افشین

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

برای دیگر کاربردها، افشین (ابهام‌زدایی) را ببینید.

خیدر پسر کاووس شاهزاده اشروسنه که با نام افشیم شناخته شده است (اشروسنه، کوهستانی مابین سمرقند و خوجنده است ^[۱])، از شخصیت‌های نامدار تاریخ ایران است که در قرون اولیه پس از تسلط اعراب و عباسیان بر ایران می زیسته.^[۲]^[۳]. افشین عنوان موروثی شاهان اسروشنه در آن زمان بوده است.^[۳].این نام عربی شده این نام در پارسی میانه یعنی پیشین و در اوستایی یعنی پیسیناه است.^[۳]هرچند مینورسکی اعتقاد دارد این نام منشا سغدی دارد.^[۴].در طول زمانی که برای اولین بار اعراب بر منطقه اشروسه دست یافتند مردمان این ناحیه از مردمان ایرانی تشکیل یافته بودند ^[۲] که توسط شاهزادگان خود که عنوان افشین داشتند اداره می‌شد.^[۵].

به طور کلی افشین یک ایرانی محسوب می‌شود.^[۲]^[۶]^[۷]^[۸]^[۹]^[۱۰] ولی به هر حال دو منبع کلاسیک (و برخی از نویسندگان) وی را ترک معرفی می‌کند.^[۱۰]^[۱۱] او از یک منطقه فرهنگی ایرانی آمده که عموما ترک به حساب نمی‌آمدند.^[۲]^[۱۰]این دوگانگی از آنجا بوجود آمده است که نویسندگان عرب واژه ترک را بصورت بی قاعده برای نیروهای تازه خلیفه که در میان آنها برخی از ایرانی‌تباران فرغانه و اسروشنه نیز بودند بکار می‌بردند.^[۱۰]^[۱۲]^[۱۳].

اَفشین یکی از سرداران ایرانی در دربار المعتصم بالله خلیفه عباسی بود. او در جنگ میان بابک خرم‌دین و خلیفه عرب، از جانب خلیفه مامور دستگیری بابک شد و او را دستگیر کرد و به خلیفه تحویل داد. چند سال بعد افشین نیز از آنجایی که به دنبال بیرون راندن اعراب از ایران بود و در این مورد توطئه می‌کرد، مغضوب خلیفه عباسی شد و به دستور او اعدام گردید.^{[نیازمند منبع]}

[ویرایش] پانویس

↑ "Afshin",Encyclopedia of Islam
↑ ^۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ ^۲٫۲ ^۲٫۳ C. Edmund Bosworth(2005), "OSRUŠANA " in Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed November 2010 [۱] "At the time of the Arab incursions into Transoxania, Osrušana had its own line of Iranian princes, the Afšins (Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, p. 40), of whom the most famous was the general of the caliph Moʿtaṣem (q.v. 833-42), the Afšin Ḵayḏar or Ḥaydar b. Kāvus (d. 841; see AFŠIN)", "The region was little urbanized, and it long preserved its ancient Iranian feudal and patriarchal society. "
↑ ^۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ ^۳٫۲ C.E. Bosworth. "Afshin". Encyclopedia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/afsin-princely-title. "During the reign of the caliph Mahdi (158-69/775-85) the Afshin of Oshrusana is mentioned among several Iranian and Turkish rulers of Transoxania and the Central Asian steppes who submitted nominally to him (Yaqubi, II, p. 479)"
↑ V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian history, Cambridge University Press, 1957, (footnote on page 111).
↑ Kramers, J.H. "Usrūshana." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007
↑ Lewis,Bernard. "The Political Language of Islam", Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991. excerpt from pg 482: "Babak's Iranianizing Rebellion in Azerbaijan gave occasion for sentiments at the capital to harden against men who were sympathetic to the more explicitly Iranian tradition. Victor (837) over Babak was al-Afshin, who was the hereditary Persian ruler of a district beyond the Oxus, but also a masterful general for the caliph."
↑ Clifford Edmund Bosworth (Translator with Commentary), The History of al-Tabari Vol. 33 "Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Mu'tasim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227", SUNY Press, 1991. Footenote 176 on pg 59: "Abu Dulaf's contigent of volunteers from lower Iraq would be mainly Arabs, and there seems in fact to have been hostility between him, as a representative of Arab influence at the caliphate court, and the Iranian Al-Afshin"
↑ P.B. Golden, "Khazar Turkic Ghulams in Caliphal Service", Journial Asiatique, 2004, vol. 292. pg 292:Some of the soldiers were slaves, others, such as al-Afshin, the scion of a ruling Central Asian (Ustrushana/Ushrusana) Iranian family, clearly were not".
↑ Mottahedeh, Roy, "The Abbassid Caliphate in Iran", Cambridge History of Iran, IV, ed. R.N. Frye, 57-89. 1975 pg 75:" Al Mu'atism chose for this task the Afshin, the Iranian king of Ushrusuna".
↑ ^۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ ^۱۰٫۲ ^۱۰٫۳ D. Pipes. Turks in Early Muslim Service — JTS, 1978, 2, 85—96. excerpt:"Although two classical sources claim him a Turk, he came from Farghana, an Iranian cultural region and was not usually considered Turkish"
↑ Sourdel, D. "The Abbasid Caliphate." Pages 104-39 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Quote from Pg 125: "and finally of Mazyar, a local chieftain of Tabaristan, against whom the caliph sent the Turkish general Afshin, the conqueror of Babak"
↑ M.A. Shaban, “Islamic History”, Cambridge University Press, v.2 1978. Page 63:"These new troops were the so-called “Turks”. It must be said without hesitation that this is the most misleading misnomer which has led some scholars to harp ad nauseam on utterly unfounded interpretation of the following era, during which they unreasonably ascribe all events to Turkish domination. In fact the great majority of these troops were not Turks. It has been frequently pointed out that Arabic sources use the term Turk in a very loose manner. The Hephthalites are referred to as Turks, so are the peoples of Gurgan, Khwarizm and Sistan. Indeed, with the exception of the Soghdians, Arabic sources refer to all peoples not subjects of the Sassanian empire as Turks. In Samarra separate quarters were provided for new recruits from every locality. The group from Farghana were called after their district, and the name continued in usage because it was easy to pronounce. But such groups as the Ishtakhanjiyya, the Isbijabbiya and groups from similar localities who were in small numbers at first, were lumped together under the general term Turks, because of the obvious difficulties the Arabs had in pronouncing such foreign names. The Khazars who also came from small localities which could not even be identified, as they were mostly nomads, were perhaps the only group that deserved to be called Turks on the ground of racial affinity. However, other groups from Transcaucasia were classed together with the Khazars under the general description."
↑ ʻUthmān Sayyid Aḥmad Ismāʻīl Bīlī, "Prelude to the Generals", Published by Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2001. pg 47:"The name Turk was given to all these troops, despite the inclusion amongst them of some elements of Iranian origin, Ferghana, Ushrusana, and Shash – places were in fact the centers were the slave material was collected together....Judging from the specific names of their origin, Soghd, Farghana, Urshusuna, Shahs, the majority of them might have been of Iranian origin"

[ویرایش] منابع

BARTHOLD, W; GIBB, H. A. R (1986). "AFSHlN". Encyclopaedia of Islam. vol.۱ (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 241. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.

این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون افراد است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.

این یک نوشتار خُرد پیرامون تاریخ است. با گسترش آن به ویکی‌پدیا کمک کنید.

افشین لغتی کردی است هاوشین که با مرور زمان به افشین تغییر یافته است وبه معنی شریک زندگی یا هم نشین میباشد

[0] "Afshin",Encyclopedia of Islam

[IranicaOsrushana-1] ۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ ^۲٫۲ ^۲٫۳ C. Edmund Bosworth(2005), "OSRUŠANA " in Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed November 2010 [۱] "At the time of the Arab incursions into Transoxania, Osrušana had its own line of Iranian princes, the Afšins (Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, p. 40), of whom the most famous was the general of the caliph Moʿtaṣem (q.v. 833-42), the Afšin Ḵayḏar or Ḥaydar b. Kāvus (d. 841; see AFŠIN)", "The region was little urbanized, and it long preserved its ancient Iranian feudal and patriarchal society. "

[BosworthIranica-2] ۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ ^۳٫۲ C.E. Bosworth. "Afshin". Encyclopedia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/articles/afsin-princely-title. "During the reign of the caliph Mahdi (158-69/775-85) the Afshin of Oshrusana is mentioned among several Iranian and Turkish rulers of Transoxania and the Central Asian steppes who submitted nominally to him (Yaqubi, II, p. 479)"

[3] V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian history, Cambridge University Press, 1957, (footnote on page 111).

[4] Kramers, J.H. "Usrūshana." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007

[5] Lewis,Bernard. "The Political Language of Islam", Published by University of Chicago Press, 1991. excerpt from pg 482: "Babak's Iranianizing Rebellion in Azerbaijan gave occasion for sentiments at the capital to harden against men who were sympathetic to the more explicitly Iranian tradition. Victor (837) over Babak was al-Afshin, who was the hereditary Persian ruler of a district beyond the Oxus, but also a masterful general for the caliph."

[6] Clifford Edmund Bosworth (Translator with Commentary), The History of al-Tabari Vol. 33 "Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the 'Abbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Mu'tasim A.D. 833-842/A.H. 218-227", SUNY Press, 1991. Footenote 176 on pg 59: "Abu Dulaf's contigent of volunteers from lower Iraq would be mainly Arabs, and there seems in fact to have been hostility between him, as a representative of Arab influence at the caliphate court, and the Iranian Al-Afshin"

[7] P.B. Golden, "Khazar Turkic Ghulams in Caliphal Service", Journial Asiatique, 2004, vol. 292. pg 292:Some of the soldiers were slaves, others, such as al-Afshin, the scion of a ruling Central Asian (Ustrushana/Ushrusana) Iranian family, clearly were not".

[8] Mottahedeh, Roy, "The Abbassid Caliphate in Iran", Cambridge History of Iran, IV, ed. R.N. Frye, 57-89. 1975 pg 75:" Al Mu'atism chose for this task the Afshin, the Iranian king of Ushrusuna".

[Pipe-9] ۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ ^۱۰٫۲ ^۱۰٫۳ D. Pipes. Turks in Early Muslim Service — JTS, 1978, 2, 85—96. excerpt:"Although two classical sources claim him a Turk, he came from Farghana, an Iranian cultural region and was not usually considered Turkish"

[10] Sourdel, D. "The Abbasid Caliphate." Pages 104-39 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Quote from Pg 125: "and finally of Mazyar, a local chieftain of Tabaristan, against whom the caliph sent the Turkish general Afshin, the conqueror of Babak"

[11] M.A. Shaban, “Islamic History”, Cambridge University Press, v.2 1978. Page 63:"These new troops were the so-called “Turks”. It must be said without hesitation that this is the most misleading misnomer which has led some scholars to harp ad nauseam on utterly unfounded interpretation of the following era, during which they unreasonably ascribe all events to Turkish domination. In fact the great majority of these troops were not Turks. It has been frequently pointed out that Arabic sources use the term Turk in a very loose manner. The Hephthalites are referred to as Turks, so are the peoples of Gurgan, Khwarizm and Sistan. Indeed, with the exception of the Soghdians, Arabic sources refer to all peoples not subjects of the Sassanian empire as Turks. In Samarra separate quarters were provided for new recruits from every locality. The group from Farghana were called after their district, and the name continued in usage because it was easy to pronounce. But such groups as the Ishtakhanjiyya, the Isbijabbiya and groups from similar localities who were in small numbers at first, were lumped together under the general term Turks, because of the obvious difficulties the Arabs had in pronouncing such foreign names. The Khazars who also came from small localities which could not even be identified, as they were mostly nomads, were perhaps the only group that deserved to be called Turks on the ground of racial affinity. However, other groups from Transcaucasia were classed together with the Khazars under the general description."

[12] ʻUthmān Sayyid Aḥmad Ismāʻīl Bīlī, "Prelude to the Generals", Published by Garnet & Ithaca Press, 2001. pg 47:"The name Turk was given to all these troops, despite the inclusion amongst them of some elements of Iranian origin, Ferghana, Ushrusana, and Shash – places were in fact the centers were the slave material was collected together....Judging from the specific names of their origin, Soghd, Farghana, Urshusuna, Shahs, the majority of them might have been of Iranian origin"

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]

[۱۳]

افشین

[ویرایش] پانویس

[ویرایش] منابع

ابزارهای شخصی

گویش‌ها

فضاهای نام

جستجو

عملکردها

بازدیدها

گشتن

چاپ/برون‌بری

جعبه‌ابزار

زبان‌های دیگر