فهرست پرجرم‌ترین سیاه‌چاله‌ها: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
تفاوت جدیدتر ←
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
دیداریویکی‌متن
ایجاد و ترجمهٔ نوشتار
(بدون تفاوت)

نسخهٔ ‏۲۹ آوریل ۲۰۲۲، ساعت ۲۱:۴۷

فهرست پرجرم‌ترین سیاه‌چاله‌ها (انگلیسی: List of most massive black holes) فهرست منظمی از پرجرم‌ترین سیاه‌چاله‌های تاکنون کشف شده (و نامزدهای احتمالی) است که بر حسب یکای جرم خورشیدی (M☉)، (تقریباً ۲×۱۰۳۰ کیلوگرم) اندازه‌گیری شده‌اند.

پیش‌گفتار

یک سیاه‌چاله کلان‌جرم (SMBH) سیاه‌چاله‌ای بسیار بزرگ است که جرم آن در حد صدها هزار تا میلیاردها جرم خورشیدی (M☉) است و تقریباً در مرکز همهٔ کهکشانهای پرجرم وجود دارد. در برخی از کهکشان‌ها، حتی سیستم‌های دوتایی از سیاه‌چاله‌های کلان پرجرم وجود دارد، به سیستم OJ 287 مراجعه کنید. شواهد دینامیکی بدون ابهام برای SMBHها فقط در تعداد انگشت شماری از کهکشان‌ها وجود دارد؛ [۱]

فهرست

با توجه به اینکه تعداد و مقدار اعداد به‌کار رفته بسیار بالا است، در اینجا اندازهٔ جرمی سیاهچاله‌های فهرست شده به صورت ارزش جرمی سیاه‌چاله و به شیوهٔ نماد علمی؛ (اعداد ضربدر توان ۱۰) نمایش داده می‌شوند.

فهرست پرجرم‌ترین سیاه‌چاله‌ها
نام جرم خورشیدی
(خورشید = ۱ × 100) 		یادداشت‌ها
تی‌اوان ۶۱۸ ۶٫۶×۱۰۱۰ [۲] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
Black hole of central elliptical galaxy of MS 0735.6+7421 ۵٫۱۳×۱۰۱۰ [۳][۴] Produced a colossal AGN outburst after accreting 600 million M☉ worth of material.

Estimated using the break radius of 0.5 kpc core of the central galaxy.[۳][۴] Previous indirect assumptions about the efficiencies of gas accretion and jet power yield a lower limit of 1 billion M☉.[۵][۶][۷]

