پرش به محتوا

اشغال کرانه باختری به دست اسرائیل: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
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دیداریویکی‌متن
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ابرابزار
برچسب: افزودن پیوند وب‌نوشت (وبلاگ) یا انجمن (فروم)
خط ۶۴: خط ۶۴:
=== پانویس ===
=== پانویس ===
{{پانویس|۲}}
{{پانویس|۲}}

== Sources ==
{{آغاز منابع|30em}}
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* {{Cite news| title = Any Palestinian is exposed to monitoring by the Israeli Big Brother
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| doi = 10.1111/tran.12045 | issn = 0020-2754
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* {{Cite news| title = Checkpoints Compound the Risks of Childbirth for Palestinian Women
| last = Aswad | first = Henrietta
| publisher = [[صندوق جمعیت سازمان ملل متحد]]
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| date = 15 May 2007
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| editor-last = Bar-Siman-Tov | editor-first = Yaacov
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| year = 2017
| title = The Role of Trust in Conflict Resolution: The Israeli-Palestinian Case and Beyond
| editor-last = Bar-Tal | editor-first = Daniel | editor-link = Daniel Bar-Tal
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| year = 2006
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* {{Cite news| title = George Orwell and Israel's 'Democratic' Occupation of the West Bank
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| date = 12 February 2014
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| date = 15 June 2017
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Revealed: Israeli Taxpayers Helped Bankroll Illegal West Bank Outposts for Decades
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| date = 22 October 2018
}}
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}}
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| last1 = Bhavnani | first1 = Ravi
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| editor2-last = Jauregui | editor2-first = Beatrice
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* {{Cite journal | title = Powers of Illegality: House Demolitions and Resistance in East Jerusalem
| last = Braverman | first = Irus
| author-link = Irus Braverman
| journal = [[Law & Social Inquiry]]
| date = Spring 2007 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 333–372
| url = https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/331
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* {{Cite journal | title = "The Tree Is the Enemy Soldier": A Sociolegal Making of War Landscapes in the Occupied West Bank
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| date = September 2008 | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 449–482
| doi = 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00348.x | jstor = 29734134
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* {{Cite journal | title = Uprooting Identities: The Regulation of Olive Trees in the Occupied West Bank
| last = Braverman | first = Irus
| author-link = Irus Braverman
| journal = [[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]]
| date = November 2009 | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 237–264
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* {{Cite book| title = Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories
| last = Bregman | first = Ahron | year = 2014
| author-link = Ahron Bregman
| publisher = [[پنگوئن بوکس]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT160
| isbn = 978-1-84614-735-7
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* {{Cite magazine| title = Inside the Intifada
| last = Brinkley | first = Joel
| magazine = [[مجله نیویورک تایمز]]
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/magazine/inside-the-intifada.html
| date = 29 October 1989 | access-date = 1 November 2021
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Arrest of Palestinians for Potential Terror Attacks Brings New Meaning to 'Minority Report'
| last = Brown | first = John
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-arrest-of-palestinians-brings-new-meaning-to-minority-report-1.5464664
| date = 24 April 2017
}}
* {{Cite magazine| title = Do Targeted Killings Work?
| last = Byman | first = Daniel
| author-link = Daniel Byman
| magazine = [[فارن افرز]]
| date = March–April 2006 | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–111
| jstor = 20031914
}}
* {{Cite book| title = A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism
| last = Byman | first = Daniel | year = 2011
| author-link = Daniel Byman
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد]]
| url = https://archive.org/details/highpricetriumph0000byma | url-access = registration | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/highpricetriumph0000byma/page/319 319]
| isbn = 978-0-19-983045-9
}}
* {{Cite magazine| title = The Rise of Settler Terrorism: The West Bank's Other Violent Extremists
| last1 = Byman | first1 = Daniel
| last2 = Sachs | first2 = Natan
| author1-link = Daniel Byman
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| date = September–October 2012 | volume = 91 | issue = 5 | pages = 73–86
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| pages = 1–48
| url = http://www.mits.ps/alhaqge/Publications/Al-Numan%20Village.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160419130132/http://www.mits.ps/alhaqge/Publications/Al-Numan%20Village.pdf
| date = November 2006 | archive-date = 19 April 2016
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Minority Rights in the Middle East
| last1 = Castellino | first1 = Joshua
| last2 = Cavanaugh | first2 = Kathleen A.
| year = 2013
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* {{Cite book| chapter = Understanding a Religious Western Democracy: Israel and Its Complexities
| last = Chalom | first = Adam | year = 2014
| title = Theism and Public Policy: Humanist Perspectives and Responses
| editor-last = Pinn | editor-first = A.
| publisher = [[اسپرینگر نیچر]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt0aBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55
| pages = 53–69
| isbn = 978-1-137-46530-6
}}
* {{cite web| title = Israel is an apartheid state, Amnesty International says
| last = Chappell | first = Bill
| publisher = [[ان‌پی‌آر]]
| url = https://www.npr.org/2022/02/01/1077291879/israel-apartheid-state-amnesty-international
| date = 1 February 2022
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Water Sheikhs and Dam Builders: Stories of People and Water in the Middle East
| last = de Chatel | first = Francesca | year = 2011
| publisher = [[انتشارات ترانسکشن]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nQaMCWlr_HEC&pg=PA131
| isbn = 978-1-4128-0988-7
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Separate and Unequal
| last1 = Cheshin | first1 = Amir
| last2 = Hutman | first2 = Bill
| last3 = Melamed | first3 = Avi
| year = 2009
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه هاروارد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RO0tafb62oEC&pg=PA22
| isbn = 978-0-674-02952-1
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Children in Israeli Military Detention: Observations and Recommendations
| publisher = [[یونیسف]]
| url = https://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_6_March_2013.pdf
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200930160946/https://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_6_March_2013.pdf
| date = February 2013 | archive-date = 30 September 2020
| ref = {{SfnRef|Unicef|2013}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Perilous Power: The Middle East and U.S. Foreign Policy Dialogues on Terror, Democracy, War, and Justice
| last1 = Chomsky | first1 = Noam
| last2 = Achcar | first2 = Gilbert
| last3 = Shalom | first3 = Stephan R.
| author1-link = Noam Chomsky
| author2-link = Gilbert Achcar
| author3-link = Stephen Shalom
| year = 2015
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HRkeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210
| isbn = 978-1-317-25430-0
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Jewish life under Islam: Jerusalem in the sixteenth century
| last = Cohen | first = Amnon | year = 1984
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه هاروارد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kaYwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34
| isbn = 978-0-674-47436-9
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Human Rights in the Israeli-occupied Territories, 1967-1982
| last = Cohen | first = Esther Rosalind | year = 1985
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه منچستر]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA245
| isbn = 978-0-7190-1726-1
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Matrix of surveillance in times of national conflict: the Israeli-Palestinian case
| last = Cohen | first = Hillel | year = 2010a
| author-link = Hillel Cohen
| title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power
| editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia
| editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David
| editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105
| pages = 99–111
| isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel's Asymmetric Wars
| last = Cohen | first = Samy | year = 2010b
| publisher = Springer
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=smHFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146
| isbn = 978-0-230-11297-1
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Beyond America's Grasp: A Century of Failed Diplomacy in the Middle East
| last = Cohen | first = Stephen P. | year = 2009
| publisher = [[فرار، اشتراوس و ژیرو]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mhrxh1r5WMYC&pg=PA206
| isbn = 978-1-4299-4237-9
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Commission of Inquiry finds that the Israeli occupation is unlawful under international law
| publisher = [[کمیساریای عالی حقوق بشر سازمان ملل متحد]]
| url = https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/10/commission-inquiry-finds-israeli-occupation-unlawful-under-international-law
| ref = {{SfnRef|OHCHR finds unlawful|2022}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Palestine: Israel's Experiments in Human Despair
| last = Cook | first = Jonathan | year = 2013a
| author-link = Jonathan Cook
| publisher = [[Zed Books]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5wFjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT10
| isbn = 978-1-84813-649-6
}}
* {{Cite news| title = "The Lab": Israel Tests Weapons, Tactics On Captive Palestinian Population
| last = Cook | first = Jonathan
| author-link = Jonathan Cook
| magazine = [[Washington Report on Middle East Affairs|WRMEA]]
| pages = 16–17
| url = https://www.wrmea.org/013-september/the-lab-israel-tests-weapons-tactics-on-captive-palestinian-population.html
| date = September 2013b
}}
* {{Cite magazine| title = The War over Water
| last = Cooley | first = John K.
| author-link = John K. Cooley
| magazine = [[فارین پالیسی]]
| date = Spring 1984 | issue = 54 | pages = 3–26
| jstor = 1148352
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars
| last = Cordesman | first = Anthony H. | year = 2006
| author-link = Anthony H. Cordesman
| publisher = [[گروه انتشاراتی گرینوود]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3eZK7cm6pjoC&pg=PA268
| isbn = 978-0-275-99186-9
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Beit Sahur Journal: In a Tax War, Even the Olivewood Dove Is Seized
| last = Cowell | first = Alan
| author-link = Alan Cowell
| newspaper = [[نیویورک تایمز]]
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/11/world/beit-sahur-journal-in-a-tax-war-even-the-olivewood-dove-is-seized.html
| date = 11 October 1989
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Role of Civil Society in Combating the Development, Proliferation and Use of Chemical Weapons
| last1 = Crowley | first1 = Michael
| last2 = McLeish | first2 = Catriona
| last3 = Revill | first3 = James
| year = 2018
| title = Preventing Chemical Weapons: Arms Control and Disarmament as the Sciences Converge
| editor1-last = Shang | editor1-first = Lijun
| editor2-last = Dando | editor2-first = Malcolm
| editor3-last = Crowley | editor3-first = Michael
| publisher = [[انجمن سلطنتی شیمی]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5DtqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA589
| pages = 580–619
| isbn = 978-1-78262-649-7
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Educated West Bank Palestinians
| last = Davies | first = Philip E.
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Spring 1979 | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 65–80
| doi = 10.2307/2536225 | jstor = 2536225
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Dynamics of Self-determination in Palestine: Protection of Peoples as a Human Rights
| last = De Waart | first = P. J. I. M | year = 1994
| publisher = [[انتشارات بریل]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8bfkImTG1MgC&pg=PA171
| isbn = 978-9-004-09825-1
}}
* {{Cite web| title = Deadly Exchange: The Dangerous Consequences of American Law Enforcement Trainings in Israel
| publisher = RAIA/[[Jewish Voice for Peace]]
| url = https://deadlyexchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Deadly-Exchange-Report.pdf
| date = September 2018
| ref = {{SfnRef|RAIAJVP|2018}}
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = From tanks to wheelchairs: unmanned aerial vehicles, Zionist battlefield experiments, and the transparence of the civilian
| last = Denes | first = Nick | year = 2010
| title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power
| editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia
| editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David
| editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zwTHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT249
| pages = 171–195
| isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The International Law of Belligerent Occupation
| last = Dinstein | first = Yoram | year = 2009
| author-link = Yoram Dinstein
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OVEXr3zIK98C&pg=PA21
| isbn = 978-0-521-89637-5
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Separation Fence in the International Court of Justice and the High Court of Justice: Commonalities, Differences and Specifics
| last = Domb | first = Fania | year = 2007
| title = International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines: Essays in Honour of Yoram Dinstein
| editor1-last = Schmitt | editor1-first = Michael N.
| editor2-last = Pejic | editor2-first = Jelena
| publisher = [[انتشارات بریل]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ZIIDeEc5AC&pg=PA511
| pages = 509–542
| isbn = 978-90-47-42125-2
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Self-Determination, Population Transfer and the Middle East Peace Accords
| last = Drew | first = Catriona J. | year = 1997
| title = Human Rights, Self-Determination and Political Change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
| editor-last = Bowen | editor-first = Stephen
| publisher = [[انتشارات بریل]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rXF9zwPL4wIC&pg=PA127
| pages = 119–167
| isbn = 978-9-041-10502-8
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Constructive Ambiguities: Jerusalem, international law, and the peace process
| last = Dumper | first = Michael | year = 2010
| title = International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace
| editor1-last = Akram | editor1-first = Susan
| editor2-last = Dumper | editor2-first = Michael
| editor3-last = Lynk | editor3-first = Michael
| editor4-last = Scobbie | editor4-first = Iain
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WDGtAgAAQBAJ
| isbn = 978-1-136-85097-4
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel escalates surveillance of Palestinians with facial recognition program in West Bank
| last = Dwoskin | first = Elizabeth
| newspaper = [[واشینگتن پست]]
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-palestinians-surveillance-facial-recognition/2021/11/05/3787bf42-26b2-11ec-8739-5cb6aba30a30_story.html
| date = 8 November 2021
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Terrorist Suicide Bombings: Attack Interdiction, Mitigation, and Response
| last1 = Dzikansky | first1 = Mordecai
| last2 = Kleiman | first2 = Gil
| last3 = Slater | first3 = Robert
| year = 2016
| publisher = CRC Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4a3MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32
| isbn = 978-1-4398-7132-4
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The economic costs of the Israeli occupation for the occupied Palestinian territory
| publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]] and the Palestinian Ministry of National Economy (PMNE)
| url = http://www.arij.org/files/admin/latestnews/Economic%20Cost%20of%20Occupation.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210129145138/http://www.arij.org/files/admin/latestnews/Economic%20Cost%20of%20Occupation.pdf
| date = September 2011 | archive-date = 29 January 2021
| ref = {{SfnRef|ARIJPMNE|2011}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Economic Costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people
| publisher = [[آنکتاد]]
| url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/a71d174_en.pdf
| date = 21 July 2016
| ref = {{SfnRef|UNCTAD|2016}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement
| last = Efrat | first = Elisha | year = 2006
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi59AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86
| isbn = 978-1-134-17217-7
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Way to the Spring: Life and Death in Palestine
| last = Ehrenreich | first = Ben | year = 2016
| author-link = Ben Ehrenreich
| publisher = [[Granta Books]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fqY9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT254
| isbn = 978-1-78378-312-0
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Unfulfilled Promise: Palestinian Family Reunification and the Right of Return
| last1 = El-Ahmed | first1 = Nabila
| last2 = Abu-Zahra | first2 = Nadia
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Spring 2016 | volume = 45 | issue = 3 | pages = 24–39
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2016.45.3.24 | jstor = 4284056
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = External Constraints on Manufacturing Development in Israeli-Occupied Gaza
| last1 = El-Farra | first1 = Majed
| last2 = MacMillen | first2 = Malcolm
| journal = [[خاورمیانه‌شناسی (نشریه)]]
| date = January 2000 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–170
| doi = 10.1080/00263200008701302 | jstor = 4284056 | s2cid = 144822037
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Migration and Change in a West Bank Village: The Case of Deir Dibwan
| last1 = Escribano | first1 = Marisa
| last2 = El-Joubeh | first2 = Nazmi
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Autumn 1981 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 150–160
| doi = 10.2307/2536052 | jstor = 2536052
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Geopolitics of 'Enclavisation' and the Demise of a Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
| last = Falah | first = Ghazi-Walid
| author-link = Ghazi Falah
| journal = [[Third World Quarterly]]
| year = 2005 | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 1341–1372
| doi = 10.1080/01436590500255007 | jstor = 4017718 | s2cid = 154697979
