مردم گجراتی

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
گجراتی‌ها
ગુજરાતીઓ
کل جمعیت
ح. ۷۰ میلیون نفر[۱]
مناطق با جمعیت چشمگیر
 هند۶۳٬۸۷۲٬۳۹۹[۲]
 پاکستان۳٬۵۰۰٬۰۰۰[۳]
 ایالات متحده آمریکا۱٬۵۲۰٬۰۰۰[۴]
 بریتانیا۸۶۴٬۰۰۰[۵]
 کانادا۲۰۹٬۴۱۰
 استرالیا۸۱٬۳۴۱[۶]
 کنیا۷۲٬۰۰۰[۷][۸]
 بنگلادش۶۰٬۰۰۰[۹]
 عمان۴۵٬۰۰۰[۱۰]
 آفریقای جنوبی۴۰٬۰۰۰[نیازمند منبع]
 پرتغال۳۰٬۰۰۰[۱۱]
 نیوزیلند۲۸٬۰۰۰[۱۲]
زبان‌ها
زبان گجراتی
دین
Majority:
هندوئیسم
Minority:
قومیت‌های وابسته

مردم گجراتی (انگلیسی: Gujarati people) یا گجراتی‌ها گروه قومی-زبانی هندوآریایی هستند که ریشه دودمان یا پیشینه آنها به ناحیه ای از شبه‌قاره هند که به‌طور عمده بر حول ایالت گجرات در غرب هند کنونی، بازمی‌گردد یا اینکه ساکن آنجا هستند. آنها به‌طور عمده به زبان گجراتی، یک زبان هندوآریایی صحبت می‌کنند. در حالیکه گجراتی‌ها بیشتر در گجرات ساکن هستند، بخشی از آنها در سراسر جهان به صورت پراکنده زندگی می‌کنند. گجراتی‌های داخل هند و جماعت پراکنده آنها در سرتاسر جهان، کارآفرینان و کارخانه دار برجسته ای هستند و سرمایه اجتماعی بالا را تداوم می‌بخشند.[۱۳] بسیاری از فعالان استقلال‌طلبی همچون مهاتما گاندی، محمد علی جناح و والابای پاتل گجراتی بودند.[۱۴][۱۵][۱۶][۱۷]

موقعیت‌های جغرافیایی[ویرایش]

با وجود مهاجرت‌های قابل توجهی که به‌طور عمده به دلایل اقتصادی صورت گرفته‌است، بیشتر گجراتی‌های هند در ایالت گجرات در غرب هند زندگی می‌کنند.[۱۸] گجراتی‌ها همچنین بخش قابل توجهی از جمعیت را در کلان‌شهر بمبئی که در جوار ایالت قرار داشته و قلمرو اتحادیه دادرا و نگر حویلی و دامان و دیو، مایملک استعماری سابق پرتغال، را تشکیل می‌دهند.[۱۹] جوامع مهاجر بسیار بزرگی از گجراتی‌ها در مناطق دیگری از هند، به خصوص در بمبئی،[۲۰] پونه، دهلی، کلکته، چنای، بنگلور[۲۱] و شهرهای دیگر مانند کوچی وجود دارند.[۲۲][۲۳] در طول تاریخ،[۲۴] گجراتی‌ها به عنوان بزرگ‌ترین تاجران، کارخانه داران و کارآفرینان کسب و کار هند، شهرت پیدا کرده‌اند[۲۵] و بدین ترتیب در صدر مهاجران به سراسر دنیا قرار داشته‌اند، به ویژه در نواحی همچون فیجی، هنگ کنگ، مالایا، شرق آفریقا و آفریقای جنوبی که بخشی از امپراتوری بریتانیا بودند.[۲۶] قدمت شبکه فرامرزی و جوامع دور از وطن گجراتی در بسیاری از این کشورها به بیش از یک قرن بازمی‌گردد.[۲۷][۲۸] در دهه‌های اخیر، شمار بیشتری از گجراتی‌ها به کشورهای انگلیسی-زبان همچون بریتانیا، استرالیا، نیوزیلند، کانادا و ایالات متحده آمریکا مهاجرت کرده‌اند.[۲۹][۳۰]

افراد شاخص[ویرایش]

