ویژگی‌های فلزات، شبه‌فلزات و نافلزات

مواد شیمیایی موجود در طبیعت می توانند با توجه به خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی مشترک به دسته های به فلزات ، فلزوئید (شبه فلزات) و غیر فلزات تقسیم کرد . تمام فلزات ظاهر براق دارند ؛ هادی خوبی از گرما و برق هستند.

متالوئید ها جامدات شکننده فلز هستند که هم نیمه هادی ها هستند یا در فرم های نیمه هادی وجود دارند و دارای اکسید های آمفوتریک یا ضعیف اسیدی هستند . نافلزات معمولی دارای ظاهر خشن، رنگی یا بی رنگ هستند؛ نافلزها هنگام جامد بودن بسیار ترد و شکننده هستند و همچنین رسانای مناسب گرما و برق هستند؛ و اکسید اسیدی دارند.

خواص

فلزات

تراشه های خالص (99.97٪ +) آهن ، با الکترولیتی تصفیه شده همراه با خلوص بالا (99.9999٪ = 6N) 1   سانتی متر مکعب ³

فلزات درخشان به نظر می رسد . فرم های مخلوط ( آلیاژها ) هنگام ترکیب با فلزات دیگر؛ تمایل به از دست دادن یا به اشتراک گذاری الکترون ها زمانی که آنها با مواد دیگر واکنش نشان می دهند؛ و هر کدام حداقل یک اکسید اصلی را تشکیل می دهند.

اکثر فلزات به صورت نقره ای رنگ، دارای چگالی بالا و به صورت جامد نرم و قابل تغییر شکل با هدایت الکتریکی و حرارتی خوب ، انرژی کم یونیزاسیون و الکترونگاتیویته هستند و به طور طبیعی در حالت ترکیبی یافت می شوند.

بعضی فلزات رنگی همانند مس و طلا و سزیم رنگی هستند. همچنین فلزات دارای تراکم کم همانند آلومینیوم یا نقطه ذوب بسیار بالا و یا شکننده همانند بیسموت هستند.

فلزات شامل اکثریت عظیمی از عناصر هستند و می توانند به چند دسته مختلف تقسیم شوند. از چپ به راست در جدول تناوبی، این دسته شامل فلزات قلیایی بسیار واکنش دهنده هستند و به ترتیب فلزات قلیایی و بعد لانتانیدها و اکتینید های رادیواکتیو دارای واکنش پذیری کمتری هستند. زیر شاخه های تخصصی مانند فلزات نسوز و فلزات نجیب نیز وجود دارد.

متالوئید (شبه فلزات)

تلوریم ، که توسط دیمیتری مندلیف به عنوان تبدیل بین فلزات و غیر فلزات توصیف شده است

شبه فلزات معمولا جامد شکننده هستند؛ شبه فلزات به طور معمول در حال اشتراک گذاری الکترون ها با مواد دیگر هستند و واکنش پذیری مطلوبی دارا هستند.

این دسته از مواد در حالت ترکیبی به طور طبیعی یافت می شوند.

اکثر شبه فلزها نیمه رسانا و رسانا توسط هستند و دارای ساختاری مشابه به فلزات هستند.

بعضی فلزوئید ها ( As ، Sb )انتقال الکتریسیته و هدایت جریان را به مانند فلزات را انجام می دهند.

متالوئید، به عنوان کمترین تعداد عناصر اصلی را در بر میگیرد

غیر فلزات

25 میلی لیتر بروم ، مایع قرمز قهوه ای تیره در دمای اتاق

دیگر فلزات تمایل به دریافت یا تقسیم الکترون ها هنگام واکنش با سایر مواد دارند ولی اکسید های متمایز پایه را تشکیل نمی دهند.

اکثر گازها در دمای اتاق دارای تراکم نسبتا کم می باشند و رسانا های الکتریکی و حرارتی ضعیفی هستند زیرا که انرژی های یونیزاسیون نسبتا بالا و الکترونگاتیویته دارند.

برخی از فلزات ( C ، P P ، S و Se ) در دمای اتاق شکننده هستند درحالی که الوتروپ آنها هرکدام قابل انعطاف می باشند.

از چپ به راست در جدول تناوبی، شبه فلزات را مشاهده میکنیم که دارای برخی ویژگی‌های فلزی اولیه و گازهای نجیب میباشند و همچنین این گاز ها تقریباً به طور کامل بی‌اثر هستند.

مقایسه خواص

بررسی اجمالی

ویژگی‌های مشخصه فلزات و نافلزات کاملاً متمایز هستند، همانطور که در جدول زیر نشان‌داده شده‌ است. شبه فلزات که بین مرز فلزات و نافلزات قرار دارند، اغلب از هم متمایز هستند، این ویژگی ها در جدول کوچکی در بالای این بخش خلاصه شده‌است.

در مورد مرز بین فلزات و نافلزات توافق نظر وجود ندارد و در این که آیا یک گروه شبه فلز میانی را تشخیص داده میشود یا خیر. برخی شبه فلزات را به عنوان نافلزات با ویژگی‌های ضعیف تر نسبت به بقیه نافلز ها حساب می‌کنند.

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الگو:Compact periodic table[رده:نافلزها]]