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Azmi Bishara, the Right of Resistance, and the Palestinian Ordeal
| last = Falk | first = Richard
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Winter 2002 | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 19–33
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.2.19 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.2.19
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Independence, Cantons, or Bantustans: Whither the Palestinian State?
| last = Farsakh | first = Leila
| journal = [[ژورنال خاورمیانه]]
| date = Spring 2005 | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 230–245
| doi = 10.3751/59.2.13 | jstor = 4330126
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Fatalities
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties.asp | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105120054/http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties.asp
| date = 12 May 2011 | archive-date = 5 January 2010
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem|2011}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Fatalities before Operation "Cast Lead"
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = The politics of water: Palestinians bracing for another dry summer
| last = Feldinger | first = Lauren Gelfond
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-politics-of-water-palestinians-bracing-for-another-dry-summer.premium-1.515143
| date = 13 April 2013
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror
| last = Fields | first = Gary | year = 2017
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l3UpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300
| isbn = 978-0-520-29104-1
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Academic and Artistic Freedom and the Israel-Palestine Conflict: Towards a Canadian Pedagogy of the Suppressed
| last = Findlay | first = Len
| journal = Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry
| year = 2010 | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 5–18
| url = https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/cpi/index.php/cpi/article/viewFile/10208/7971
| issn = 1916-3460
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israel and Iraq: A Double Standard
| last = Finkelstein | first = Norman
| author-link = Norman Finkelstein
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Winter 1991 | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 43–56
| doi = 10.2307/2537197 | jstor = 2537197
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict
| last = Finkelstein | first = Norman | year = 2003
| author-link = Norman Finkelstein
| publisher = [[Verso Books]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC&pg=PA172
| isbn = 978-1-85984-442-7
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel is building another 1,000 homes on Palestinian land. Where's the outrage?
| last = Fisk | first = Robert
| author-link = Robert Fisk
| newspaper = [[ایندیپندنت]]
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/israel-settlement-expansion-1000-new-homes-palestinian-land-robert-fisk-wheres-the-outrage-a8504471.html
| date = 23 August 2018
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Status of Palestinian Prisoners in International Humanitarian Law
| last = Francis | first = Sahar
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Summer 2014 | volume = 43 | issue = 4 | pages = 39–48
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.39 | isbn = 978-1-4668-0054-0 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2014.43.4.39
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israeli National Security: A New Strategy for an Era of Change
| last = Freilich | first = Charles D. | year = 2018
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TZNODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29
| isbn = 978-0-19-060293-2
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Censorship of the Palestinian Press
| last = Friedman | first = Robert
| author-link = Robert I. Friedman
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Autumn 1983 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–101
| doi = 10.2307/2536927 | jstor = 2536927
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Jewish Settlements in the West Bank: International Law and Israeli Jurisprudence
| last = Galchinsky | first = Michael
| journal = [[Israel Studies]]
| date = Fall 2004 | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 115–136
| url = https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/english_facpub/3
| doi = 10.2979/ISR.2004.9.3.115 | jstor = 30245641 | s2cid = 144282494
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflicts: The Israeli-Palestinian Case
| last1 = Gallo | first1 = Giorgio
| last2 = Marzano | first2 = Arturo
| journal = The Journal of Conflict Studies
| year = 2009 | volume = 29 | pages = 1–18
| url = https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/15231/19943
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Public Management in Israel: Development, Structure, Functions and Reforms
| last = Galnoor | first = Itzhak | year = 2010
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kZBaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138
| isbn = 978-1-136-92386-9
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Middle East and the Theory of Conflict
| last = Galtung | first = Johan
| author-link = Johan Galtung
| journal = [[Journal of Peace Research]]
| year = 1971 | volume = 8 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 173–206
| doi = 10.1177/002234337100800301 | jstor = 423072 | s2cid = 110763655
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Globalization of Violence in the 21st Century: Israel, Palestine, and the War on Terror
| last = Gautney | first = Heather | year = 2009
| title = Implicating Empire
| editor1-last = Aronowitz | editor1-first = Stanley
| editor2-last = Gautney | editor2-first = Heather
| publisher = [[اشت بوک گروپ]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J404DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT86
| pages = 65–82
| isbn = 978-0-7867-4992-8
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Trapped Fools: Thirty Years of Israeli Policy in the Territories
| last = Gazit | first = Shlomo | year = 2003
| author-link = Shlomo Gazit
| publisher = [[Frank Cass|Frank Cass Publisher]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RN1qLqgOftMC&pg=PA287
| isbn = 978-0-7146-5489-8
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Watching the Pro-Israeli Media Watchers
| last1 = Gerstenfeld | first1 = Manfred
| last2 = Green | first2 = Ben
| author1-link = Manfred Gerstenfeld
| journal = [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs|Jewish Political Studies Review]]
| date = Fall 2004 | volume = 16 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 33–58
| jstor = 25834603
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = From ''Kubaniya'' to Outpost: A Genealogy of the Palestinian conceptualization of Jewish Settlement in a Shifting National Context
| last = Ghanim | first = Honaida | year = 2017
| title = Normalizing Occupation: The Politics of Everyday Life in the West Bank Settlements
| editor1-last = Handel | editor1-first = Ariel
| editor2-last = Allegra | editor2-first = Marco
| editor3-last = Maggor | editor3-first = Erez
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه ایندیانا]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xDrqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154
| pages = 151–170
| isbn = 978-0-253-02505-0
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Skunk Water: A Weapon That Uses Stench to Control Crowds
| last = Gleim | first = Sarah
| publisher = [[وسایل چگونه کار می‌کنند]]
| url = https://science.howstuffworks.com/skunk-water-weapon-control-crowds.htm
| date = 12 November 2015
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Archaeology as Cultural Survival: The Future of the Palestinian Past
| last = Glock | first = Albert
| author-link = Albert Glock
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Spring 1994 | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 70–84
| doi = 10.2307/2537961 | jstor = 2537961
}}
* {{Cite news| title = 106 Retired Israeli Generals, Spy Chiefs Urge Netanyahu to Push for Peace
| last = Goldberg | first = J.J.
| author-link = J. J. Goldberg
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/ex-spies-urge-bibi-to-pursue-peace-1.5323633
| date = 3 November 2014
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Security Measures in the Occupied Territories: Administrative Detention
| last = Goldstein | first = Michael
| journal = [[ژورنال خاورمیانه]]
| date = Winter 1978 | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–44
| jstor = 4325711
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel's National Security and West Bank Settlements
| last1 = Gordis | first1 = Avishay Ben-Sasson
| last2 = Levi | first2 = Yonatan
| publisher = [[Molad: The Center for the Renewal of Israeli Democracy|Molad]]
| url = http://www.molad.org/images/upload/files/settleeng.pdf
| date = 12 December 2017
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel's Occupation
| last = Gordon | first = Neve | year = 2008
| author-link = Neve Gordon
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4RX7t4X8_RMC&pg=PA157
| isbn = 978-0-520-94236-3
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Israel's emergence as a homeland security capital
| last = Gordon | first = Neve | year = 2010
| author-link = Neve Gordon
| title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power
| editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia
| editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David
| editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zwTHBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT223
| pages = 153–169
| isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Human Rights as a Security Threat: Lawfare and the Campaign against Human RightsNGOs
| last = Gordon | first = Neve
| author-link = Neve Gordon
| journal = [[Law & Society Review]]
| date = June 2014 | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 311–344
| doi = 10.1111/lasr.12074 | jstor = 43670395
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977
| last = Gorenberg | first = Gershom | year = 2007
| author-link = Gershom Gorenberg
| publisher = [[مک‌میلن]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Np_j5sSpCrEC&pg=PT154
| isbn = 978-1-4668-0054-0
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Tax Resistance at Bayt Sahur
| last = Grace | first = Anne
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Winter 1990 | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–107
| doi = 10.2307/2537416 | jstor = 2537416
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Targeting Children: Rights versus ''Realpolitik''
| last = Graff | first = James A. | year = 2015
| author-link = James Allen Graff
| title = Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | edition = 2nd
| editor-last = Kapitan | editor-first = Tomis
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_dMihgtEnaAC&pg=PA157
| pages = 157–184
| isbn = 978-1-317-46285-9
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Laboratories of War: surveillance and US-Israeli collaboration in war and security
| last = Graham | first = Stephen | year = 2010
| title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power
| editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia
| editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David
| editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135
| pages = 133–152
| isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Politics and Violence in Israel/Palestine: Democracy Versus Military Rule
| last = Grinberg | first = Lev Luis | year = 2009
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OdmOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5
| isbn = 978-1-135-27589-1
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel to close West Bank, Gaza during upcoming holidays
| last = Gross | first = Judah Ari
| newspaper = [[تایمز آو ایزرائل]]
| url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-to-close-west-bank-gaza-during-upcoming-holidays/
| date = 6 September 2018
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza
| last = Hajjar | first = Lisa | year = 2005
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cbkwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195
| isbn = 978-0-520-24194-7
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = International Humanitarian Law and "Wars on Terror": A Comparative Analysis of Israeli and American Doctrines and Policies
| last = Hajjar | first = Lisas
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Autumn 2006 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–42
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.21 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2006.36.1.21 | s2cid = 155193067
}}
* {{Cite book| title = War Against the People: Israel, the Palestinians and Global Pacification
| last = Halper | first = Jeff | year = 2015
| author-link = Jeff Halper
| publisher = [[Pluto Press]]
| isbn = 978-0-7453-3430-1
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israelizing the American police, Palestinianizing the American people
| last = Halper | first = Jeff
| author-link = Jeff Halper
| website = [[ماندویس]]
| url = https://mondoweiss.net/2020/06/israelizing-the-american-police-palestinianizing-the-american-people/
| date = 19 June 2020
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Where to, and When in the Occupied Territories: An Introduction to the Geography of Disaster
| last = Handel | first = Ariel | year = 2008
| title = The Power of Inclusive Exclusion: Anatomy of the Israeli Rule in the Occupied Territories
| editor1-last = Ophir | editor1-first = Adi | editor1-link = Adi Ophir
| editor2-last = Givoni | editor2-first = Michal
| editor3-last = Hanafi | editor3-first = Sari
| publisher = Zone Books
| chapter-url = http://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Post_Docs_Publications/ariel_handel/Where,%20Where%20to,%20and%20When_ariel_handel.pdf
| pages = 179–222
| isbn = 978-1-890951-92-4
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Exclusionary surveillance and spatial uncertainty in the occupied Palestinian territories
| last = Handel | first = Ariel | year = 2010
| title = Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power
| editor1-last = Zureik | editor1-first = Elia
| editor2-last = Lyon | editor2-first = David
| editor3-last = Abu-Laban | editor3-first = Yasmeen
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUuCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA259
| pages = 259–274
| isbn = 978-1-136-93097-3
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Gated/gating community: the settlement complex in the West Bank
| last = Handel | first = Ariel
| journal = Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
| year = 2014 | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 504–517
| url = http://in.bgu.ac.il/humsos/politics/Documents/Post_Docs_Publications/ariel_handel/gated_gating_transactions_ariel_handel.pdf
| doi = 10.1111/tran.12045
}}
* {{Cite news| title = IDF's Guidelines for Field Officers in the Territories: Respect Palestinian Civilians and Use Common Sense
| last = Harel | first = Amos
| author-link = Amos Harel
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/1.5370148
| date = 3 September 2003
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Settlements Do Not Serve Israel's Security Needs, Say Former Generals
| last = Harel | first = Amos
| author-link = Amos Harel
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-ex-generals-settlements-do-not-serve-security-needs-1.5480013
| date = 5 June 2017
}}
* {{Cite report| title = Foul Play Neglect of Wastewater Treatment in the West Bank
| last = Hareuveni | first = Eyal
| others = Translated by Zvi Shulman
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/200906_foul_play_eng.pdf
| date = June 2009
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Dispossession and Exploitation: Israel's Policy in the Jordan Valley and Northern Dead Sea
| last = Hareuveni | first = Eyal
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/download/201105_dispossession_and_exploitation_eng.pdf
| date = May 2011
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land under Siege
| last = Hass | first = Amira | year = 2000
| publisher = Owl Books
| isbn = 978-0-8050-5740-9
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israel's Closure Policy: an Ineffective Strategy of Containment and Repression
| last = Hass | first = Amira
| author-link = Amira Hass
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Spring 2002 | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 5–20
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.3.5 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2002.31.3.5
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli Soldiers in West Bank: Raiding, Arresting, Mapping and Getting Home for Shabbat
| last = Hass | first = Amira
| author-link = Amira Hass
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/israeli-soldiers-in-west-bank-raiding-arresting-mapping-and-getting-1.5769517
| date = 29 January 2018a
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel Seeks to Deport to Brazil Man Who Has Lived Almost Entire Life in West Bank
| last = Hass | first = Amira
| author-link = Amira Hass
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium-israel-seeks-to-deport-to-brazil-man-who-has-lived-almost-entire-life-in-west-bank-1.6552203
| date = 13 October 2018b
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli West Bank Archaeological Digs Must Not Be Made Public, Top Court Rules
| last = Hasson | first = Nir
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium-west-bank-archaeological-digs-must-not-be-made-public-israel-s-top-court-rules-1.7255369
| date = 19 May 2019
}}
* {{Cite news| title = The Unexpected Reason Israel Is Improving Conditions for Jerusalem Palestinians
| last = Hasson | first = Nir
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-09-09/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-unexpected-reason-israel-is-improving-conditions-for-jerusalem-palestinians/0000017f-e103-d38f-a57f-e7533b0b0000
| date = 9 September 2021
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Starvation and Access to Humanitarian Relief Customary International Humanitarian Law: pt. 1–2. Practice
| last1 = Henckaerts | first1 = Jean-Marie
| last2 = Doswald-Beck | first2 = Louise
| last3 = Alvermann | first3 = Carolin
| year = 2005
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DJTxx-9ayFcC&pg=PA1152
| isbn = 978-0-521-83937-2
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Israeli Approach to Irregular Warfare and its Implications for the United
| last = Henriksen | first = Thomas H.
| publisher = [[Joint Special Operations University|ISOU]]
| url = http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495467.pdf | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170223113817/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a495467.pdf
| date = February 2007 | archive-date = 23 February 2017
| isbn = 978-1-933749-06-8
}}
* {{Cite book| title = City on a Hilltop: American Jews and the Israeli Settler Movement
| last = Hirschhorn | first = Sara Yael | year = 2017
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه هاروارد]]
| isbn = 978-0-674-97505-7
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Judicial Rejection as Substantial Relief: The Israeli Supreme Court and the "War on Terror"