The above masses are larger than what is predicted by current models of black hole growth, and are thus potentially unreliable
(Theoretical limit) ۵٫۰×۱۰۱۰ This is the maximum mass of a black hole that models predict, at least for luminous accreting SMBH's. At around 1010 M☉, both effects of intense radiation and star formation in the accretion disc slows down black hole growth. Given the age of the Universe and the composition of available matter, there is simply not enough time to grow black holes larger than this mass.[۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱] Reported for reference.
Holmberg 15A (۴٫۰±۰٫۸)×۱۰۱۰[۱۲] Mass specified obtained through orbit-based, axisymmetric Schwarzschild models. Earlier estimates range from ~310 billion M☉ down to 3 billion M☉, all relying on empirical scaling relations and are thus obtained from extrapolation and not from kinematical measurements.[۱۳]
IC 1101 (۴–۱۰)×۱۰۱۰[۱۴] Estimated from properties of the host galaxy (Faber–Jackson relation); mass has not been measured directly.
S5 0014+81 ۴×۱۰۱۰[۱۵][۱۶][۱۷] A 2010 paper suggested that a funnel collimates the radiation around the jet axis, creating an optical illusion of very high brightness, and thus a possible overestimation of the black hole mass.[۱۵]
SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 (۳٫۴±۰٫۶)×۱۰۱۰[۱۸] Estimated using near-infrared spectroscopic measurements of the MgII emission line doublet.
SDSS J102325.31+514251.0 (۳٫۳۱±۰٫۶۱)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
H1821+643 ۳×۱۰۱۰[۲۰] Value obtained as an indirect estimate using a model of minimum Eddington luminosity required to account for the Compton cooling of the surrounding cluster.[۲۰]
NGC 6166 ۳×۱۰۱۰[۲۱] Central galaxy of Abell 2199; notable for its hundred thousand light year long relativistic jet.
2MASS J13260399+7023462 ۲٫۷×۱۰۱۰[۲۲] Estimated using the full-width half maxima of the CIV emission line and monochromatic luminosity at 1350 Å wavelength.
APM 08279+5255 ۲٫۳×۱۰۱۰[۲۳]
۱٫۰+۰٫۱۷
−۰٫۱۳×۱۰۱۰[۲۴]		 Based on velocity width of CO line from orbiting molecular gas,[۲۳] and reverberation mapping using SiIV and CIV emission lines.[۲۴]
NGC 4889 (۲٫۱±۱٫۶)×۱۰۱۰[۲۵][۲۶] Best fit: the estimate ranges from 6 billion to 37 billion M☉.[۲۵][۲۶]
RBS 2043 ۲×۱۰۱۰[۲۷] Central galaxy of the Phoenix Cluster;[۲۸] this black hole is continuously growing at the rate of ~60 M☉ per year.
SDSS J074521.78+734336.1 (۱٫۹۵±۰٫۰۵)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
OJ 287 primary ۱٫۸×۱۰۱۰[۲۹] A smaller 100 million M☉ black hole orbits this one in a 12-year period (see OJ 287 secondary below). But this measurement is in question due to the limited number and precision of observed companion orbits.
NGC 1600 (۱٫۷±۰٫۱۵)×۱۰۱۰[۳۰][۳۱] Unprecedentedly massive in relation of its location: an elliptical galaxy host in a sparse environment.
SDSS J08019.69+373047.3 (۱٫۵۱±۰٫۳۱)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J115954.33+201921.1 (۱٫۴۱±۰٫۱۰)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075303.34+423130.8 (۱٫۳۸±۰٫۰۳)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080430.56+542041.1 (۱٫۳۵±۰٫۲۲)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Abell 1201 BCG (۱٫۳±۰٫۶)×۱۰۱۰[۳۲] Estimated from the strong gravitational lensing of a background galaxy behind the BCG.[۳۲] Beware of ambiguity between the BH mass determination and the galaxy cluster's dark matter profile.[۳۳]
SDSS J0100+2802 (۱٫۲۴±۰٫۱۹)×۱۰۱۰[۳۴][۳۵] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation. This object grew early in cosmic history (redshift 6.30).
SDSS J081855.77+095848.0 (۱٫۲۰±۰٫۰۶)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1270 ۱٫۲×۱۰۱۰[۳۶] Elliptical galaxy located in the Perseus Cluster. Also is a low-luminosity AGN (LLAGN).[۳۷]
SDSS J082535.19+512706.3 (۱٫۱۲±۰٫۲۰)×۱۰۱۰[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line
SDSS J013127.34-032100.1 (۱٫۱±۰٫۲)×۱۰۱۰[۳۸] Estimated from accretion disk spectrum modelling.[۳۸]
PSO J334.2028+01.4075 ۱×۱۰۱۰[۳۹] There are actually two black holes, orbiting at each other in a close pair with a 542-day period. The largest one is quoted, while the smaller one's mass is not defined.[۳۹]
Black hole of central elliptical galaxy of RX J1532.9+3021 ۱×۱۰۱۰[۴۰]
QSO B2126-158 ۱×۱۰۱۰[۱۵]
NGC 1281 ۱×۱۰۱۰[۴۱] Compact elliptical galaxy in the Perseus Cluster. Mass estimates range from 10 billion M☉ down to <5 billion M☉.[۴۲]
SDSS J015741.57-010629.6 (۹٫۸±۱٫۴)×۱۰۹[۱۹]
NGC 3842 ۹٫۷+۳٫۰
−۲٫۵×۱۰۹[۲۵][۲۶] 		Brightest galaxy in the Leo Cluster
SDSS J230301.45-093930.7 (۹٫۱۲±۰٫۸۸)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J140821.67+025733.2 ۸×۱۰۹[۴۳] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J075819.70+202300.9 (۷٫۸±۳٫۹)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
CID-947 ۶٫۹+۰٫۸
−۱٫۲×۱۰۹[۴۴] 		Constitutes 10% of the total mass of its host galaxy. Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J080956.02+502000.9 (۶٫۴۶±۰٫۴۵)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J014214.75+002324.2 (۶٫۳۱±۱٫۱۶)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 87 ۷٫۲۲+۰٫۳۴
−۰٫۴۰×۱۰۹[۴۵]
۶٫۳×۱۰۹[۴۶] 		Central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster; the first black hole directly imaged.
NGC 5419 ۷٫۲+۲٫۷
−۱٫۹×۱۰۹[۴۷]		 Estimated from the stellar velocity distribution. A secondary satellite SMBH may orbit around 70 parsecs.[۴۷]
SDSS J025905.63+001121.9 (۵٫۲۵±۰٫۷۳)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J094202.04+042244.5 (۵٫۱۳±۰٫۷۱)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
QSO B0746+254 ۵×۱۰۹[۱۵]
QSO B2149-306 ۵×۱۰۹[۱۵]
SDSS J090033.50+421547.0 (۴٫۷±۰٫۲)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
Messier 60 (۴٫۵±۱٫۰)×۱۰۹[۴۸]
SDSS J011521.20+152453.3 (۴٫۱±۲٫۴)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
QSO B0222+185 ۴×۱۰۹[۱۵]
Hercules A (3C 348) ۴×۱۰۹ Notable for its million light-year long relativistic jet.
Abell 1836-BCG ۳٫۶۱+۰٫۴۱
−۰٫۵۰×۱۰۹[۴۹]
SDSS J213023.61+122252.0 (۳٫۵±۰٫۲)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J173352.23+540030.4 (۳٫۴±۰٫۴)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
SDSS J025021.76-075749.9 (۳٫۱±۰٫۶)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
NGC 1271 ۳٫۰+۱٫۰
−۱٫۱×۱۰۹[۵۰]		 Compact elliptical or lenticular galaxy in the Perseus Cluster.[۵۱]
SDSS J030341.04-002321.9 (۳٫۰±۰٫۴)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar MgII emission line correlation.
QSO B0836+710 ۳×۱۰۹[۱۵]
SDSS J224956.08+000218.0 (۲٫۶۳±۱٫۲۱)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J030449.85-000813.4 (۲٫۴±۰٫۵۰)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
SDSS J234625.66-001600.4 (۲٫۲۴±۰٫۱۵)×۱۰۹[۱۹] Estimated from quasar Hβ emission line correlation.