مقاله اصلی: فهرست مردم گجرات

بازرگان

سیاستمدار

نام کشور جایگاه
مهاتما گاندی هند رهبری مبارزه هند برای استقلال، که به پدر هند معروف است.
نارندرا مودی هند نخست‌وزیر کنونی هند (۲۰۱۴ -)
محمد علی جناح پاکستان وکیلی توانا و بنیانگذار پاکستان، که به پدر پاکستان معروف است.
سردار والابای پاتل هند رهبری مبارزه هند برای استقلال، اولین قائم‌مقام نخست‌وزیر هندوستان
آمیت شاه هند وزیر کشور کنونی هند
مورارجی دسای هند نخست‌وزیر سابق هند (۱۹۷۷–۱۹۷۹)
احمد پاتل هند نماینده مجلس
فاطمه جناح پاکستان چهره سیاسی و رهبری تأسیس پاکستان
ابراهیم اسماعیل چندریگار پاکستان نخست‌وزیر سابق پاکستان (۱۹۵۷)
محمود هارون پاکستان سیاستمدار باتجربه
عبدالله حسین هارون پاکستان وزیر امور خارجه سابق و نماینده پاکستان در سازمان ملل متحد (۲۰۰۸–۲۰۱۲)

فعال اجتماعی

هنر و سرگرمی

علم و تکنولوژی

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

پانویس[ویرایش]

منابع[ویرایش]

  1. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2016-05-09). "Narendra Modi between Hindutva and subnationalism: The Gujarati asmita of a Hindu Hriday Samrat". India Review. گروه تیلور و فرانسیس. 15 (2): 196–217. doi:10.1080/14736489.2016.1165557. S2CID 156137272.
  2. ↑ "State-UT wise Aadhaar Saturation (Overall) - All Age Groups 31st December 2020" (PDF). Aadhaar.
  3. ↑ "Karachi's Gujarati speaking youth strive to revive Jinnah's language". 2 October 2018.
  4. ↑ "Gujaratis in the US". تایمز هند. 4 January 2015.
  5. ↑ "Gujaratis in the UK". Times Now. 21 April 2022.
  6. ↑ "Language spoken at home, Australia". .id (informed decisions). Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  7. ↑ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics". Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  8. ↑ An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. University Press, Cambridge. 2001. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-521-65279-7. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Temple building is a sign of the growth in numbers and the increased prosperity of the Gujarati immigrants...The two decades between 1950 and 1969 were a heady period of success for the Gujaratis of East Africa... Michael Lyon observed that the Gujaratis acquired a new role in the colonial economics of East Africa, and ultimately a tragic one. They became a privileged racial estate under British protection. The Indian population in Kenya increased from 43,625 in 1931 to 176,613 in 1962... More than 80 percent were Gujaratis.
  9. ↑ Transnationalism: Diasporas and the Advent of a New (Dis)order. 20 May 2009. ISBN 9789047440116.
  10. ↑ Bharat Yagnik (3 January 2015). "Oman was Gujaratis' first stop in their world sweep". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 February 2015. Oman's capital Muscat was the first home for Gujarati traders away from the subcontinent. The Bhatia community from Kutch was the first among all Gujaratis to settle overseas — relocating to Muscat as early as 1507! The Bhatias' settlement in the Gulf is emphasized by Hindu places of worship, seen there since the 16th century. As historian Makrand Mehta asserts, "Business and culture go together."
  11. ↑ Rita d'Ávila Cachado. "Samosas And Saris:Informal Economies In The Informal City Among Portuguese Hindu families". Retrieved 2022-02-03. The Hindus in Great Lisbon have similarities with Hindus in the United Kingdom: they are mostly from a Gujarati background and migrated from ex-colonial countries. Yet the colonial system they came from was mostly Portuguese, both in India and in East Africa... Nevertheless, a realistic estimate is that there are about 30,000 Hindus in Portugal. That includes Hindu-Gujaratis, who migrated in the early 1980s, as well as Hindu migrants from all parts of India and Bangladesh, who migrated in the late 1990s. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ "New Zealand". Stats New Zealand. Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  13. ↑ Malik, Ashish; Pereira, Vijay (2016-04-20). Indian Culture and Work Organisations in Transition (به انگلیسی). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-23202-5.
  14. ↑ M. K. Gandhi (2014). Hind Swaraj: Indian Home Rule. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. ISBN 9789383982165. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  15. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2012). Ethnic groups of South Asia and the Pacific: an encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-59884-659-1. Retrieved 12 December 2015. Anti-British sentiment led to a strong Gujarati participation in the Indian independence movement.
  16. ↑ Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005). The shaping of modern Gujarat: plurality, Hindutva, and beyond. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-400038-8. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
  17. ↑ Gujarati communities across the globe: memory, identity and continuity. Mawani, Sharmina. , Mukadam, Anjoom A. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books. 2012. ISBN 978-1-85856-502-6. OCLC 779242654.{{cite book}}: نگهداری CS1: سایر موارد (link)
  18. ↑ Singh, A. Didar; Rajan, S. Irudaya (2015-11-06). Politics of Migration: Indian Emigration in a Globalised World (به انگلیسی). Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-317-41224-3. Gujarat has a very strong history of migration. The ancient Gujaratis were known for their trading with other countries. The Mercantile caste of western India, including Gujarat, has participated in overseas trade for many centuries and, as new opportunities arose in different parts of the British Empire, they were among the first to emigrate... The Gujarati Diaspora community is well known for their legendary entrepreneurship.
  19. ↑ Bhargava (2006). S.C. Bhatt; Gopal K. (eds.). Daman & Diu. Delhi: Kalpaz publ. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-7835-389-0. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  20. ↑ Blank, Jonah (2002-03-15). Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras. The University of Chicago Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-226-05677-7. Modern-day Mumbai is the capital of the state of Maharashtra, but until the creation of this state in 1960 the city has always been as closely linked to Gujarati culture as it has been to Marathi culture. During most of the colonial period, Gujaratis held the preponderance of economic and political power.
  21. ↑ Raymond Brady Williams (1984-03-15). A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion. Cambridge University Press 1984. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-521-25454-0. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  22. ↑ "Rubber Boom Raises Hope Of Repatriates". Counter Currents. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  23. ↑ "Gujarat should learn from Kerala - The New Indian Express". Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  24. ↑ Edward A. Alpers (1975). Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa. University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-520-02689-6. Retrieved 4 February 2015. In the early 1660s, Surat merchants had 50 ships trading overseas, and the wealthiest of these, Virji Vora had an estate valued at perhaps 8 million rupees...
  25. ↑ Mehta, Makrand (1991). Indian merchants and entrepreneurs in historical perspective: with special reference to shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th centuries. Delhi: Academic Foundation. pp. 21, 27. ISBN 978-8171880171. Retrieved 29 October 2015. The Gujarat region situated in the western part of India is known for its business activities since ancient times. The region has been agriculturally fertile and it also contains a long sea-coast enabling the merchants to undertake overseas trade. Thevenot held the Gujarati merchants in high esteem. Commending them for their skills in the currency business he states that he saw some 15000 banians in Ispahan, the capital of Persia operating exclusively as money-lenders and sharafs. He compared them with the Jews of Turkey and pointed out that they had their own residential settlements at Basra and Ormuz where they had constructed their temples.