| last1 = Hoffnung | first1 = Menachem
| last2 = Weinshall–Margel | first2 = Keren
| year = 2010
| title = Courts and Terrorism: Nine Nations Balance Rights and Security
| editor1-last = Volcansek | editor1-first = Mary L.
| editor2-last = Stack | editor2-first = John F.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K75lhhtMqpEC&pg=PA160
| pages = 150–167
| isbn = 978-1-139-49537-0
}}
* {{cite news| title = Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says
| last = Holmes | first = Oliver
| newspaper = [[گاردین]]
| url = http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch
| date = 27 April 2021
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Palestine
| last = Hovsepian | first = Mary | year = 2015
| title = The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity
| editor1-last = Sáenz | editor1-first = Rogelio
| editor2-last = Embrick | editor2-first = David G
| editor3-last = Rodríguez | editor3-first = Néstor P.
| publisher = [[اسپرینگر نیچر]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v_bLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA343
| pages = 339–352
| isbn = 978-9-048-18891-8
}}
* {{Cite web| title = How Dispossession Happens: The Humanitarian Impact of the Takeover of Palestinian Water Springs by Israeli Settlers
| publisher = [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory]]
| url = https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/ocha_opt_springs_report_march_2012_english.pdf
| date = March 2012
| ref = {{SfnRef|OCHA|2012}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = War Torn Environment: Interpreting The Legal Threshold
| last = Hulme | first = Karen | year = 2004
| publisher = [[انتشارات بریل]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKoXIleS8g4C&pg=PA117
| isbn = 978-9-004-13848-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Use With Care: A Reporter's Glossary of Loaded Language in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
| editor-last = Hunt | editor-first = Naomi
| year = 2013
| publisher = [[بنیاد بین‌المللی مطبوعات]]
| url = https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/assets/docs/197/150/4d96ac5-55a3396.pdf
| isbn = 978-3-9503007-9-6
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Violent Truce – A Military Observer Looks at the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1951–1955
| last = Hutchison | first = E. H. | year = 1956
| publisher = The Devin – Adair Company
| url = https://archive.org/details/violenttrucearab006617mbp | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| pages = 12–16
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Extreme Makeover? (II): The Withering of Arab Jerusalem
| last = ICG
| publisher = [[گروه بین‌المللی بحران]]
| issue = 135
| url = https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/135-extreme-makeover-ii-the-withering-of-arab-jerusalem.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512185254/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/135-extreme-makeover-ii-the-withering-of-arab-jerusalem.pdf
| date = 20 December 2012 | archive-date = 12 May 2019
}}
* {{cite news| title = ICJ sets dates for submission of statements on Israel's practices in the occupied Palestinian territories
| agency = [[خبرگزاری وفا]]
| publisher = WAFA
| url = https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/133284
| date = 9 February 2023
| ref = {{SfnRef|WAFA|2023}}
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Review: Law, Reality, and the Oslo 'Peace' Process
| last = Imseis | first = Ardi
| journal = [[Oxford Journal of Legal Studies]]
| date = Autumn 2000 | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 469–476
| doi = 10.1093/ojls/20.3.469 | jstor = 20468333
}}
* {{cite journal | title = Negotiating the Illegal: On the United Nations and the Illegal Occupation of Palestine, 1967–2020
| last = Imseis | first = Ardi
| journal = European Journal of International Law
| year = 2020 | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 1055–1085
| url = https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/31/3/1055/5903619
| doi = 10.1093/ejil/chaa055 | issn = 0938-5428
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War
| last = Inbar | first = Efraim | year = 2007
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4R9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92
| isbn = 978-1-134-05939-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Economic Cost of the Israeli Occupation of the occupied Palestinian Territories
| last1 = Isaac | first1 = Jad
| last2 = Khalil | first2 = Manal
| last3 = Rishmawi | first3 = Khaldoun
| last4 = Dabouqi | first4 = Ahmad
| last5 = Marinelli | first5 = Ludovico
| year = 2015
| publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]]
| url = https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2016/The_Economic_Cost_of_the_Israeli_occupation_Report_upd.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200810112316/https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2016/The_Economic_Cost_of_the_Israeli_occupation_Report_upd.pdf
| archive-date = 10 August 2020
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Palestine: Tourism Under Occupation
| last = Isaac | first = Rami | year = 2013
| title = Tourism and War
| editor1-last = Butler | editor1-first = Richard
| editor2-last = Suntikul | editor2-first = Wantanee
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gQL-i1txd-gC&pg=PA147
| pages = 143–158
| isbn = 978-1-136-26309-5
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories
| title = Amnesty International Report 2017/18: The State of the World's Human Rights
| publisher = [[عفو بین‌الملل]]
| year = 2018b
| chapter-url = https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1067002018ENGLISH.PDF#page=207
| pages = 207–211
| isbn = 978-0-86210-499-3
| ref = {{SfnRef|AI|2018b}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel: 50 Years of Occupation Abuses
| publisher = [[دیده‌بان حقوق بشر]]
| url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/04/israel-50-years-occupation-abuses
| date = 4 June 2017a
| ref = {{SfnRef|HRW|2017a}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel: Jerusalem Palestinians Stripped of Status
| publisher = [[دیده‌بان حقوق بشر]]
| url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/08/israel-jerusalem-palestinians-stripped-status
| date = 8 August 2017b
| ref = {{SfnRef|HRW|2017b}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli authorities must end collective punishment of Palestinians in Hebronm protect human rights defenders in the city
| publisher = [[عفو بین‌الملل]]
| pages = 1–6
| url = https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1535292016ENGLISH.pdf
| date = 25 February 2016
| ref = {{SfnRef|AI|2016}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli forces suppress Friday protests in Kafr Qaddum
| agency = [[Ma'an News Agency]]
| url = https://www.maannews.com/Content.aspx?id=779489
| date = 17 November 2017
| ref = {{SfnRef|Ma'an|2017}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli jailed over baby tragedy
| publisher = [[بی‌بی‌سی نیوز]] <!-- deny Citation bot -->
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7612887.stm
| date = 12 September 2008
| ref = {{SfnRef|BBC|2008}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli military night-raids on Palestinian residences in the West Bank and East Jerusalem
| magazine = Women's Centre for Legal Aid and Counsellng
| url = http://www.wclac.org/english/userfiles/NIGHT%20RAIDS.pdf
| date = 26 June 2015
| ref = {{SfnRef|WCLAC|2015}}
}}
* {{Cite web| title = The Israeli Permit Regime: Realities and Challenges
| publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]]
| year = 2018
| pages = 1–31
| url = https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2018/permits1.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210625143611/https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2018/permits1.pdf
| access-date = 2 February 2019 | archive-date = 25 June 2021
| ref = {{SfnRef|ARIJ|2018}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel's Settlements Have No Legal Validity, Constitute Flagrant Violation of International Law, Security Council Reaffirms
| publisher = [[شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد]]
| url = https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/sc12657.doc.htm
| date = 23 December 2016
| ref = {{SfnRef|UNSC|2016}}
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Effects of Israeli Violations During the Second Uprising "Intifada" on Palestinian Health Conditions
| last = Jamjoum | first = Lama
| journal = [[Social Justice (journal)|Social Justice]]
| year = 2002 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 53–72
| jstor = 29768136
}}
* {{Cite news| title = The Jordan Valley
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/jordan_valley
| date = 11 November 2017c
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem|2017c}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = The Palestinian farmers battling border restrictions and lack of water
| last = Joyce | first = Tom
| newspaper = [[گاردین]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/apr/12/fruit-veg-exports-palestine-farmer-conflict-broken-supply-chain-west-bank
| date = 12 April 2016
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Hebron shooting: A micromodel of Israel's maladies
| last = Kadmon | first = Sima
| website = [[وای‌نت]]news
| url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4888485,00.html
| date = 5 December 2016
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = A Survey of Commuting Labor from the West Bank to Israel
| last = Kadri | first = Ali
| journal = [[ژورنال خاورمیانه]]
| date = Autumn 1998 | volume = 52 | issue = 4 | pages = 517–530
| jstor = 4329251
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Impossibility of Palestine: History, Geography, and the Road Ahead
| last = Kamrava | first = Mehran | year = 2016
| author-link = Center for International and Regional Studies
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه ییل]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EiXUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78
| isbn = 978-0-300-22085-8
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Post Share Arrest: Israel targeting Palestinian Protestors on Facebook
| last = Kane | first = Alex
| publisher = [[اینترسپت]]
| url = https://theintercept.com/2016/07/07/israel-targeting-palestinian-protesters-on-facebook/
| date = 7 July 2016
}}
* {{Cite web| title = Through the Lens of Israel's Interests: The Civil Administration in the West Bank
| last = Kanonich | first = Yonatan
| editor1-last = Stahl | editor1-first = Ziv
| editor2-last = Amihai | editor2-first = Lior
| editor3-last = Wijler | editor3-first = Miryam
| department = Position paper
| publisher = [[Yesh Din]]
| url = https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Minhal+Ezrahi/YeshDin+-+Haminhal+-+English.pdf
| date = December 2017
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Our American Israel: The Story of an Entangled Alliance
| last = Kaplan | first = Amy | year = 2018
| author-link = Amy Kaplan
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه هاروارد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HqZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT184
| isbn = 978-0-674-98992-4
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Conflicts in a Conflict: A Conflict of Laws Case Study on Israel and the Palestinian Territories
| last = Karayanni | first = Michael | year = 2014
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9iAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR15
| isbn = 978-0-19-987371-5
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Dilemmas of Attachment: Identity and Belonging among Palestinian Christians
| last = Kårtveit | first = Bård | year = 2014
| publisher = [[انتشارات بریل]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SggSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93
| isbn = 978-9-004-27639-0
}}
* {{Cite web| title = How Apartheid Israel stifles Palestinian education and scientific research Mondoweiss
| last = Kattenburg | first = David
| website = [[ماندویس]]
| url = https://mondoweiss.net/2021/10/how-apartheid-israel-stifles-palestinian-education-and-scientific-research/
| date = 8 October 2021
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Returning Home? Law, Violence, and Displacement among West Bank Palestinians
| last = Kelly | first = Tobias
| journal = [[Political and Legal Anthropology Review]]
| date = November 2004 | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–112
| doi = 10.1525/pol.2004.27.2.95 | jstor = 24497425
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Law, Violence and Sovereignty Among West Bank Palestinians
| last = Kelly | first = Tobias | year = 2006
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lJcSnJzPZNQC&pg=PA27
| isbn = 978-1-139-46099-6
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Legal Fragmentation of Palestine-Israel and European Union Policies Promoting the Rule of Law
| last1 = Khalil | first1 = Asem
| last2 = Del Sarto | first2 = Raffaella A.
| year = 2015
| title = Fragmented Borders, Interdependence and External Relations: The Israel-Palestine-European Union Triangle
| editor-last = Del Sarto | editor-first = Raffaella A.
| publisher = [[مک‌میلن]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OGQMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129
| pages = 129–154
| isbn = 978-1-137-50413-5
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Refusenik!: Israel's Soldiers of Conscience
| last = Kidron | first = Peretz | year = 2013
| publisher = [[Zed Books]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_oRjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT18
| isbn = 978-1-84813-766-0
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Politicide: Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians
| last = Kimmerling | first = Baruch | year = 2003
| author-link = Baruch Kimmerling
| publisher = [[Verso Books]]
| url = https://archive.org/details/politicideariels00kimm_0 | url-access = registration | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/politicideariels00kimm_0/page/n25 16]
| isbn = 978-1-85984-517-2
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Palestinian Civil Resistance Against Israeli Military Occupation
| last = King | first = Mary Elizabeth | year = 2009
| title = Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East
| editor-last = Stephan | editor-first = Maria J. | editor-link = Maria Stephan
| publisher = [[مک‌میلن]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gaa_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149
| pages = 131–156
| isbn = 978-0-230-10175-3
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Israel and the Middle East: on the unresolved matter of Israel's foreign policy orientation
| last = Klieman | first = Aharon | year = 2013
| author-link = Aaron Klieman
| title = Israeli Identity: Between Orient and Occident
| editor-last = Tal | editor-first = David | editor-link = David Tal (historian)
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UcocAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47
| pages = 26–50
| isbn = 978-1-134-10738-4
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Coalition Defection: The Dissolution of Arab Anti-Israeli Coalitions in War and Peace
| last = Kober | first = Avi | year = 2002
| publisher = [[گروه انتشاراتی گرینوود]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IzNvajGjmkC&pg=PA181
| isbn = 978-0-275-97722-1
}}
* {{cite journal | title = The Impact of West Bank Settlements on Israeli National Security
| last1 = Kohavi | first1 = Itai
| last2 = Nowiak | first2 = Wojciech
| journal = Przegląd Strategiczny
| date = 15 December 2017 | issue = 10 | pages = 157–172
| url = https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/ps/article/download/10471/10010
| doi = 10.14746/ps.2017.1.8 | issn = 2084-6991
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite web| title = The desire of eastern Jerusalem Arabs to integrate in Israeli society outweighs the threats of the Palestinian Authority
| last = Koren | first = David
| publisher = [[JISS]]
| url = https://jiss.org.il/en/koren-desire-eastern-jerusalem-arabs-integrate-israeli-society-outweighs-threats-palestinian-authority/
| date = 13 September 2018 | access-date = 13 July 2022
}}
* {{Cite book| title = A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel
| last = Krämer | first = Gudrun | year = 2011
| author-link = Gudrun Krämer
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه پرینستون]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA274
| isbn = 978-0-691-15007-9
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli Troops' New Quota: Add 50 Palestinians to Tracking Database Every Shift
| last = Kubovich | first = Yaniv
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-soldiers-not-allowed-off-shifts-until-they-enter-50-palestinian-names-in-database-1.10694278
| date = 24 March 2022
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Historical Dictionary of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
| last = Kumaraswamy | first = P.R. | year = 2015
| publisher = [[رومن و لیتلفیلد]]
| series = Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hPN1CgAAQBAJ
| isbn = 978-1-4422-5170-0
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Digital militarism: Israel's occupation in the social media age
| last1 = Kuntsman | first1 = Adi
| last2 = Stein | first2 = Rebecca
| year = 2015
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه استنفورد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tXXeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67
| isbn = 978-0-8047-9497-8
}}
* {{Cite report| title = The system of taxation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as an instrument for the enforcement of Authority during the Uprising
| last = Lazar | first = Hadara
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/download/199002_taxation_system_eng.doc | format = DOC
| date = February 1990
| issn = 0792-4003
}}
* {{Cite news| title = U.N. expert: Israel moving closer to formal West Bank annexation
| last = Lazaroff | first = Tovah
| newspaper = [[جروزالم پست]]
| url = https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/UN-expert-Israel-moving-closer-to-formal-West-Bank-annexation-561314
| date = 2 July 2018
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Lapid: UN's CIO report is antisemitic and written by antisemites
| last = Lazaroff | first = Tovah
| newspaper = [[جروزالم پست]]
| url = https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-720242
| date = 21 October 2022
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
| publisher = [[دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری]]
| url = https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/131/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200913105418/https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/131/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf
| date = 9 July 2004 | archive-date = 13 September 2020
| ref = {{SfnRef|ICJ|2004}}
}}
* {{Cite report| title = Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank
| last1 = Lein | first1 = Yehezkel
| last2 = Weizman | first2 = Eyal
| author2-link = Eyal Weizman
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/download/200205_land_grab_eng.pdf
| date = May 2002
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Traces of Racial Exception: Racializing Israeli Settler Colonialism