PKS 2128-123 ۲٫۰۲×۱۰۹[۵۲]
ULAS J1120+0641 ۲×۱۰۹[۵۳][۵۴]
QSO 0537-286 ۲×۱۰۹[۱۵]
NGC 3115 ۲×۱۰۹[۵۵]
Q0906+6930 ۲×۱۰۹[۵۶] Most distant blazar, at z = ۵٫۴۷
QSO B0805+614 ۱٫۵×۱۰۹[۱۵]
Messier 84 ۱٫۵×۱۰۹[۵۷]
J100758.264+211529.207 ("Pōniuāʻena") (۱٫۵±۰٫۲)×۱۰۹[۵۸] Second most-distant quasar known
PKS 2059+034 ۱٫۳۶×۱۰۹[۵۲]
Abell 3565-BCG ۱٫۳۴+۰٫۲۱
−۰٫۱۹×۱۰۹[۴۹]
NGC 7768 ۱٫۳+۰٫۵
−۰٫۴×۱۰۹[۲۶]
NGC 1277 ۱٫۲×۱۰۹[۵۹] Once thought to harbor a black hole so large that it contradicted modern galaxy formation and evolutionary theories,[۶۰] re-analysis of the data revised it downward to roughly a third of the original estimate.[۶۱] and then one tenth.[۵۹]
QSO B225155+2217 ۱×۱۰۹[۱۵]
QSO B1210+330 ۱×۱۰۹[۱۵]
Cygnus A ۱×۱۰۹[۶۲] Brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky as seen at frequencies above 1 GHz
Sombrero Galaxy ۱×۱۰۹[۶۳] Bolometrically most luminous galaxy in the local universe and also the nearest billion-solar-mass black hole to Earth.
Markarian 501 ۹×۱۰۸–۳٫۴×۱۰۹[۶۴] Brightest object in the sky in very high energy gamma rays.
PG 1426+015 (۱٫۲۹۸±۰٫۳۸۵)×۱۰۹[۶۵]
۴۶۷۷۴۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
3C 273 (۸٫۸۶±۱٫۸۷)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۵۵۰۰۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]		 Brightest quasar in the sky
ULAS J1342+0928 ۸×۱۰۸[۶۷] Most distant quasar[۶۷] − currently on record as the most distant quasar at z=7.54[۶۷]
Messier 49 ۵٫۶×۱۰۸[۶۸]
ESO 444-46 ۵٫۰۱×۱۰۸–۷٫۷۶×۱۰۱۰[۳][۴] Brightest cluster galaxy of Abell 3558 in the center of the Shapley Supercluster; estimated using spheroidal luminosity profile of the host galaxy.
NGC 1399 ۵×۱۰۸[۶۹] Central galaxy of the Fornax Cluster
PG 0804+761 (۶٫۹۳±۰٫۸۳)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۱۹۰۵۵۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
PG 1617+175 (۵٫۹۴±۱٫۳۸)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۲۷۵۴۲۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
PG 1700+518 ۷٫۸۱+۱٫۸۲
−۱٫۶۵×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۶۰۲۶۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
NGC 4261 ۴×۱۰۸[۷۰] Notable for its ۸۸۰۰۰ light-year long relativistic jet.[۷۱]
PG 1307+085 (۴٫۴±۱٫۲۳)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
281 840 000[۶۶]
SAGE0536AGN (۳٫۵±۰٫۸)×۱۰۸[۷۲][۷۳] Constitutes 1.4% of the mass of its host galaxy
NGC 1275 ۳٫۴×۱۰۸[۷۴][۷۵] Central galaxy of the Perseus Cluster
3C 390.3 (۲٫۸۷±۰٫۶۴)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۳۳۸۸۴۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
II Zwicky 136 (۴٫۵۷±۰٫۵۵)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۱۴۴۵۴۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
PG 0052+251 (۳٫۶۹±۰٫۷۶)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۲۱۸۷۸۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Messier 59 ۲٫۷×۱۰۸[۷۶] This black hole has a retrograde rotation.[۷۷]
PG 1411+442 (۴٫۴۳±۱٫۴۶)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۷۹۴۳۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Markarian 876 (۲٫۷۹±۱٫۲۹)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۲۴۰۰۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Andromeda Galaxy ۲٫۳×۱۰۸ Nearest large galaxy to the Milky Way
PG 0953+414 (۲٫۷۶±۰٫۵۹)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۱۸۲۰۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
