند که نظم کنونی زندگی آرمانی مردانه آنها را تحت تأثیر قرار دادهاست و حالا در این شرایط مردی آمدهاست که میگوید من میتوانم هر چیزی را که میخواهم بسازم. من میتوانم زنانی را که میخواهم داشته باشم. آنها میگویند: این پسر [ترامپ] فوقالعاده است.
ترزا وسکیو و ناتانیل شرمرهورن نیز معتقد اند چیزی که ترامپ را رئیسجمهور آمریکا کرد نه حمایت از رژیم اسرائیل، نژادپرستی، همجنسگرایی یا بیگانه هراسی بودهاست بلکه «هژمونی مردانه» بودهاست. هژمونی مردانه همان نوستالژی روزهای تسلط جنس مردانه بود، روزهایی که نظم جنسیتی نابرابر حاکم بود.
مسیحیان ترامپیست
براساس نظرسنجیهای خروجی انتخابات سال ۲۰۱۶، ۲۶ درصد از رأی دهندگان به ترامپ مسیحیان اوانجلیست سفیدپوست بودند. همچنین درسال ۲۰۱۷ سه چهارم از این تعداد هنوز حامی ترامپ بودند. البته سه چهارم این ایوانجلیستها به هیلاری کلینتون رای دادند ولی چیزی که از نظر گورسکی اهمیت دارد تعداد رایدهندگان نیست بلکه چرایی رای دادن است؟ پاسخ گورسکی این بود که دلیل رای دادن این تعداد از اوانجلیستها به ترامپ، ملیگرایی آنها بود. سفید پوستان انجیلی به درستی ترامپ را رئیسجمهور این آرمان خود میدانستند زیرا ترامپیسم نسخه ارتجاعی ناسیونالیسم مسیحی سفیدپوست است.
همچنین متلکم آمریکایی، مایکل هورتون معتقد است، ترامپ گرایی مسیحی نشان دهنده تلاقی سه گرایش است که به هم پیوستهاند یعنی استثاگرایی مسیحی آمریکایی، توطئه آخرالزمانی و انجیل رفاه. استثناگرایی مسیحی معتقد است که خداوند آمریکا را سرزمینی خاص و فوقالعاده قرار دادهاست. توطئه آخرالزمانی نیز همان توطئه گروههای مختلف جهانیگرا (گلوبالیسم) است که خواهان نابودی ایالات متحده آمریکا هستند. از نظر هورتون این سه چیز به اضافهٔ کیش شخصیتی ترامپ، فرقهٔ مسیحی ترامپی را تشکیل میدهند.
روش اقناعگری
آرلی هوچیلد، جامعهشناس، فکر میکند که موضوعات احساسی در خطابههای ترامپ اساسی است و مینویسد که، سخنرانیهای او برانگیزانندهٔ سلطه، شجاعت، شفافیت، غرور ملی و ارتقاء شخصی است. این سخنرانیها الهام بخش میباشد و عواطف شخصی مستمعین را تحریک میکند. هوچشیلد میافزاید که باید ترامپ را به راستی «نماینده احساسات» بنامیم.
سیاست خارجی و ترامپیسم
اصل اساسی سیاست خارجی ترامپ با عنوان اول آمریکا نمادی از یکجانبهگرایی در دولت او بودهاست که بر هرگونه سیاست چندجانبهگرایانه ترجیح داده میشد. در این سیاست خارجی، منافع ملی به ویژه در زمینه معاهدات اقتصادی و تعهدات بینالمللی مورد تأکید ویژهای قرار میگرفت.[۷][۸] ترامپ نسبت به متحدان سنتی آمریکا مانند کانادا و شرکای فرا آتلانتیک خود مانند ناتو و اتحادیه اروپا بیاحترامی و بیتوجهیهای بسیاری کرده بود. اما برعکس، ترامپ با حاکمان اقتدارگرا مانند ولادیمیر پوتین، روابط نزدیکی داشت. سیاست خارجی «اول آمریکا» شامل وعدههای ترامپ مبنی بر پایان دادن به دخالت آمریکا در جنگهای خارجی به ویژه در خاورمیانه و در عین حال سیاستهای تندتری مانند وضع تحریمهای زیاد علیه ایران و سایر کشورها بود.[۹][۱۰]
پانویس
مشارکتکنندگان ویکیپدیا. «Trumpism». در دانشنامهٔ ویکیپدیای انگلیسی، بازبینیشده در ۳۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۱.
منابع
- ↑ «آیا با رفتن ترامپ "ترامپیسم" هم خواهد رفت؟». دویچهوله فارسی. ۲۰۲۱-۰۲-۰۲.
- ↑ «نیازی نیست جو بایدن نگران فاشیسم باشد». ایندیپندنت فارسی. ٣٠ آذر ١٣٩٩.
- ↑ «ژایر بالسونارو، مردی که او را 'ترامپ برزیل' میخوانند، کیست؟». BBC persian. ١۴ مهر ١٣٩٧.
- ↑ "Trump on Johnson: 'They call him Britain Trump'". BBC (به انگلیسی). 22 July 2019.
- ↑ "Trump Is an Authoritarian. So Are Millions of Americans". Politico (به انگلیسی). 2020-09-23.
- ↑ «هنرپیشه پورنو: می توانم آزادانه در مورد رابطهام با ترامپ اظهار نظر کنم ». یورونیوز فارسی (به fa ). ۲۰۱۸-۰۲-۱۸.
- ↑ Rudolf 2017.
- ↑ Assheuer 2018.
- ↑ Zengerle 2019.
- ↑ Wintour 2020.
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{{cite news}}
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