| last = Lentin | first = Ronit | year = 2018
| author-link = Ronit Lentin
| publisher = [[انتشارات بلومزبری]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4gxmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55
| isbn = 978-1-350-03205-7
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Deportation of Palestinians from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 1967-1978
| last = Lesch | first = Ann M.
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Winter 1979 | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–131
| doi = 10.2307/2536512 | jstor = 2536512
}}
* {{Cite thesis| type = PhD thesis| title = Ethos of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as Reflected by the Judgments of the Israeli Supreme Court 1948 – 2006
| last = Levanon | first = Ofer Shinar
| publisher = [[دانشگاه عبری اورشلیم]]
| url = http://public-policy.huji.ac.il/.upload/PDFphotos/phdofershinar.pdf
| date = September 2015
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948
| last = LeVine | first = Mark | year = 2005
| author-link = Mark LeVine
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pG8LmsJAUPcC&pg=PA184
| isbn = 978-0-520-93850-2
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Torture, Israeli-style - as Described by the Interrogators Themselves
| last = Levinson | first = Chaim
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-style-torture-as-described-by-the-interrogators-themselves-1.5489853
| date = 24 January 2017
}}
* {{Cite news| title = 'This Place Is Only for Jews': The West Bank's Apartheid Springs
| last1 = Levy | first1 = Gideon
| last2 = Levac | first2 = Alex
| author1-link = Gideon Levy
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-this-place-is-only-for-jews-the-west-bank-s-apartheid-springs-1.7767344
| date = 30 August 2019
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Tax Law and Social Norms in Mandatory Palestine and Israel
| last = Likhovski | first = Assaf | year = 2017
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DNYoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75
| isbn = 978-1-316-82019-3
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Water Resources and Conflict: Examples from the Middle East
| last = Lonergan | first = Stephen C. | year = 1996
| title = Conflict and the Environment
| editor-last = Gleditsch | editor-first = Nils Petter
| publisher = [[International Development Research Centre]]/ [[ناتو]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y5BLCAdgadMC&pg=PA379
| pages = 375–384
| isbn = 978-0-7923-4768-2
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel, Jordan, and the Peace Process
| last = Lukacs | first = Yehuda | year = 1999
| publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv8R-o_b0acC&pg=PA9
| isbn = 978-0-8156-2855-2
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Unsettled States, Disputed Lands: Britain and Ireland, France and Algeria, Israel and the West Bank-Gaza
| last = Lustick | first = Ian | year = 2018
| author-link = Ian Lustick
| publisher = [[Cornell University Press]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HaNhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11
| isbn = 978-1-5017-3194-5
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Palestinians barred from Dead Sea beaches to 'appease Israeli settlers'
| last = Macintyre | first = Donald
| author-link = Donald Macintyre (journalist)
| newspaper = [[ایندیپندنت]]
| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/palestinians-barred-from-dead-sea-beaches-to-appease-israeli-settlers-846948.html
| date = 14 June 2008
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation
| last = Makdisi | first = Saree | year = 2010
| author-link = Saree Makdisi
| publisher = [[دابلیو. دابلیو. نورتون اند کامپنی]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=COnrh2QuUIkC&pg=PA63
| isbn = 978-0-393-06996-9
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Physical Planning of Jerusalem
| last = Malki | first = Riad | year = 2000
| author-link = Riyad al-Maliki
| title = Jerusalem: Points Beyond Friction, and Beyond
| editor1-last = Maʻoz | editor1-first = Moshe
| editor2-last = Nusseibeh | editor2-first = Sari | editor2-link = Sari Nusseibeh
| publisher = Kluwer Law International
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9evpVS_ackwC&pg=PA25
| pages = 25–63
| isbn = 978-90-411-8843-4 | oclc = 43481699
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Americans Disproportionately Leading the Charge in Settling the West Bank
| last = Maltz | first = Judy
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-americans-disproportionately-leading-charge-in-settling-west-bank-1.5486975
| date = 23 June 2017
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The West Bank Economy: 1948–1984
| last = Mansour | first = Antoine | year = 2015
| title = The Palestinian Economy: Studies in Development under Prolonged Occupation
| editor-last = Abed | editor-first = George T.
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uq1hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT94
| pages = 71–
| isbn = 978-1-317-59291-4
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Palestinian Leadership on the West Bank
| last = Maoz | first = Moshe | year = 2015
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AUGsCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30
| isbn = 978-1-317-45031-3
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israeli Settlements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
| last = Matar | first = Ibrahim
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Autumn 1981 | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–110
| doi = 10.2307/2536048 | jstor = 2536048
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel delays travel restrictions on West Bank in apparent gesture to Joe Biden
| last = McKernan | first = Bethan
| newspaper = [[گاردین]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/29/israel-delays-travel-restrictions-on-west-bank-in-apparent-gesture-to-joe-biden
| date = 29 June 2022
}}
* {{Cite magazine| title = The Israel Lobby
| last1 = Mearsheimer | first1 = John
| last2 = Walt | first2 = Stephen
| author1-link = John Mearsheimer
| author2-link = Stephen Walt
| magazine = [[نقد کتاب لندن]]
| date = March 2006 | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 3–12
| url = https://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/john-mearsheimer/the-israel-lobby
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Aid
| last1 = Mearsheimer | first1 = John
| last2 = Walt | first2 = Stephen
| author1-link = John Mearsheimer
| author2-link = Stephen Walt
| year = 2007
| publisher = [[پنگوئن بوکس]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2iUdyQs_NhYC&pg=PT165
| isbn = 978-0-14-192066-5
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Targeted Killing in International Law
| last = Melzer | first = Nils | year = 2008
| author-link = Nils Melzer
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TPcJOx_0bdoC&pg=PA405
| isbn = 978-0-19-953316-9
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Diary
| last = Mendel | first = Yonatan
| magazine = [[نقد کتاب لندن]]
| volume = 30 | issue = 5 | pages = 30–31
| url = https://www.lrb.co.uk/v30/n05/yonatan-mendel/diary
| date = 6 March 2008
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Blood, Sweat and Tears in a Bottle of Palestinian Extra-Virgin Olive Oil
| last = Meneley | first = Anne
| journal = [[Food, Culture & Society]] | via = [[ریسرچ‌گیت]]
| date = June 2011 | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 275–292
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272273500
| doi = 10.2752/175174411X12893984828872 | s2cid = 155491784
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Crowd Control: Israel's Use of Crowd Control Weapons in the West Bank
| last = Michaeli | first = Sarit
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/download/201212_crowd_control_eng.pdf
| date = January 2013
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The military‐industrial complex: The Israeli case
| last = Mintz | first = Alex
| author-link = Alex Mintz
| journal = [[مجله مطالعات استراتژیک]]
| year = 1983 | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–639
| doi = 10.1080/01402398308437160 | jstor = 174246
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956
| last = Morris | first = Benny | year = 1993
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-829262-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The World According To Israeli Newspapers: Representations of International Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
| last = Müller | first = Margret | year = 2017
| publisher = Frank & Timme
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4Yz-DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18
| isbn = 978-3-7329-0286-6
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Waqf Land in the West Bank and Investment Current State of Affairs
| last1 = Musaee | first1 = Anwar H. M
| last2 = Abbas | first2 = Eeman Muhammad
| last3 = Mujan | first3 = Wan Kamal
| last4 = Sidik | first4 = Roziah
| journal = Asian Social Science | via = [[ریسرچ‌گیت]]
| year = 2014 | volume = 10 | issue = 14 | pages = 23–39
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276044300
| doi = 10.5539/ass.v10n14p23
| doi-access = free
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Pillage of the Dead Sea: Israel's Unlawful Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
| last1 = Nicoletti | first1 = Claudia
| last2 = Hearne | first2 = Anne-Maria
| year = 2012
| publisher = [[Al-Haq]]
| url = http://www.alhaq.org/publications/publications-index?task=callelement&format=raw&item_id=104&element=304e4493-dc32-44fa-8c5b-57c4d7b529c1&method=download
| isbn = 978-9-950-32734-4
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy
| last1 = Niksic | first1 = Orhan
| last2 = Eddin | first2 = Nur Nasser
| last3 = Cali | first3 = Massimiliano
| year = 2014
| publisher = [[بانک جهانی]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CLMiBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18
| isbn = 978-1-4648-0196-9
}}
* {{Cite web| title = No shelter for the 25 residents, including 15 children, of Khirbet 'Ein Karzaliyah
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = http://www.btselem.org/video/20140119_ein_al_karzaliyah
| date = 12 February 2014 | access-date = 29 January 2019
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem|2014}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life
| last = Nusseibeh | first = Sari | year = 2015
| author-link = Sari Nusseibeh
| publisher = [[فرار، اشتراوس و ژیرو]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=d5tVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180
| isbn = 978-1-250-09875-7
}}
* {{Cite web| title = The Occupation of Water
| publisher = [[عفو بین‌الملل]]
| url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/11/the-occupation-of-water/
| date = November 2017
| ref = {{SfnRef|AI|2017}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Occupation, Inc. How Settlement Businesses Contribute to Israel's Violations of Palestinian Rights
| publisher = [[دیده‌بان حقوق بشر]]
| url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/19/occupation-inc-how-settlement-businesses-contribute-israels-violations-palestinian
| date = 19 January 2016
| ref = {{SfnRef|HRW|2016}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Two-State Delusion: Israel and Palestine—A Tale of Two Narratives
| last = O'Malley | first = Padraig | year = 2015
| author-link = Padraig O'Malley
| publisher = [[پنگوئن بوکس]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3_kVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40
| isbn = 978-0-698-19218-8
}}
* {{cite news| title = Operation Patient: The Hidden Story of the Initiative to Deport Palestinian Prisoners to Jordan
| publisher = Akevot Institute for Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Research
| url = https://www.akevot.org.il/en/article/operation-patient/?full
| date = 27 July 2021 | access-date = 25 March 2023
| ref = {{SfnRef|Akevot|2021}}
}}
* {{Cite report| title = Opportunities and Challenges of Palestinian Development actions in Area C
| publisher = [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem|ARIJ]]
| year = 2016
| url = https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2017/areac_report_2017.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200901114922/https://www.arij.org/files/arijadmin/2017/areac_report_2017.pdf
| archive-date = 1 September 2020
| ref = {{SfnRef|ARIJ|2016}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Overview of Israel's Demolition Policy
| publisher = [[Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions]]
| url = https://icahd.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/1/2017/12/Updated-comprehensive-information-on-demolitions-3-Dec-2017.pdf | url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200822043705/https://icahd.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/1/2017/12/Updated-comprehensive-information-on-demolitions-3-Dec-2017.pdf
| date = December 2017 | archive-date = 22 August 2020
| ref = {{SfnRef|ICAHD|2017}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Palestinian minors killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank, since Operation Cast Lead
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/after-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/westbank/palestinian-minors-killed-by-israeli-security-forces
| date = 2018b
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem|2018b}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Biggest Prison on Earth: A History of the Occupied Territories
| last = Pappe | first = Ilan | year = 2017
| author-link = Ilan Pappe
| publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0pkjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13
| isbn = 978-1-78074-433-9
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The June 1967 War: Some Mysteries Explored
| last = Parker | first = Richard B.
| journal = [[ژورنال خاورمیانه]]
| date = Spring 1992 | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–197
| jstor = 4328429
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Jewish Terrorism in Israel
| last1 = Pedahzur | first1 = Ami
| last2 = Perliger | first2 = Arie
| year = 2009
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کلمبیا]]
| url = https://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda | url-access = registration | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda/page/73 73]
| isbn = 978-0-231-15446-8
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = From Zionism to Capitalism: The Political Economy of the Neoliberal Warfare State
| last = Peled | first = Yoav | year = 2006
| title = The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993-2005
| editor1-last = Beinin | editor1-first = Joel | editor1-link = Joel Beinin
| editor2-last = Stein | editor2-first = Rebecca L.
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه استنفورد]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EVN_FhziN_EC&pg=PA48
| pages = 38–53
| isbn = 978-0-8047-5365-4
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Human Rights in the West Bank and Gaza: Legacy and Politics
| last = Peleg | first = Ilan | year = 1995
| publisher = [[Syracuse University Press]]
| url = https://archive.org/details/humanrightsinwes00ilan | url-access = registration | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/humanrightsinwes00ilan/page/162 162]
| isbn = 978-0-8156-2682-4
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Mysteries of Administrative Detention
| last = Pelleg-Sryck | first = Tamar | year = 2011
| author-link = Tamar Pelleg-Sryck
| title = Threat: Palestinian Political Prisoners in Israel
| editor1-last = Baker | editor1-first = Abeer
| editor2-last = Matar | editor2-first = Anat
| publisher = [[Pluto Press]]
| pages = 123–135
| isbn = 978-0-7453-3021-1
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative Perspective
| last = Penslar | first = Derek | year = 2007
| author-link = Derek Penslar
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h5t9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34
| isbn = 978-1-134-14669-7
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy
| last = Peri | first = Yoram | year = 2006
| publisher = [[مؤسسه صلح ایالات متحده]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2pcjEhRZRLsC&pg=PA29
| isbn = 978-1-929223-81-7
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian "Intifada": A Cultural Politics of Violence
| last = Peteet | first = Julie
| journal = [[American Ethnologist]]
| date = February 1994 | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–49
| doi = 10.1525/ae.1994.21.1.02a00020 | jstor = 646520
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Writing on the Walls: The Graffiti of the Intifada
| last = Peteet | first = Julie
| journal = [[Cultural Anthropology (journal)|Cultural Anthropology]]
| date = May 1996 | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–159
| doi = 10.1525/can.1996.11.2.02a00010 | jstor = 656446 | s2cid = 143605458
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Work of Comparison: Israel/Palestine and Apartheid
| last = Peteet | first = Julie
| journal = [[Anthropological Quarterly]]
| date = Winter 2016 | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 247–281
| doi = 10.1353/anq.2016.0015 | jstor = 43955521 | s2cid = 147128703
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Israel
| last = Peters | first = Joel | year = 2012
| title = The European Union and the Arab Spring: Promoting Democracy and Human Rights in the Middle East
| editor-last = Peters | editor-first = Joel
| publisher = [[رومن و لیتلفیلد]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IgxQPm0kpMC&pg=PA80
| pages = 77–92
| isbn = 978-0-7391-7444-9
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = State Terrorism on a Global Scale: The Role of Israel
| last = Pieterse | first = Jan
| author-link = Jan Nederveen Pieterse
| journal = Crime and Social Justice
| year = 1984 | volume = 21–22 | issue = 4 | pages = 58–80
| jstor = 297662307
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Targeting Terrorists: A License to Kill?
| last = Plaw | first = Avery | year = 2016
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pIDeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT112
| isbn = 978-1-317-04671-4
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Israel's Security Needs in the West Bank, Real and Contrived
| last = Playfair | first = Emma
| journal = [[Arab Studies Quarterly]]
| date = Fall 1988 | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 406–423
| jstor = 41857980
}}
* {{Cite news| title = PM: IDF to keep operating in West Bank areas under full PA control
| newspaper = [[تایمز آو ایزرائل]]
| url = https://www.timesofisrael.com/pm-idf-to-keep-operating-in-west-bank-areas-under-full-pa-control/
| date = 21 April 2016
| ref = {{SfnRef|ToI|2016}}
}}
* {{cite web| title = New Poll Reveals Moderate Trend Among East Jerusalem Palestinians
| last = Pollock | first = David
| website = The Washington Institute for Nar East Policy
| publisher = [[انستیتو واشینگتن برای سیاست خاور نزدیک]]
| url = https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-poll-reveals-moderate-trend-among-east-jerusalem-palestinians
| date = 8 July 2022
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Unspeak: How Words Become Weapons, How Weapons Become a Message, and How That Message Becomes Reality
| last = Poole | first = Steven | year = 2007
| author-link = Steven Poole
