درگاه (معماری)

درگاه معین‌الدین چشتی در فاتح پور سیکری، هندوستان

درگاه (ترکی استانبولی: dergâh, هندوستانی: dargah दरगाह , بنگالی: দরগাহ dorgah) یک حرم یا آرامگاه است که معمولاً بر روی گور یک ولی یا درویش ساخته می‌شود. صوفی‌ها معمولاً برای زیارت به درگاه‌ها می‌روند که معمولاً خانقاه‌های بزرگان آن‌ها مرتبطند. درگاه همچنین در معماری ایرانی به فضای کوچکی که در ورودی در آن قرار می‌گیرد گفته می‌شود. از لحاظ ساختمانی، درگاه فضایی است که در دو سوی آن دو جرز یا دیوار قرار گرفته‌است که چهارچوب در ورودی در آن نصب می‌شود. طاق درگاه که آن را نعل درگاه نیز می‌خوانند قوسی شکل یا افقی است.

درگاه در سرزمین‌های اسلامی که تحت تأثیر زبان فارسی بوده‌اند، به ویژه ترکیه، آسیای میانه و جنوب آسیا کاربرد دارد.^[۱] این واژه در مناطق پیرامون دوربان در آفریقای جنوبی نیز که از مراکز تجمع هندی‌ها در این کشور است، به عنوان حرم بزرگان صوفی کاربرد دارد.^[۲]

مخالفت سایر اهل سنت[ویرایش]

علمای اهل حدیث، دیوبندی، سلفی و وهابی با ساختن ضریح بر قبور مخالفت کرده و آن را شریک ساختن برای خداوند یا شرک می‌دانند.^[۳] به گفته آن‌ها محمد پیامبر اسلام تبدیل قبور به مکان عبادت را به شدت محکوم کرده و حتی کسانی را که این کار را کردند را نفرین کرده‌است.^[۴]^[۵] حاکمان وهابی کنونی عربستان سعودی به همین توجیه آثار تاریخی بیش از ۱۴۰۰ ساله از جمله آرامگاه‌های اهل بیت و اصحاب همانند چهارتن از امامان شیعه، عثمان، حمزه، خدیجه و عایشه را تخریب کرده‌اند.^[۶]^[۷]^[۸] گرچه زیارت قبور در اسلام به دلیل یادآوری مرگ و روز حساب توصیه شده‌است.^[۸]^[۹]^[۱۰]

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ Alkazi, Feisal (2014). Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy. New Delhi: Roli Books. ISBN 978-9351940517.
↑ Acri, Andrea; Ghani, Kashshaf; Jha, Murari K.; Mukherjee, Sraman (2019). Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-9814818858.
↑ "Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves" (PDF). 21 March 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
↑ "Sahih Muslim 528a - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)".
↑ "Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 - Prophets - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)".
↑ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 - The Book of Funerals - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
↑ "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 - The Book of Funerals - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)". sunnah.com.
↑ ^۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ Ondrej, Beranek; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Naghmeh, Sohrabi (ed.). From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis (PDF). Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2018. Relying mainly on hadiths and the Qur’an, Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s most famous work, The Book of God’s Unicity (Kitab al-tawhid), describes a variety of shirk practices, such as occultism, the cult of the righteous (salih), intercession, oaths calling on other than God himself, sacrifices or invocational prayers to other than God, and asking other than Him for help. Important things about graves are remarked on in a chapter entitled “About the Condemnation of One Who Worships Allah at the Grave of a Righteous Man, and What if He Worships [the Dead] Himself. ”72 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab starts by quoting a hadith: “Umm Salama told the messenger of Allah about a church she had seen in Abyssinia in which there were pictures. The Prophet said: ‘Those people, when a righteous member of their community or a pious slave dies, they build a mosque over his grave and paint images thereon; they are for God wicked people. ’ They combine two kinds of fitna: the fitna of graves and the fitna of images. ” He then continues with another hadith: “When the messenger of Allah was close to death, he … said: ‘May Allah curse the Jews and Christians who make the graves of their prophets into places of worship; do not imitate them. ’” From this hadith Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab derives the prohibition of building places of worship over graves, because that would mean glorification of their inhabitants, which would amount to an act of worship to other than Allah.
↑ "The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim". Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
↑ "Shrine - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2018-08-10. Many modern Islamic reformers criticize visits to shrines as mere superstition and a deviation from true Islam.

این یک مقالهٔ خرد مرتبط با معماری است. می‌توانید با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.

[1] Alkazi, Feisal (2014). Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy. New Delhi: Roli Books. ISBN 978-9351940517.

[2] Acri, Andrea; Ghani, Kashshaf; Jha, Murari K.; Mukherjee, Sraman (2019). Imagining Asia(s): Networks, Actors, Sites. Singapore: ISEAS. ISBN 978-9814818858.

[muslimhomeschool-3] "Building Mosques or Placing Lights on Graves" (PDF). 21 March 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2014.

[4] "Sahih Muslim 528a - The Book of Mosques and Places of Prayer - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)".

[5] "Sahih al-Bukhari 3453, 3454 - Prophets - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)".

[6] "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2048 - The Book of Funerals - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)". sunnah.com.

[7] "Sunan an-Nasa'i 2047 - The Book of Funerals - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم)". sunnah.com.

[brandeis-8] ۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ Ondrej, Beranek; Tupek, Pavel (July 2009). Naghmeh, Sohrabi (ed.). From Visiting Graves to Their Destruction: The Question of Ziyara through the Eyes of Salafis (PDF). Crown Paper (Crown Center for Middle East Studies/Brandeis University). Brandeis University. Crown Center for Middle East Studies. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2018. Relying mainly on hadiths and the Qur’an, Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s most famous work, The Book of God’s Unicity (Kitab al-tawhid), describes a variety of shirk practices, such as occultism, the cult of the righteous (salih), intercession, oaths calling on other than God himself, sacrifices or invocational prayers to other than God, and asking other than Him for help. Important things about graves are remarked on in a chapter entitled “About the Condemnation of One Who Worships Allah at the Grave of a Righteous Man, and What if He Worships [the Dead] Himself. ”72 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab starts by quoting a hadith: “Umm Salama told the messenger of Allah about a church she had seen in Abyssinia in which there were pictures. The Prophet said: ‘Those people, when a righteous member of their community or a pious slave dies, they build a mosque over his grave and paint images thereon; they are for God wicked people. ’ They combine two kinds of fitna: the fitna of graves and the fitna of images. ” He then continues with another hadith: “When the messenger of Allah was close to death, he … said: ‘May Allah curse the Jews and Christians who make the graves of their prophets into places of worship; do not imitate them. ’” From this hadith Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab derives the prohibition of building places of worship over graves, because that would mean glorification of their inhabitants, which would amount to an act of worship to other than Allah.

[9] "The Book of Prayer – Funerals – Sahih Muslim". Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلی الله علیه و سلم). Retrieved 6 April 2016.

[10] "Shrine - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2018-08-10. Many modern Islamic reformers criticize visits to shrines as mere superstition and a deviation from true Islam.

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ن ب و فضای ورودی در معماری سنتی ایران
اجزا	جلوخان پیش‌طاق درگاه هشتی دالان ایوان ساباط رواق تارمه عمارت سر در
عناصر	در کوبه و حلقه آستانه در سکو سردر منار ساعت سردر روزن سنگاب حوض زنجیر