رفتار جنسی غیرتولیدمثلی در جانوران

رفتار جنسی غیرتولیدمثلی (به انگلیسی: Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals) شامل فعالیت‌های جنسی است که جانوران در آن شرکت می‌کنند ولی سبب تولیدمثل گونه نمی‌شود. اگرچه تولیدمثل همچنان توضیح اولیه برای رفتار جنسی در جانوران است، مشاهدات اخیر دربارهٔ رفتار جانوران دلایل دیگری را برای درگیر شدن در فعالیت‌های جنسی توسط جانوران ارائه کرده‌است.^[۱] دیده شده‌است که جانوران برای پیوند رابطهٔ اجتماعی، مبادله با مواد مهم، محبت، جفت‌های مربیگری، شادی جنسی، یا به عنوان نشان دادن رتبه اجتماعی درگیر رابطه جنسی هستند. فعالیت‌های جنسی غیرزایشی دیده‌شده عبارتند از: سوار شدن بدون جفت‌گیری (بدون رابطه تناسلی، یا توسط یک ماده، یا توسط یک مرد جوان‌تر که هنوز منی تولید نمی‌کند)، رابطه جنسی دهانی، تحریک دستگاه تناسلی، تحریک مقعدی، جفت‌گیری برون‌گونه‌ای، و عمل محبت‌آمیز، هر چند که این کار را از ابتدای پیدایش خود انجام داده باشند، تردید وجود دارد. همچنین دیدن رابطه جنسی با شرکت توله‌ها،^[۲] تعامل جنسی همجنس‌گرایانه،^[۳]^[۴] و همچنین رابطه جنسی با جانوران مرده وجود داشته‌است.^[۵]

رابطه جنسی خودکار یا دهانی در جانوران در عنکبوت‌ها (عنکبوت درختی داروین^[۶] و عنکبوت‌های بیوه^[۷])، خرس‌های قهوه‌ای،^[۸] ماکاک‌های دم‌بریده،^[۹] ماکاک‌های تبتی، گرگ‌ها،^[۱۰] بزها، نخستی‌ها، خفاش‌ها،^[۱۱] سنجاب‌های زمینی دماغه^[۱۲] و گوسفندها ثبت شده‌است.

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ Waal, F (1995). "Bonobo sex and society". Scientific American. 272 (3): 82–98. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411.
↑ Dukas, R (2010). "Causes and consequences of male–male courtship in fruit flies". Animal Behaviour. 80 (5): 913–919. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.017.
↑ Dubuc, C; Alan F. Dixson (2012). "Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans". International Journal of Primatology. 34: 216–218. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9648-6.
↑ Bailey, W; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–460. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.6046. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396.
↑ de Mattos Brito, L. B. , Joventino, I. R. , Ribeiro, S. C. , & Cascon, P. (2012). "Necrophiliac behavior in the "cururu" toad, Rhinella jimi Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 8 (2): 365.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑ Gregorič, Matjaž; Šuen, Klavdija; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Kralj-Fišer, Simona; Kuntner, Matjaž (2016). "Spider behaviors include oral sexual encounters". Scientific Reports. 6: 25128. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625128G. doi:10.1038/srep25128. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4850386. PMID 27126507.
↑ Gruber, Karl (6 May 2016). "These male spiders perform oral sex – and lots of it". Washington Post. Every time males engage in sex, they salivate on their mate’s genitals. "In this spider species, the male first hooks his fang to female genitals, and then salivates into them. He repeats this behavior before, between and after copulation, up to 100 times in one mating," says Matjaž Gregorič of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, who led the new study. Gregorič isn’t sure what motivates the behavior, which has only been recorded in two other invertebrates: fruit flies and widow spiders. The practice hasn’t been well-documented in widow spiders, so their bedroom habits don’t make the darwini's proclivity for oral activities any less mysterious.
↑ These Bears Are Having Lots Of Oral Sex, And Scientists Think They Know Why (The Huffington Post) By: Grenoble, Ryan.
↑ Suzanne Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976). "Homosexual behavior in a laboratory group of stumptail monkeys (Macaca arctoides): Forms, contexts, and possible social functions". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 5 (6): 511–527. doi:10.1007/BF01541216. PMID 827276.
↑ Fox, M. W. (1972). "The Social Significance of Genital Licking in the Wolf, Canis lupus". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 637–640. doi:10.2307/1379064. JSTOR 1379064.
↑ Tan, M.; Jones, G.; Zhu, G.; Ye, J.; Hong, T.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, L. (2009). Hosken, David (ed.). "Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7595. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7595T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007595. PMC 2762080. PMID 19862320.
↑ Waterman, J. M. (2010). Briffa, Mark (ed.). "The Adaptive Function of Masturbation in a Promiscuous African Ground Squirrel". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e13060. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513060W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013060. PMC 2946931. PMID 20927404.
↑ Bagemihl
↑ Sazima, I. (2015). "Corpse bride irresistible: a dead female tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) courted by males for two days at an urban park in South-eastern Brazil". Herpetology Notes. 8: 15–18.