| publisher = [[Grove Atlantic]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JAr6wWqTINcC&pg=PT65
| isbn = 978-1-55584-872-9
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War
| last = Popp | first = Roland
| journal = [[ژورنال خاورمیانه]]
| date = Spring 2006 | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 281–309
| doi = 10.3751/194034606783996500 | jstor = 4330250
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Experiences of Torture, Means of Coping, and Level of Symptoms among PalestinianPolitical Prisoners
| last = Punamäki | first = Raija-Leena
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Summer 1988 | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 81–96
| doi = 10.2307/2537292 | jstor = 2537292
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective
| last = Quigley | first = John B. | year = 2005
| author-link = John B. Quigley
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه دوک]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C&pg=PA186
| isbn = 978-0-8223-3539-9
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Palestine: The Issue of Statehood
| last = Quigley | first = John B. | year = 2009
| author-link = John B. Quigley
| title = Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics
| editor-last = Silverburg | editor-first = Sanford R.
| publisher = McFarland & Company | location = Jefferson, NC and London
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9WlpL98TaAIC&pg=PA47
| pages = 37–43
| isbn = 978-0-7864-4248-5
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Economic Costs of the Israeli Occupation for the Palestinian People and Their Human Right to Development
| last = Quigley | first = John B. | year = 2018
| author-link = John B. Quigley
| publisher = [[آنکتاد]]
| url = https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/gdsapp2017d2_en.pdf
}}
* {{Cite news| title = A Decade of Civil Disobedience in My West Bank Village
| last = Rahmeh | first = Abdullah Abu
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-a-decade-of-civil-disobedience-1.5311935
| date = 26 February 2015
}}
* {{cite web| title = Ralph Wilde
| website = UCL Faculty of Laws
| publisher = [[کالج دانشگاهی لندن]]
| url = https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/people/ralph-wilde | url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220316033111/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/people/ralph-wilde
| date = 11 September 2017 | access-date = 21 March 2022 | archive-date = 16 March 2022
| ref = {{SfnRef|UCL|2017}}
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Diplomacy's Value: Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East
| last = Rathbun | first = Brian C. | year = 2014
| publisher = [[Cornell University Press]]
| url = https://archive.org/details/diplomacysvaluec00rath | url-access = registration | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/diplomacysvaluec00rath/page/205 205]
| isbn = 978-0-8014-5505-6
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israel Claimed Its 1967 Land Conquests Weren't Planned. Declassified Documents Reveal Otherwise
| last = Raz | first = Adam
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-israel-said-67-land-conquests-weren-t-planned-declassified-documents-say-otherwise-1.9873297
| date = 3 June 2021a
}}
* {{Cite news| title = When the Shin Bet Chief Warned That Educated Arabs Are a 'Problem' for Israel
| last = Raz | first = Adam
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-when-the-shin-bet-chief-warned-that-educated-arabs-are-a-problem-for-israel-1.10214323
| date = 16 September 2021b
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Redemptive Theology in the Thought of Yeshayahu Leibowitz
| last = Rechnitzer | first = Haim O.
| journal = [[Israel Studies]]
| date = Fall 2008 | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 137–159
| doi = 10.2979/ISR.2008.13.3.137 | jstor = 30245835 | s2cid = 145216120
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948 | edition = 2nd
| last = Reinhart | first = Tanya | year = 2011
| author-link = Tanya Reinhart
| publisher = [[Seven Stories Press]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ma232BRHHUQC&pg=PT48
| isbn = 978-1-60980-122-9
}}
* {{cite report| title = Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel
| publisher = [[کمیساریای عالی حقوق بشر سازمان ملل متحد]]
| url = https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/coiopt/2022-10-19/Report-COI-OPT-14Sept2022-EN.pdf
| date = 14 September 2022
| ref = {{SfnRef|OHCHR report|2022}}
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Restrictions on Movement
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/freedom_of_movement
| date = 11 November 2017b
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem|2017b}}
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The Last Colonialist: Israel in the Occupied Territories since 1967
| last = Reuveny | first = Rafael
| journal = [[The Independent Review]]
| date = Winter 2008 | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 325–374
| url = http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_12_03_01_reuveny.pdf
}}
* {{Cite news| title = More than 60 organizations plead with colleges to protect Jewish students' civil rights
| last = Richman | first = Jackson
| newspaper = [[واشینگتن اگزمینر]]
| url = https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/red-alert-politics/more-than-60-organizations-plead-with-colleges-to-protect-jewish-students-civil-rights
| date = 24 May 2018
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Israeli Economy from the Foundation of the State through the 21st Century
| last = Rivlin | first = Paul | year = 2010
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-viPxTC9_IIC&pg=PA159
| isbn = 978-1-139-49396-3
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Birth, Transformation, and Death of Refugee Identity: Women and Girls of the ''Intifida''
| last = Roberson | first = Mary | year = 2013
| title = Refugee Women and Their Mental Health: Shattered Societies, Shattered Lives
| editor1-last = Cole | editor1-first = Ellen
| editor2-last = Rothblum | editor2-first = Esther
| editor3-last = Espin | editor3-first = Oliva
| publisher = [[گروه تیلور و فرانسیس]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fXWPa4bZVoQC&pg=PA42
| isbn = 978-1-135-83760-0
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967
| last = Roberts | first = Adam
| journal = [[The American Journal of International Law]]
| date = January 1990 | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 44–103
| doi = 10.2307/2203016 | jstor = 2203016 | s2cid = 145514740
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Israel, a Colonial-settler State?
| last = Rodinson | first = Maxime | year = 2002
| author-link = Maxime Rodinson
| orig-year = First published 1973
| publisher = Monad Press
| url = https://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/maxime-rodinson-israel-a-colonial-settler-state.pdf
| isbn = 978-0-87348-866-2
}}{{پیوند مرده|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Cite book| title = Torture and Ill-treatment: Israel's Interrogation of Palestinians from the Occupied Territories
| last = Ron | first = James | year = 1994
| publisher = [[دیده‌بان حقوق بشر]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A2MhsQU4hPgC&pg=PA86
| isbn = 978-1-56432-136-7
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Myths, Illusions, and Peace: Finding a New Direction for America in the Middle East
| last1 = Ross | first1 = Dennis
| last2 = Makovsky | first2 = David
| year = 2009
| publisher = Penguin
| quote = Israel could not be expected to withdraw its forces until someone could demonstrate they were willing and able to ensure that the West Bank would not be a launching pad for attacks against Israel.
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vVpz7b9DiNgC&pg=PT144
| isbn = 978-1-101-08187-7
}}
* {{Cite news| title = A Routine Founded on Violence
| publisher = [[بتسلیم]]
| url = https://www.btselem.org/routine_founded_on_violence
| date = 11 November 2017a
| ref = {{SfnRef|B'Tselem|2017a}}
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Reflections on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in U.S. Public Discourse: Legitimizing Dissent
| last = Roy | first = Sara
| author-link = Sara Roy
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Winter 2010 | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 23–38
| doi = 10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.2.23 | jstor = 10.1525/jps.2010.xxxix.2.23
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace
| last = Rubenberg | first = Cheryl | year = 2003
| author-link = Cheryl Rubenberg
| publisher = [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]
| url = https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube | url-access = registration | via = [[بایگانی اینترنت]]
| page = [https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/124 124]
| isbn = 978-1-58826-225-7
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Reflections on Twenty Years of Palestinian History
| last = Said | first = Edward W.
| author-link = Edward W. Said
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Summer 1991 | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 5–22
| doi = 10.2307/2537432 | jstor = 2537432
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Have Palestinian Children Forfeited Their Rights?
| last = Sait | first = M. Siraj
| journal = Journal of Comparative Family Studies
| date = Spring 2004 | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–228
| doi = 10.3138/jcfs.35.2.211 | jstor = 41603933
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Trans-Colonial Urban Space in Palestine: Politics and Development
| last = Samman | first = Maha | year = 2013
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6NXKNRP7mVAC&pg=PA73
| isbn = 978-1-136-66885-2
}}
* {{cite journal | title = The Fictions of the Illegal Occupation in the West Bank and Gaza
| last = Sayed | first = Hani
| journal = Oregon Review of International Law
| year = 2014 | volume = 16 | page = 79
| url = https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/porril16&div=6&id=&page=
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Place as a Source of Identity in Colonizing Societies: Israeli Settlements in Gaza
| last1 = Schnell | first1 = Izhak
| last2 = Mishal | first2 = Shaul
| journal = [[Geographical Review]]
| date = April 2008 | volume = 98 | issue = 2 | pages = 242–259
| doi = 10.1111/j.1931-0846.2008.tb00298.x | jstor = 30034230 | s2cid = 154996074
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Water, Power and Politics in the Middle East: The Other Israel-Palestine Conflict
| last = Selby | first = Jan | year = 2003b
| publisher = [[آی بی توریس]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rhogGoiebmAC&pg=PA90
| isbn = 978-1-86064-934-9
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Separate and Unequal: Israel's Discriminatory Treatment of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
| publisher = [[دیده‌بان حقوق بشر]]
| url = https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/iopt1210webwcover_0.pdf
| date = December 2010
| ref = {{SfnRef|HRW|2010}}
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Changing Nationalism and Israel's "Open Frontier" on the West Bank
| last = Shafir | first = Gershon
| journal = [[Theory & Society]]
| date = November 1984 | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 803–827
| doi = 10.1007/BF00209214 | jstor = 657140 | s2cid = 144216444
}}
* {{Cite book| title = A Half Century of Occupation: Israel, Palestine, and the World's Most Intractable Conflict
| last = Shafir | first = Gershon | year = 2017
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8uM6DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53
| isbn = 978-0-520-29350-2
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society
| last = Shahak | first = Israel
| author-link = Israel Shahak
| journal = [[ژورنال مطالعات فلسطین]]
| date = Autumn 1974 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–186
| doi = 10.2307/2535945 | jstor = 2535945
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society
| last = Shaked | first = Ronni | year = 2016
| title = A Social Psychology Perspective on The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Bar-Tal
| editor1-last = Sharvit | editor1-first = Keren
| editor2-last = Halperin | editor2-first = Eran
| publisher = [[انتشارات اسپرینگر]]
| volume = 2 | pages = 133–149
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ysdyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132
| isbn = 978-3-319-24841-7
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = E-Resistance and Technological In/Security in Everyday Life: The Palestinian Case
| last = Shalhoub-kevorkian | first = Nadera
| journal = [[The British Journal of Criminology]]
| date = January 2012 | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–72
| doi = 10.1093/bjc/azr059 | jstor = 44173471
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Living with Colonialism: Nationalism and Culture in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
| last = Sharkey | first = Heather J. | year = 2003
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kaYwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34
| isbn = 978-0-520-23559-5
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Cost of occupation – over $50 billion
| last = Shauli | first = Avi
| website = [[وای‌نت]]news
| url = https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3410537,00.html
| date = 9 June 2007
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Occupier's law: Israel and the West Bank
| last = Shehadeh | first = Raja | year = 1985a
| author-link = Raja Shehadeh
| publisher = [[مؤسسه مطالعات فلسطین]]
| isbn = 978-0-88728-149-5
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Some Legal Aspects of Israeli Land Policy in the Occupied Territories
| last = Shehadeh | first = Raja
| author-link = Raja Shehadeh
| journal = [[Arab Studies Quarterly]]
| date = Spring–Summer 1985b | volume = 7 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 42–61
| jstor = 41857768
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Occupying Palestine is rotting Israel from inside. No Gulf peace deal can hide that
| last = Shehadeh | first = Raja
| author-link = Raja Shehadeh
| newspaper = [[گاردین]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/17/occupying-palestine-israel-gulf-peace-deal-uae-bahrain
| date = 17 September 2020
}}
* {{Cite book| title = The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within Reach
| last = Sher | first = Gilead | year = 2006
| author-link = Gilead Sher
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EdgAWFiDryMC&pg=PA162
| isbn = 978-0-7146-8542-7
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli former security chief: failure to end conflict is bigger threat than Iran
| last = Sherwood | first = Harriet
| newspaper = [[گاردین]]
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/05/israeli-security-chief-conflict-threat-iran
| date = 5 December 2013
}}
* {{Cite news| title = When an Archaeological 'Find' Can Evict Palestinians From Their Home
| last = Shezaf | first = Hagar
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-when-an-archaeological-find-can-evict-palestinians-from-their-home-1.8935454
| date = 23 June 2020
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Palestinians Claiming Land at Illegal Outpost Take Israel's Deal With Settlers to Court
| last = Shezaf | first = Hagar
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-palestinians-claiming-land-at-evyatar-take-israel-s-deal-with-settlers-to-court-1.9983217
| date = 8 July 2021
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Israeli Soldiers Placed Explosives in West Bank Village for 'Deterrence'
| last1 = Shezaf | first1 = Hagar
| last2 = Kubovich | first2 = Yaniv
| newspaper = [[هاآرتس]]
| url = https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israeli-soldiers-placed-explosive-devices-in-west-bank-village-for-deterrence-1.9101393
| date = 26 August 2020
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Teacher Education Reform in Palestine: Policy Challenges amid Donor Expectations
| last = Shinn | first = Chris
| journal = [[Comparative Education Review]]
| date = November 2012 | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 608–633
| doi = 10.1086/667434 | jstor = 10.1086/667434 | s2cid = 144932152
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Poor Little Samson
| last = Shlaim | first = Avi | year = 2012
| author-link = Avi Shlaim
| title = The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences
| editor1-last = Shlaim | editor1-first = Avi | editor1-link = Avi Shlaim
| editor2-last = Louis | editor2-first = Wm Roger | editor2-link = Wm. Roger Louis
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8YhNPNeBh8IC&pg=PA45
| pages = 22–54
| isbn = 978-1-107-00236-4
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics: The Case of Lebanon
| last = Shlaim | first = Avi | year = 2015
| author-link = Avi Shlaim
| title = The Politics of Arab Integration
| editor1-last = Luciani | editor1-first = Giacomo
| editor2-last = Salamé | editor2-first = Ghassan
| publisher = [[روتلج]]
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ae0sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245
| pages = 232–254
| isbn = 978-1-317-41119-2
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Dark Hope: Working for Peace in Israel and Palestine
| last = Shulman | first = David D. | year = 2007
| author-link = David Dean Shulman
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه شیکاگو]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lL_cGkzZ1mUC&pg=PA77
| isbn = 978-1-4596-2712-3
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Freedom and Despair: Notes from the South Hebron Hills
| last = Shulman | first = David D. | year = 2018
| author-link = David Dean Shulman
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه شیکاگو]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3XhvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29
| isbn = 978-0-226-56665-8
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Detainees Denied Justice
| last = Simpson | first = Gerald | year = 2001
| publisher = [[ولترز کلوور]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9wYQB-GON-cC&pg=PA107
| isbn = 978-9-041-11552-2
}}
* {{Cite book| chapter = The Significance of Israeli Historical Revisionism
| last = Slater | first = Jerome | year = 1994
| title = Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship
| editor1-last = Stone | editor1-first = Russell
| editor2-last = Zenner | editor2-first = Walter P.
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه ایالتی نیویورک]]
| volume = 3 | pages = 179–199
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5rH4FFmpNfsC&pg=PA182
| isbn = 978-1-4384-2140-7
}}
* {{Cite book| title = Mythologies without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020
| last = Slater | first = Jerome | year = 2020
| publisher = [[انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2
| isbn = 978-0-19-045909-3
}}
* {{Cite journal | title = "To Put One's Fingers in the Bleeding Wound": Palestinian Theatre under Israeli Censorship
| last = Slyomovics | first = Susan
| journal = [[TDR (journal)|The Drama Review]]
| date = Summer 1991 | volume = 35 | issue = 2 | pages = 18–38
| doi = 10.2307/1146087 | jstor = 1146087
}}
* {{Cite news| title = Statistics on demolition of houses built without permits in the West Bank (Not including East Jerusalem)
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{{پایان منابع}}

{{Israeli-occupied territories}}

[[رده:CS1: مقدار volume طولانی]]
[[رده:CS1: مقدار volume طولانی]]
[[رده:اشغال نظامی]]
[[رده:اشغال نظامی]]

نسخهٔ ‏۳۱ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳، ساعت ۲۲:۵۹

نقشه شهرک‌ها و انسدادهای کرانه باختری در ژانویه ۲۰۰۶:

کرانه باختری از ۷ ژوئن ۱۹۶۷، زمانی که نیروهای اسرائیلی در طول جنگ شش روزه این سرزمین (از جمله بیت‌المقدس شرقی) را که در آن زمان تحت حکومت اردن بود تصرف کردند، تحت اشغال نظامی اسرائیل بوده‌است. [الف] وضعیت کرانه باختری به عنوان یک سرزمین اشغال شده نظامی توسط دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری و به استثنای بیت‌المقدس شرقی توسط دادگاه عالی اسرائیل تأیید شده‌است. [۱] دیدگاه رسمی دولت اسراییل این است که قوانین اشغال نظامی شامل این سرزمین‌ها نمی‌شود و در عوض آن‌ها را «تحت مناقشه» می‌داند و کرانه باختری، به استثنای بیت‌المقدس شرقی را، تحت اداره مدنی اسرائیل، شاخه ای از وزارت دفاع اسرائیل اداره می‌کند. [۲] [۳] [ب] مدت اشغال گری اسرائیل پس از دو دهه استثنایی تلقی می‌شد و اکنون طولانی‌ترین در تاریخ مدرن است. [۶] [پ] [۷] [۸] این اشغال گری نمونه کلاسیک یک درگیری "حل ناپذیر" در نظر گرفته می‌شود. [۹] [ت] اسرائیل دلایل متعددی برای حفظ کرانه باختری در درون حدود خود ذکر کرده‌است: ادعایی مبتنی بر تصور حقوق تاریخی نسبت به آن به عنوان یک وطن همان‌طور که در اعلامیه بالفور در ۱۹۱۷ ادعا شده‌است؛ زمینه‌های امنیتی داخلی و خارجی؛ و ارزش نمادین عمیق برای یهودیان منطقه اشغال شده. [۱۰]

اسرائیل به‌طور بحث‌انگیزی، و برخلاف قوانین بین‌المللی، شهرک‌های یهودی‌نشین متعددی را در سراسر کرانه باختری ایجاد کرده‌است. [۱۱] شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد به طور مداوم تأکید کرده‌است که شهرک سازی در آن سرزمین "نقض فاحش قوانین بین المللی" است، که آخرین بار آن در سال ۲۰۱۶ با قطعنامه ۲۳۳۴ شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد بوده‌است. [۱۲] ایجاد و گسترش مستمر شهرک‌ها منجر به انتقاد از سیاست‌های اسرائیل به عنوان نمونه ای از استعمار شهرک نشینان شده‌است. [۱۳] [۱۴] [۱۵] [۱۶] [۱۷] [ث]

اسرائیل متهم به نقض عمده قوانین بین‌المللی حقوق بشری از جمله مجازات دسته جمعی با اداره کردن اراضی اشغالی فلسطین است. [ج] شهرک نشینان و غیرنظامیان اسرائیلی که در کرانه باختری زندگی می‌کنند یا از درون آن عبور می‌کنند، تابع قوانین اسرائیل هستند و در کنست نماینده دارند. در مقابل، غیرنظامیان فلسطینی، که عمدتاً در مناطق محصور جزیره مانند پراکنده هستند، مشمول حکومت نظامی هستند و اجازه رای دادن در انتخابات ملی اسرائیل را ندارند. [چ] این سیستم دو طبقه ای باعث شده‌است که اسرائیل به ارتکاب آپارتاید متهم شود، اتهامی که اسرائیل کاملاً آن را رد می‌کند. [۲۳] [ح] [۲۴] [۲۵] [۲۶] برتری نظامی گسترده اسرائیل، با ارتش و نیروی هوایی مدرن، در مقایسه با استفاده فلسطینی‌ها از تاکتیک‌های چریکی و تروریستی، منجر به اتهام جنایات جنگی از سوی هر دو طرف شده‌است. اسراییل به بی تناسبی رویکردش و فلسطینی‌ها به حملات بی‌رویه متهم می‌شوند.

این اشغال همچنین دارای منتقدان متعددی در داخل خود اسرائیل است، به طوری که برخی از سربازان اسرائیلی به دلیل مخالفت خود با اشغال، از خدمت سربازی خودداری می‌کنند. [۲۷] وضعیت حقوقی خود اشغال، و نه فقط اقدامات انجام شده به عنوان بخشی از آن، به طور فزاینده ای توسط جامعه بین‌المللی و توسط محققان در زمینه حقوق بین‌الملل مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌است، و اکثر آنها دریافتند که این اشغالگری صرف نظر از قانونی بودنش در زمان آغاز آن، به مرور زمان غیرقانونی شد.

اثرات اقتصادی اولیه اشغالگری

اشغالگری اولیه محدودیت‌های شدیدی را برای سرمایه‌گذاری عمومی و برنامه‌های توسعه همه‌جانبه در مناطق وارد آورد. بانک‌های تجاری بریتانیایی و عربی که در کرانه باختری فعالیت می‌کردند بلافاصله پس از به دست گرفتن قدرت توسط اسرائیل در کرانه باختری تعطیل شدند. سپس بانک لومی ۹ شعبه باز کرد، بدون اینکه سیستم قبلی با موفقیت جایگزین شود. کشاورزان می‌توانستند وام بگیرند، اما تجار فلسطینی از گرفتن وام از آنها اجتناب کردند، زیرا آنها در مقایسه با ۵ درصد سود در اردن، ۹ درصد دریافت کردند. [۲۸] [۲۹] مصادره زمین منجر به این شد که نیروی کار روستایی در اسرائیل دنبال کار بگردد، و باعث کمبود نیروی کار در کرانه باختری شد و وجوه ارسالی آنها عامل اصلی رشد اقتصادی فلسطین در طول سال‌های رونق ۱۹۶۹–۱۹۷۳ بود. [۳۰]

سیستم صدور مجوز اسرائیل تصریح کرد که هیچ کارخانه صنعتی نمی‌تواند بدون دریافت مجوز قبلی اسرائیل ساخته شود، که اغلب به نگرانی‌های امنیتی مرتبط است. کارآفرینان از مجوز کارخانه سیمان در الخلیل محروم شدند، و برای حمایت از کشاورزان اسرائیلی تولید خربزه و واردات انگور و خرما ممنوع شد، و محدودیت‌هایی برای تولید خیار و گوجه فرنگی تعیین شد. [۳۱] تولیدکنندگان شیر اسرائیل بر وزارت صنعت و تجارت فشار آوردند تا از ایجاد یک کارخانه لبنی رقابتی در رام‌الله جلوگیری کند. [۳۲] ایان لوستیک بیان می‌کند که اسرائیل «عملاً مانع» سرمایه‌گذاری فلسطینی‌ها در صنعت و کشاورزی محلی شد. [۳۳] دو دهه بعد، ۹۰ درصد واردات کرانه باختری از اسرائیل انجام شد و مصرف‌کنندگان، برای محصولات مشابه پرداخت می‌کردند، نسبت به حالتی که قادر به اعمال خودمختاری بازرگانی می‌بودند مبلغ بیشتری پرداخت می‌کردند. [۳۴]

شهرک‌ها

شهرک اسرائیلی کارمل، هار هبرون
روستای ام الخیر فلسطینی در نزدیکی کرمل

آریل شارون کارکرد اصلی سکونت در کرانه باختری را ممانعت از تشکیل کشور فلسطینی می‌دانست و هدف او از پیشبرد تهاجم سال ۱۹۸۲ به لبنان، تضمین کنترل همیشگی بر فلسطین بود. [۳۵] [۳۶] تا سال ۲۰۱۷، بدون احتساب بیت‌المقدس شرقی، ۳۸۲۹۱۶ اسرائیلی در کرانه باختری به صورت شهرک نشین مستقر شده‌اند و ۴۰ درصد (تقریباً ۱۷۰۰۰۰ نفر در ۱۰۶ شهرک دیگر) از آنها در خارج از بلوک‌های شهرک سازی بزرگ زندگی می‌کنند، جایی که ۲۱۴۰۰۰ نفر در آن ساکن هستند. [۳۷]

وضعیت حقوقی

قبل از ادامه ساخت شهرک‌ها، دولت از متخصص مقیم خود در زمینه حقوق بین‌الملل، تئودور مرون، مشاوره حقوقی خواست. [خ] یادداشت فوق محرمانه او به صراحت بیان می‌کرد که ممنوعیت هرگونه انتقال جمعیت قاطعانه است و «استقرار غیرنظامیان در سرزمین‌های تحت اداره مغایر با مفاد صریح کنوانسیون چهارم ژنو است»، [۳۸] که نشان می‌دهد نخست‌وزیر لوی اشکول می‌دانست که ترویج شهرک سازی در کرانه باختری غیرقانونی است. [۳۹] جامعه بین‌الملل نیز از آن زمان عدم تمایل اسرائیل به پذیرش اعمال کنوانسیون‌های ژنو در سرزمین‌های تحت اشغال خود را رد کرده‌است، [۴۰] و اکثراً معتقدند که همه دولت‌ها موظف به رعایت آن هستند. [۴۱] اسرائیل به تنهایی این فرض را به چالش می‌کشد و استدلال می‌کند که کرانه باختری و غزه «سرزمین‌های مورد مناقشه» هستند، [۴۲] و اینکه کنوانسیون‌ها اعمال نمی‌شوند زیرا این سرزمین‌ها بخشی از قلمرو حاکمیتی دولت دیگری را تشکیل نمی‌دهند، و همچنین انتقال یهودیان به مناطق مانند کرانه باختری نه یک اقدام دولتی، بلکه یک جنبش داوطلبانه از سوی یهودیان اسرائیل است، موضعی که یورام دینشتاین با آن مخالفت می‌کند. [د]

دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری همچنین در نظر مشورتی خود در سال ۲۰۰۴ در مورد حصار مرزی کرانه باختری اعلام کرد که شهرک‌های اسرائیل در کرانه باختری بر خلاف قوانین بین‌المللی ایجاد شده‌است. [۴۳] در سال ۱۹۸۰، اسرائیل از امضای کنوانسیون وین در مورد حقوق معاهدات خودداری کرد که قوانین ملی را موظف می‌کند در هنگام تضاد این دو، جای خود را به حقوق بین‌الملل بدهند، و به جای هر گونه اجباری برای رعایت تعهدات معاهده‌اش شهرک‌سازی‌ها را بر اساس قوانین خود تنظیم می‌کند و این‌طور استدلال می‌کند که تمامی نهادهای ذیربط سازمان ملل که در این مورد قضاوت می‌کنند «ضدصهیونیستی و ضدیهودی» هستند. [۴۴] [ذ]

خشونت شهرک نشینان

"با دشمن بجنگید. برچسب قیمت ." گرافیتی عبری توسط شهرک نشینان اسرائیلی در اوریف با اسپری نقاشی شده‌است
" دستور اداری دیگر موقوف." گرافیتی با اسپری به زبان عبری توسط شهرک نشینان اسرائیلی بر روی خودرویی در فراعطا، ۲۰۱۸

اگرچه کیفرستانی شهرک نشینان به اواخر دهه ۱۹۷۰ برمی گردد، زمانی که آنها مجاز به حمل اسلحه برای دفاع از خود شدند - یک فرمان آنها را از خدمت نظامی در اسرائیل معاف می‌کرد و آنها را به واحدهای کرانه باختری فرا می‌خواند و دیگری به آنها این اختیار را می‌داد که از فلسطینی‌ها اسناد هویتی شان را مطالبه کنند و حتی دستگیرشان کنند [۴۵] - تروریسم شهرک نشینان رسماً حداقل به جنبش زیرزمینی یهودیان در اوایل دهه ۱۹۸۰ برمی گردد که با هدف قرار دادن و از کار انداختن شدید، از طریق استقرار خودروهای بمب‌گذاری شده، شهرداران کرانه باختری مانند بسام شاکا از نابلس کریم خلف از رام‌الله آغاز شد.. [۴۶] [۴۷] در دو سال اول انتفاضه اول، شهرک نشینان حداقل ۳۴ فلسطینی را کشتند که چهارتایشان فلسطینی‌های زیر ۱۶ سال بودند و ۱۱ نفرشان با ابتکار عمل شهرک نشینان در خانه یا هنگام نگهبانی از گله‌ها کشته شدند. شش نفر دیگر احتمالاً در اثر اقدامات شهرک نشینان جان خود را از دست دادند و هشت نفر در پاسخ به پرتاب سنگ به اتومبیل‌ها کشته شدند. تنها دو نفر بر اثر درگیری جان باختند. [۴۸] در دهه ۱۹۸۰، تلاش‌های یک گروه تروریستی یهودی به رهبری مئیر کاهان برای ایجاد شهرک توسط سایر شهرک نشینان، سران گوش مونیم، بلوکه شد، اگرچه دیدگاه‌های کاهان بعداً انگیزه قتل‌عام مسجد الخلیل شد. [۴۹]

مجازات دسته جمعی

استفاده اسرائیل از اقدامات تنبیهی دسته جمعی، مانند محدودیت‌های رفت و آمد، گلوله‌باران مناطق مسکونی، دستگیری‌های دسته جمعی، و تخریب زیرساخت‌های بهداشت عمومی. [ر] مواد ۳۳ و ۵۳ کنوانسیون چهارم ژنو را نقض می‌کند. [۵۰]

تخریب خانه‌ها

نیروهای نظامی اسرائیل در ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۱۴ برای تخریب جماعت فلسطینی خربة عین کرزالیه وارد شدند و کل جمعیت ۱۰ بزرگسال و ۱۵ خردسال را بی خانمان کردند. ارتش یک ماه بعد برای تخریب چادرهایی که ساکنان آن از زمان آخرین تخریب در آن زندگی می‌کردند، بازگشتند [۵۱]

تخریب خانه نوعی مجازات دسته جمعی محسوب می‌شود. [۵۲] طبق قانون اشغالگری، تخریب اموال، مگر به جهت ضرورت مطلق نظامی، ممنوع است. [۵۳] روند تخریب خانه‌های فلسطینی‌ها ظرف دو روز پس از فتح منطقه در شهر قدیمی اورشلیم معروف به محله مراکشی در مجاورت دیوار غربی آغاز شد. بر اساس برآورد ICAHD، از آغاز اشغال اراضی فلسطین تا سال ۲۰۱۵، تخمین زده می‌شود که اسرائیل ۴۸۴۸۸ ساختمان فلسطینی را ویران کرده و صدها هزار فلسطینی را آواره کرده‌است. [۵۴]

اسرائیل رویه خود را علیه خانه‌هایی که بدون مجوز اسرائیل یا نوعی بازدارندگی از تروریسم ساخته شده‌اند، می‌داند، زیرا یک ستیزه‌جو مجبور می‌شود تأثیر اقدامات خود را بر خانواده‌اش در نظر بگیرد. بین سپتامبر ۲۰۰۰ و پایان سال ۲۰۰۴، از ۴۱۰۰ خانه ای که ارتش اسرائیل در این سرزمین‌ها ویران کرد، ۶۲۸ خانه که ۳۹۸۳ نفر را در خود جای داده بود به عنوان مجازات در نظر گرفته شد، زیرا یکی از اعضای یک خانواده در شورش الاقصی دست داشته‌است. [۵۵] از سال ۲۰۰۶ تا ۳۱ اوت ۲۰۱۸، اسرائیل حداقل ۱۳۶۰ واحد مسکونی فلسطینی را در کرانه باختری (بدون احتساب بیت‌المقدس شرقی) تخریب کرد که باعث شد ۶۱۱۵ نفر - از جمله حداقل ۳۰۹۴ خردسال - خانه‌های خود را از دست بدهند. [۵۶] 698 مورد از این تعداد، خانه‌های ۲۹۴۸ فلسطینی که ۱۳۳۴ نفر آنها خردسال بودند، در دره اردن (ژانویه ۲۰۰۶ تا سپتامبر ۲۰۱۷) ویران شدند. [۵۷]

حتی کلبه‌های چوپانان که مالیات آن‌ها به درستی پرداخت شده‌است نیز ممکن است تخریب شوند. [ز]

شکنجه

کشورها بر اساس کنوانسیون چهارم ژنو موظفند از شکنجه، از جمله رنج روانی جلوگیری کنند. [۵۸] به گفته لیزا هاجر (۲۰۰۵) و دکتر راشل استرومسا، مدیر کمیته عمومی علیه شکنجه در اسرائیل، شکنجه یکی از مشخصه‌های همیشگی روش‌های اسرائیلی برای بازجویی از فلسطینی‌ها بوده‌است. [۵۹] [۶۰] شکنجه می‌تواند بر دو نوع جسمی و روانی باشد. [۶۱] گزارش‌های مربوط به شکنجه در دهه ۱۹۷۰ منتشر شد و در اواسط دهه ۱۹۸۰ توسط سازمان غیردولتی الحق مستندسازی شد. کمیسیون لاندو در سال ۱۹۸۷ برخی از سوء استفاده‌ها را بررسی کرد و به این نتیجه رسید که «فشار فیزیکی متوسط» قابل قبول است. این عمل سپس توسط دادگاه عالی اسرائیل ممنوع شد و مجوزهای مورد به مورد توسط دادستان کل ممنوع شد. [۶۲]

فرزندان

کودکان بازداشت شده توسط سربازان تیپ گولانی در الخلیل
دختران فلسطینی در حال تفتیش کیف مدرسه شان توسط سربازان اسرائیلی در تل رومیدا، الخلیل

موارد مستند شده هدف قرار گرفتن و قتل کودکان فلسطینی توسط نیروهای اسرائیلی به اولین روزهای درگیری بازمی‌گردد. [۶۳] پس از جنگ ۱۹۴۸، قبل از اشغال رسمی کرانه باختری توسط اسرائیل، درگیری‌های مرزی بین اسرائیلی‌ها و اعراب با موارد متعددی که شامل تیراندازی سربازان اسرائیلی به فلسطینی‌های غیرمسلح از جمله کودکان می‌شد، یک اتفاق عادی بود. [۶۴] در جریان یورش بیت جالا در سال ۱۹۵۲، ۴ کودک ۶ تا ۱۴ ساله بر اثر شلیک مسلسل کشته شدند. [۶۵] در طول انتفاضه اول، کودکان فلسطینی مرتباً دچار جراحات جدی و اغلب کشنده می‌شدند. [۶۶] انتفاضه اول شاهد دخالت فوق‌العاده بالای نوجوانان فلسطینی بود و اسرائیل را بر آن داشت تا پرتاب سنگ را بر اساس قانون اشغالگری، یک جنایت اعلام کند، طبقه‌بندی ای که برای کودکان و همچنین بزرگسالان اعمال می‌شود و اجازه حبس طولانی مدت خردسالان را می‌دهد. [۶۷] به نظر می‌رسد بدرفتاری با کودکان فلسطینی در سیستم بازداشت نظامی اسرائیل گسترده، سازمان یافته و نهادینه شده‌است. [۶۸] [۶۹] بر اساس یک مطالعه در سال ۲۰۱۳ توسط صندوق بین‌المللی اورژانس کودکان سازمان ملل متحد، که ۱۰ سال از اتهامات بدرفتاری با کودکان در اقدامات نظامی اسرائیل در کرانه باختری را پوشش می‌دهد، اگرچه قوانین بین‌المللی ایجاب می‌کند که با همه کودکانی که در تماس با سیستم‌های قضایی هستند با احترام رفتار شود شواهد ناظران متعدد خارجی در طول یک دهه حاکی از آن است که کودکان فلسطینی تحت بازداشت نظامی اسرائیل از رفتار ظالمانه و تحقیرآمیز رنج می‌برند. در قانون، ممنوعیت چنین اعمالی «مطلق و بدون قید و شرط» است و حتی ملاحظات امنیتی یا تهدید به جنگ نمی‌تواند این قاعده را نادیده بگیرد. [۷۰]

مالیات

در حقوق بین‌الملل هیچ قدرت اشغالگری حق ندارد علاوه بر مالیات‌هایی که قبل از اشغال وجود داشت، مالیات وضع کند. [۷۱] بر اساس دستور نظامی ۳۱ مورخ ۲۷ ژوئن ۱۹۶۷، اسرائیل سیستم مالیاتی اردن را با یک تغییر قابل توجه در اختیار گرفت: اسرائیلی‌ها که به شهرک‌ها مهاجرت می‌کردند، از مالیات معاف بودند و طبق قوانین اسرائیل مشمول مالیات می‌شدند، [۷۲] در حالی که تا سال ۱۹۸۸، نرخ بالای مالیات بر درآمد ۵۵ درصد بود. برای افراد دارای درآمد در دهک ۸۰۰۰ دینار فشرده شد به طوری که برای کسانی که ۵۲۳۱ دینار درآمد داشتند اعمال شد. در اسرائیل دهک مالیاتی ۴۸ درصدی برای کسانی اعمال می‌شود که تقریباً دو برابر این مقدار درآمد داشتند. [۷۳]

هزینه‌های اقتصادی کلی

یک مطالعه مشترک توسط وزارت اقتصاد ملی فلسطین و محققان مؤسسه تحقیقات کاربردی اورشلیم نشان داد که تا سال ۲۰۱۰ هزینه‌های اشغالگری تنها در سال ۲۰۱۰ به ۸۴٫۹٪ از کل تولید ناخالص داخلی فلسطین (۶٫۸۹۷ میلیارد دلار آمریکا) رسید). [۷۴] برآورد آنها برای سال ۲۰۱۴ بیان می‌کند که کل هزینه اقتصادی اشغال گریاسرائیل ۷۴٫۲۷ درصد از تولید ناخالص داخلی اسمی فلسطین یا حدود ۹٫۴۶ میلیارد دلار (آمریکا) بوده‌است. [۷۵] هزینه برای اقتصاد اسرائیل تا سال ۲۰۰۷ حدود ۵۰ میلیارد دلار برآورد شد. [۷۶]

وضعیت حقوقی

قانونی بودن خود اشغال، در حالی که بسیار کمتر از نقض خاص حقوق بین‌الملل بشردوستانه مورد پوشش قرار می‌گیرد، [۷۷] [۷۸] [۷۹] توجه فزاینده‌ای را از سوی دانشمندان و جامعه بین‌المللی به خود جلب کرده‌است، با قطعنامه‌های متعدد مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل متحد که خود این اشغال را غیرقانونی توصیف می‌کند. محققان تا حد زیادی به این نتیجه رسیده‌اند که صرف نظر از اینکه در ابتدا قانونی بوده‌است یا خیر، این تصرف در طول زمان غیرقانونی شده‌است. [۸۰] دلایل ذکر شده برای غیرقانونی بودن آن عبارتند از استفاده از زور برای اهداف غیرمجاز مانند الحاق، نقض حق تعیین سرنوشت فلسطین، اینکه اشغال خود یک رژیم غیرقانونی «تسلط، سلطه و استثمار بیگانگان» یا ترکیبی از این عوامل است. . [۸۱] ایال بنونیستی اظهار داشته که امتناع یک اشغالگر از مشارکت با حسن نیت با تلاش برای دستیابی به یک راه حل مسالمت آمیز نه تنها باید غیرقانونی محسوب شود، بلکه باید به عنوان یک الحاق آشکار تلقی شود. [۸۲] رلف وایلد محقق حقوق بین‌الملل [۸۳] اظهار می‌دارد که «شیوه رایج برای درک مدت ادامه یافته اشغال… نقض طولانی‌مدت حقوق بین‌الملل است». [۸۴] با این حال، اسرائیل اشغال این سرزمین را تکذیب می‌کند و معتقد است که حضورش قانونی است.