  26. ↑ Kalpana Hiralal. Indian Family Businesses in Natal, 1870 – 1950 (PDF). Natal Society Foundation 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  27. ↑ Poros, Maritsa V. (2010). Modern Migrations Gujarati Indian Networks in New York and London. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8047-7583-0. However, Gujaratis have been migrating as part of wide-ranging trade diasporas for centuries, long before capitalist development became concentrated in Europe and the United States.
  28. ↑ Vinay Lal. "Diaspora Purana: The Indic Presence in World Culture". Archived from the original on 2 October 2003. Retrieved 22 October 2015. Most historians, even those who have sought to move away from the narratives furnished by the framework of colonial knowledge, are unable to begin their narrative of the Indian diaspora before the nineteenth century, but the Gujaratis had justly established a diasporic presence in the early part of the second millennium. So renowned had the Gujaratis become for their entrepreneurial spirit, commercial networks, and business acumen that a bill of credit issued by a Gujarati merchant would be honored as far as 5,000 miles away merely on the strength of the community's business reputation. They traversed the vast spaces of the Indian Ocean world with confidence, and a Gujarati pilot guided Vasco da Gama's ship to India... Under Portuguese rule, the Indian Ocean trading system went into precipitous decline, and not until the nineteenth century did the Gujarati diaspora find a new lease of life. Gujarati traders migrated under the British dispensation in large numbers to Kenya, Tanganyika, South Africa, and Fiji, among other places, and Mohandas Gandhi, himself a Gujarati, has recorded that the early political proceedings of the Indian community in South Africa were conducted in the Gujarati language. In East Africa their presence was so prominent that banknotes in Kenya, before the country acquired independence, had inscriptions in Gujarati. Khojas, or Gujarati Ismailis, flourished and even occupied positions as teachers and educators in Muslim countries around the world.
  29. ↑ Seeing Krishna in America The Hindu Bhakti Tradition of Vallabhacharya in India and Its Movement to the West. McFarland Publishing. 2014. pp. 48, 49. ISBN 978-0-7864-5973-5. Retrieved 24 October 2015. Among Gujaratis, emigration from India has a long history that has also affected Pushtimargiyas. As a seacoast mercantile population, the migration patterns of Gujaratis are ancient and may extend back over two millennia.
  30. ↑ Peggy Levitt. "Towards an Understanding of Transnational Community Forms and Their Impact on Immigrant Incorporation". research & seminars. Retrieved 25 October 2015. In the Indian case, though organizational arrangements encourage U.S. and sending-country involvements, and the community displays high levels of economic and political integration, the goals of participation in home-country groups, the requirements of membership, and the insular social milieu in which participation occurs, reinforces homeland ties. Gujaratis may become the most transnational of groups because they assimilate selectively into the U.S. and maintain strong sending-country attachments
  31. ↑ "Shreedatt Vyas: profile". Facebook. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  32. ↑ Baker, Steven (25 March 2010). ""My work has gone to another level" – Sammir Dattani". Bollyspice.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015. Your family is Gujarati, you were born and brought up in Bombay, and you have worked in Hindi, Kannada and Tamil cinema, so what languages do you speak? Well I speak Kannada. I speak Gujarati, Hindi of course, English of course, and a bit of Marathi and Telugu.
  33. ↑ "Upen Patel proposes Karishma Tanna inside Bigg Boss, her craze is rising outside!". 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  34. ↑ "When yesterday blessed today". IndiaGlitz. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  35. ↑ "Sanjeev Kumar had no ego, Ashok Kumar had a feminine voice". rediff.com. Retrieved 6 February 2015. People think from my surname Varma that I am Punjabi. But I belong to Kutch so I speak Gujarati and Kutchi. Sanju and I got along well. We spoke in Gujarati on the sets and we ate the same kind of food.
  36. ↑ Priya Gupta. "I am reckless: Jackie Shroff". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. My father Kakabhai Haribhai Shroff was an astrologer. My father was a Gujarati and my mom Turkish. My mom came from Kazakhstan, where there was a coup and she, along with six sisters and my nani, came down all the way down to Ladakh where they slept on a chatai on ice, down to Delhi and then Mumbai where she met my dad and they got married. My dad was from a wealthy pearl trader's family
  37. ↑ Film World. T.M. Ramachandran. 1973. p. 11. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  38. ↑ "Cricketers have become too aggressive: Gavaskar". the times of India. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015. Sunil Gavaskar had the audience in splits when he said how he learnt Gujarati. "We had two Gujaratis, Ashok Mankad and Karsan Ghavri, in Mumbai team and others were Maharashtrians. Mankad and Ghavri used to murder Marathi so we said that we will learn Gujarati. 'Mane pan thodu Gujarati aavde che'," said Gavaskar to an amused audience.
  39. ↑ "ISMAIL MERCHANT: IN MEMORY". roger ebert. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  40. ↑ "Asha Parekh – Memories". Cineplot.com. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  41. ↑ Trivedi, Tanvi. "Not thought of acting as of now: Shekhar". Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2015. I belong to Jamnagar but my mother has many friends in Ahmedabad. I miss eating ice-candies and listening to Gujarati folk music during Navratri. I want to travel to the interiors of Gujarat and some places in Kutch, and interact with the local musicians who compose on those rare musical instruments. What attracts me is the strong folk music heritage that Gujarat has kept alive after so many years.
  42. ↑ Patel, Ano. "Huma Qureshi tweets for Vatsal Sheth". Times of India. Retrieved 6 February 2015. Gujarati actor Vatsal Sheth is back on the small screen with a bang!
  43. ↑ Das, Soumitra. "Isha Sharvani: I call myself a global Gujarati". Times of India. Retrieved 7 February 2015. Actress-danseuse Isha Sharvani who was in Vadodara to perform at a mega art and culture festival, says, "My mother is a Gujarati and I have very fond memories of Gujarat.
  44. ↑ "New kid on the block: Pia Trivedi". stargold.in. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  45. ↑ Anil Mulchandani. "Shining stars". india today. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  46. ↑ "Vadodara born actor Farooq Sheikh dies of heart attack". Desh Gujarat. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015.

پیوند به بیرون[ویرایش]

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