PG 0026+129 (۳٫۹۳±۰٫۹۶)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۵۳۷۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Fairall 9 (۲٫۵۵±۰٫۵۶)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۷۹۴۳۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
NGC 7727 ۱٫۵۴+۰٫۱۸
−۰٫۱۵×۱۰۸[۷۸] 		with ۶٫۳×۱۰۶ companion and the closest confirmed BBH to Earth at about 89 million light years away
Markarian 1095 (۱٫۵±۰٫۱۹)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۱۸۲۰۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Messier 105 ۱٫۴×۱۰۸–۲×۱۰۸[۷۹]
Markarian 509 (۱٫۴۳±۰٫۱۲)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۵۷۵۵۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
OJ 287 secondary ۱×۱۰۸[۲۹] The smaller black hole orbiting OJ 287 primary (see above).
RX J124236.9-111935 ۱×۱۰۸[۸۰] Observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory to be tidally disrupting a star.[۸۰][۸۱]
Messier 85 ۱×۱۰۸[۸۲]
NGC 5548 (۶٫۷۱±۰٫۲۶)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۱۲۳۰۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
PG 1211+143 (۱٫۴۶±۰٫۴۴)×۱۰۸[۶۵]
۴۰۷۴۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Messier 88 ۸×۱۰۷[۸۳]
Messier 81 (Bode's Galaxy) ۷×۱۰۷[۸۴]
Markarian 771 (۷٫۳۲±۳٫۵۲)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۷٫۵۸۶×۱۰۷[۶۶]
Messier 58 ۷×۱۰۷[۸۵]
PG 0844+349 (۹٫۲۴±۳٫۸۱)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۲٫۱۳۸×۱۰۷[۶۶]
Centaurus A ۵٫۵×۱۰۷[۸۶] Also notable for its million light-year long relativistic jet.[۸۷]
Markarian 79 (۵٫۲۴±۱٫۴۴)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۵٫۲۵×۱۰۷[۶۶]
Messier 96 ۴۸۰۰۰۰۰۰[۸۸] Estimates can be as low as 1.5 million solar masses
Markarian 817 (۴٫۹۴±۰٫۷۷)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۴٫۳۶۵×۱۰۷[۶۶]
NGC 3227 (۴٫۲۲±۲٫۱۴)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۳٫۸۹×۱۰۷[۶۶]
NGC 4151 primary ۴×۱۰۷[۸۹][۹۰]
3C 120 ۵٫۵۵+۳٫۱۴
−۲٫۲۵×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۲٫۲۹×۱۰۷[۶۶]
Markarian 279 (۳٫۴۹±۰٫۹۲)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۴٫۱۷×۱۰۷[۶۶]
NGC 3516 (۴٫۲۷±۱٫۴۶)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۲٫۳×۱۰۷[۶۶]
NGC 863 (۴٫۷۵±۰٫۷۴)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۱٫۷۷×۱۰۷[۶۶]
Messier 82 (Cigar Galaxy) ۳×۱۰۷[۹۱] Prototype starburst galaxy.[۹۲]
Messier 108 ۲٫۴×۱۰۷[۹۳]
M60-UCD1 ۲×۱۰۷[۹۴] Constitutes 15% of the mass of its host galaxy.
NGC 3783 (۲٫۹۸±۰٫۵۴)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۹۳۰۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Markarian 110 (۲٫۵۱±۰٫۶۱)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۵۶۲۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Markarian 335 (۱٫۴۲±۰٫۳۷)×۱۰۷[۶۵]
۶۳۱۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
NGC 4151 secondary ۱۰۰۰۰۰۰۰[۹۰]
NGC 7469 (۱۲٫۲±۱٫۴)×۱۰۶[۶۵]
۶۴۶۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
IC 4329 A ۹٫۹۰+۱۷٫۸۸
−۱۱٫۸۸×۱۰۶[۶۵]
۵۰۱۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
NGC 4593 ۵٫۳۶+۹٫۳۷
−۶٫۹۵×۱۰۶[۶۵]
۸۱۳۰۰۰۰[۶۶]
Messier 61 ۵×۱۰۶[۹۵]
Messier 32 ۱٫۵×۱۰۶–۵×۱۰۶[۹۶] A dwarf satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy.
Sagittarius A* ۴٫۳×۱۰۶[۹۷] The black hole at the center of the Milky Way.

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

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