در ۲۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۲، هیئت دائمی حقیقت یاب سازمان ملل متحد در مورد مناقشه اسرائیل در فلسطین گزارشی [۸۵] به مجمع عمومی سازمان ملل منتشر کرد که در آن از شورای امنیت خواست به «اشغال دائمی» اسرائیل پایان دهد و از کشورهای عضو سازمان ملل متحد خواست تا مقامات اسرائیلی را محاکمه کنند. این گزارش «دلایل منطقی» یافت تا به این نتیجه برسد که اشغال «هم‌اکنون بر اساس قوانین بین‌المللی به دلیل ادامه پیدا کردن آن و «سیاست‌های واقعی الحاق» اسرائیل غیرقانونی است». [۸۶] [۸۷] یائیر لاپید، نخست‌وزیر اسرائیل، گفت که این گزارش "سوگیرانه، نادرست، تحریک آمیز و آشکارا نامتوازن" است و توییت کرد که "همه انتقادات از اسرائیل یهودی‌ستیزی نیست، اما این گزارش توسط یهودی ستیزان نوشته شده‌است… گزارشی کاملاً ضد یهود است». [۸۸] دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری (ICJ) درخواست سازمان ملل متحد (سازمان ملل) را در مورد پیامدهای حقوقی ناشی از سیاست‌ها و اقدامات اسرائیل در سرزمین‌های اشغالی فلسطین از جمله بیت‌المقدس شرقی پذیرفت. [۸۹] دادگاه ۲۵ ژوئیه ۲۰۲۳ را برای ارائه اظهارات کتبی و ۲۵ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳ را برای نظرات کتبی بعدی در مورد اظهارات تعیین کرد. [۹۰]

یادداشت

  1. ↑ On 7 June 1967, Israel issued "Proclamation Regarding Law and Administration (The West Bank Area) (No. 2)—1967" which established the military government in the West Bank and granted the commander of the area full legislative, executive, and judicial power. The proclamation kept in force local law that existed on 7 June 1967, except where contradicted by any new proclamation or military order ((Weill 2007، ص. 401); (Weill 2014، ص. ۱۹))
  2. ↑ Jordan claimed it had a provisional sovereignty over the West Bank, a claim revoked in 1988 when it accepted the مجلس ملی فلسطین's declaration of statehood in that year. Israel did not accept this passage of a claim to sovereignty, nor asserted its counter claim, holding that the Palestinian claim of sovereignty is incompatible with the fact that Israel is, in law, a belligerent occupant of the territory.[۴] Secondly it regards the West Bank as a disputed territory on the technical argument that the Fourth Geneva Convention's stipulations do not apply since, in its view, the legal status of the territory is sui generis and not covered by international law, a position rejected by the دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری.[۵]
  3. ↑ "Decisions of the Israeli Supreme Court have held that the Israeli occupation of the territories has endured far longer than any occupation contemplated by the drafters of the rules of international law." (Lazar 1990, p. 7)
  4. ↑ "The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is as prototypical case of a conflict which meets the criteria describing an intractable conflict: it is prolonged, irreconcilable, violent and perceived as having zero-game nature and total." (Shaked 2016, p. ۱۳۴)
  5. ↑ The Hebrew word for Jewish settlement across the Green Line is hitnakhalut[۱۸] and for "settlers", mitnakhalim implying an inheritance (nakhal),[۱۹] whereas the contemporary Palestinian Arabic term for them, mustawtinin, etymologically suggests those who have taken root, or indigenized natives,[۲۰] a term that historically has not borne negative connotations. "There was nothing derogatory or prejudicial in the use of the term al-mustawtinin, nor did it apply to Jews alone. It could refer equally to any Muslim who had recently taken up residence in Jerusalem but who had been born elsewhere within the Empire".[۲۱] Down to 1948 Palestinians called Zionist settlements (but not traditional Jewish communities such as those in Hebron, طبریه and Jerusalem whose residents were often called Yahud awlad Arab, "Arab Jews/Jews who are the sons of Arabs") kubaniya (companies) or musta'amara / mustawtana only in the written language, and settlers khawaja (master, foreigner), musta'amara (colony, implying invasion and musta'amarin (colonizers) entered colloquial usage after 1948. From 1967 to 1993 al-mustawtin ("one who has turned the land into his homeland") and al mustawtana came to the fore to denote respectively settlers and settlements in the West Bank and Gaza.[۲۲]
  6. ↑ "At least five categories of major violations of قانون بین‌المللی حقوق بشر and humanitarian law characterize the occupation: unlawful killings; forced displacement; abusive detention; the closure of the Gaza Strip and other unjustified restrictions on movement; and the development of settlements, along with the accompanying discriminatory policies that disadvantage Palestinians" (HRW 2017a).
  7. ↑ While Arab citizens of Israel, most of whom are ethnically Palestinian, can vote in Israeli national elections and live under civilian not military rule, very few live in the West Bank settlements, whose funding and purpose is directed at promoting Jewish residency.
  8. ↑ Julie Peteet also argues that that there is an Israeli narrative of استثناگرایی which works to "exempt" it from such comparisons (Peteet 2016, p. 249).
  9. ↑ Meron as a youth had survived 4 years in the Nazi concentration camp at چنتستوخووا and Gorenberg comments "The boy who received his first education in war crimes as a victim was on his way to becoming one of the world's most prominent experts on the limits that nations put on the conduct of war." (Gorenberg 2007, p. ۱۰۰)
  10. ↑ "The Israeli Foreign Ministry has also contributed a rationale for rejecting Israel's de jure obligation to uphold the Fourth Convention, arguing that the Convention only prohibits civilian transfers compelled by the government, not voluntary transfers undertaken by the civilians themselves. Recall the language of Article 49: 'The Occupying Power shall not transfer its own civilians into the territory it occupies' (emphasis added). On the Foreign Minister's reading, even if the Geneva Convention applies, voluntary transfers do not violate it, because the Occupying Power is not doing the transfer." (Galchinsky 2004, pp. ۱۲۰–۱۲۱)
  11. ↑ Derek Penslar has argued that, "Israel, unlike the Jewish global conspiracy of the European antisemitic imagination, does exist. Precisely because Arab antisemitism's fantasies are far more thoroughly grounded in reality than those of their European predecessors, a necessary, although admittedly insufficient, precondition for deconstructing those fantasies will be a radical transformation of Israel's borders and policies towards Arabs both within and outside of the state." (Penslar 2007, p. ۱۲۹)
  12. ↑ "The جمعیت هلال احمر فلسطین reported 174 documented attacks on their ambulances by Israeli soldiers and settlers between September 29, 2000, and March 15, 2002, resulting in the damage of 78 ambulances. There have also been 166 attacks on their emergency medical technicians (EMT), resulting in three deaths and 134 injuries among PRCS EMTs. Additionally, the PRCS headquarters in Al-Bireh was hit on several occasions by heavy machine gun fire from Israeli soldiers located at the nearby illegal Israeli settlement, Psagot." (Jamjoum 2002, p. ۵۶)
  13. ↑ "An old man, Salim Id Al-Hathalin, grabs hold of me. He is waving papers – one a receipt from the tax authorities, confirming that he has paid taxes on the land he owns here in the village; the other a demolition order issued by the Civil Administration against his makeshift tent-cum-hut, which he points out to me as he cries: 'Why do they want to destroy my house? Where can I go? Can I go to America? I have nothing and they want to take that nothing from me. Can you help me? Where am I supposed to go?'" (Shulman 2018, p. ۲۸)

پانویس

  1. ↑ Domb 2007, pp. 511–513.
  2. ↑ Benvenisti 2012, pp. 208–209.
  3. ↑ Kimmerling 2003, p. 78, n.17.
  4. ↑ Quigley 2009, pp. 47–48.
  5. ↑ Dinstein 2009, pp. 20–21.
  6. ↑ Roberts 1990, p. 44.
  7. ↑ Karayanni 2014, p. xv.
  8. ↑ Hajjar 2005, p. 2.
  9. ↑ Bar-Tal & Alon 2017, p. 317.
  10. ↑ Rathbun 2014, p. 205.
  11. ↑ Kumaraswamy 2015, p. 409.
  12. ↑ UNSC 2016.
  13. ↑ Reuveny 2008, pp. 325–374.
  14. ↑ Shafir 1984, p. 803.
  15. ↑ Lentin 2018, p. 55.
  16. ↑ Handel 2014, p. 505.
  17. ↑ Zureik 2015, p. 51.
  18. ↑ Ghanim 2017, p. 158.
  19. ↑ Chalom 2014, p. 55.
  20. ↑ Sharkey 2003, p. 34.
  21. ↑ Cohen 1984, p. 2.
  22. ↑ Ghanim 2017, pp. 154–158.
  23. ↑ Zureik 2015, pp. 77–78.
  24. ↑ Adam & Moodley 2005, pp. 19ff, 59ff.
  25. ↑ Chappell 2022.
  26. ↑ Holmes 2021.
  27. ↑ Kidron 2013, p. 18.
  28. ↑ Cohen 1985, p. 245.
  29. ↑ Van Arkadie 1977, pp. 112–113.
  30. ↑ Van Arkadie 1977, p. 110.
  31. ↑ Quigley 2005, p. 186.
  32. ↑ El-Farra & MacMillen 2000, pp. 161–161.
  33. ↑ Lustick 2018, p. 11.
  34. ↑ Kadri 1998, pp. 517–518.
  35. ↑ Kimmerling 2003, pp. 80–82.
  36. ↑ Shlaim 2015, pp. 344–245.
  37. ↑ Berger 2017.
  38. ↑ Gorenberg 2007, pp. 99–100.
  39. ↑ Gorenberg 2007, p. 100.
  40. ↑ Benvenisti & Zamir 1995, pp. 305–306.
  41. ↑ Galchinsky 2004, p. 117.
  42. ↑ Falk 2002, p. 22.
  43. ↑ ICJ 2004.
  44. ↑ Galchinsky 2004, p. 119.
  45. ↑ Bisharat 2012, pp. 54–65.
  46. ↑ Gazit 2003, pp. 94–99.
  47. ↑ Byman & Sachs 2012, p. 75.
  48. ↑ Stockton 1990, p. 94.
  49. ↑ Pedahzur & Perliger 2009, pp. 73, 70–74.
  50. ↑ Jamjoum 2002, pp. 58–65.
  51. ↑ B'Tselem 2014.
  52. ↑ Shahak 1974, p. 184.
  53. ↑ HRW 2017a.
  54. ↑ ICAHD 2017.
  55. ↑ Efrat 2006, p. 89.
  56. ↑ B'Tselem 2018a.
  57. ↑ B'Tselem 2017c.
  58. ↑ Ron 1994, p. 85.
  59. ↑ Aharony 2018.
  60. ↑ Hajjar 2005, p. 195.
  61. ↑ Ron 1994, p. 86.
  62. ↑ Levinson 2017.
  63. ↑ Morris 1993, p. 181.
  64. ↑ Morris 1993, p. 184.
  65. ↑ Hutchison 1956, pp. 12–16.
  66. ↑ Hass 2000.
  67. ↑ Brinkley 1989.
  68. ↑ Stein 2018, pp. 5–26.
  69. ↑ Unicef 2013, p. 13.
  70. ↑ Unicef 2013, p. 2.
  71. ↑ Grace 1990, p. 101.
  72. ↑ Baxendale 1989, pp. 134–135.
  73. ↑ Baxendale 1989, p. 135.
  74. ↑ ARIJPMNE 2011, p. 1.
  75. ↑ Isaac et al. 2015, p. 3.
  76. ↑ Shauli 2007.
  77. ↑ Imseis 2020, p. 1085.
  78. ↑ Sayed 2014, p. 80.
  79. ↑ Ben-Naftali, Gross & Michaeli 2005, pp. 551–552.
  80. ↑ Imseis 2020, pp. 1072–1073.
  81. ↑ Imseis 2020, pp. 1073, 1085.
  82. ↑ Benvenisti 2012, p. 233.
  83. ↑ UCL 2017.
  84. ↑ Wilde 2021, p. 43.
  85. ↑ OHCHR report 2022.
  86. ↑ OHCHR finds unlawful 2022.
  87. ↑ Berman 2022.
  88. ↑ Lazaroff 2022.
  89. ↑ ICoJ.
  90. ↑ WAFA 2023.

Sources

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