[Waal-1] Waal, F (1995). "Bonobo sex and society". Scientific American. 272 (3): 82–98. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411.

[Dukas-2] Dukas, R (2010). "Causes and consequences of male–male courtship in fruit flies". Animal Behaviour. 80 (5): 913–919. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.017.

[Dubuc-3] Dubuc, C; Alan F. Dixson (2012). "Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans". International Journal of Primatology. 34: 216–218. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9648-6.

[Bailey-4] Bailey, W; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–460. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.6046. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396.

[necro2012-5] Mattos Brito, L. B. , Joventino, I. R. , Ribeiro, S. C. , & Cascon, P. (2012). "Necrophiliac behavior in the "cururu" toad, Rhinella jimi Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 8 (2): 365.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)

[6] Gregorič, Matjaž; Šuen, Klavdija; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Kralj-Fišer, Simona; Kuntner, Matjaž (2016). "Spider behaviors include oral sexual encounters". Scientific Reports. 6: 25128. Bibcode:2016NatSR...625128G. doi:10.1038/srep25128. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4850386. PMID 27126507.

[fruit-7] Gruber, Karl (6 May 2016). "These male spiders perform oral sex – and lots of it". Washington Post. Every time males engage in sex, they salivate on their mate’s genitals. "In this spider species, the male first hooks his fang to female genitals, and then salivates into them. He repeats this behavior before, between and after copulation, up to 100 times in one mating," says Matjaž Gregorič of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, who led the new study. Gregorič isn’t sure what motivates the behavior, which has only been recorded in two other invertebrates: fruit flies and widow spiders. The practice hasn’t been well-documented in widow spiders, so their bedroom habits don’t make the darwini's proclivity for oral activities any less mysterious.

[8] These Bears Are Having Lots Of Oral Sex, And Scientists Think They Know Why (The Huffington Post) By: Grenoble, Ryan.

[stump-9] Suzanne Chevalier-Skolnikoff (1976). "Homosexual behavior in a laboratory group of stumptail monkeys (Macaca arctoides): Forms, contexts, and possible social functions". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 5 (6): 511–527. doi:10.1007/BF01541216. PMID 827276.

[10] Fox, M. W. (1972). "The Social Significance of Genital Licking in the Wolf, Canis lupus". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (3): 637–640. doi:10.2307/1379064. JSTOR 1379064.

[11] Tan, M.; Jones, G.; Zhu, G.; Ye, J.; Hong, T.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, L. (2009). Hosken, David (ed.). "Fellatio by Fruit Bats Prolongs Copulation Time". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7595. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7595T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007595. PMC 2762080. PMID 19862320.

[ReferenceA-12] Waterman, J. M. (2010). Briffa, Mark (ed.). "The Adaptive Function of Masturbation in a Promiscuous African Ground Squirrel". PLOS ONE. 5 (9): e13060. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513060W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013060. PMC 2946931. PMID 20927404.

[worldpolicy-13] Bagemihl

[sazima-14] Sazima, I. (2015). "Corpse bride irresistible: a dead female tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) courted by males for two days at an urban park in South-eastern Brazil". Herpetology Notes. 8: 15–18.

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