از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
قورباغه سبز (Lithobates clamitans) گوناگونی ضدشیب محیطی (به انگلیسی : Countergradient variation انعطاف‌پذیری فنوتیپی است که زمانی رخ می‌دهد که تنوع فنوتیپی تعیین‌شده توسط اجزای ژنتیکی جمعیت زیست‌شناختی با تنوع فنوتیپی ناشی از شیب (گرادیان) محیطی مخالفت کند.[۱] [۱]
قانون‌ها
قانون آلن Shorter appendages in colder climates ویلیام باتسون Extra limbs mirror their neighbours قانون برگمان Larger bodies in colder climates Cope's rule Bodies get larger over time بزرگ‌جثگی اعماق Larger bodies in deep-sea animals Dollo's law Loss of complex traits is irreversible Eichler's rule Parasites co-vary with their hosts Emery's rule Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts Fahrenholz's rule Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent قانون فاستر (غول‌پیکری جزیره‌ای ، Insular dwarfism ) Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands اصل طرد رقابتی Complete competitors cannot coexist قانون گلوگر Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates قانون هالدین Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic Harrison's rule Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts انتخاب خویشاوندی Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor ویلی هنیگ In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area اصل جارمن-بل The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet Jordan's rule Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae اصل لک Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for قانون راپوپورت Latitudinal range increases with latitude قانون رنش Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger Rosa's rule Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones ایوان اشمالهاوزن A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect قانون ثورسون No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude Van Valen's law Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time von Baer's laws Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms Williston's law Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function جستارهای وابسته
گوناگونی ضدشیب محیطی Where genetics opposes environment as a factor غول‌دمایی Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature
