ترکیب معطر: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

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نسخهٔ ‏۲ ژوئن ۲۰۱۴، ساعت ۲۰:۲۴

ترکیب معطر یک ترکیب شیمیایی است که دارای عطر و بو است. یک ترکیب شیمیایی زمانی ترکیبی معطر است که ترکیب به اندازه ی کافی بخارشدنی و فرار باشد تا به قسمت بالای بینی و به دستگاه بویایی منتقل شود و موادی که تا به این اندازه بخار شدنی هستند معمولا دارای وزن مولکولی کمتر از ۳۰۰ می باشند. طعم بر هر دو حس چشایی و بویایی تاثیر گذار است، در حالی که رایحه یا عطر تنها حس بویایی را تحت تأثیر قرار می دهد. طعم ها معمولا به طور طبیعی شکل می گیرند در حالی که رایحه ها به صورت مصنوعی شکل می گیرند. ترکیب معطر در موادی چون خوراک، شراب، ادویه‌جات، ترشی‌جات، عطر، روغن رایحه‌دار و اسانس یافت می شود. بسیاری از ترکیب های معطر به هنگام واکنش های زیست‌شیمی طبیعی ساخته می شوند، واکنش هایی چون رشد میوه ها و یا تخمیر.

ترکیب های معطر بر اساس ساختارشان

Ester

Compound name	Fragrance	Natural occurrence	Chemical structure
Geranyl acetate	Fruity, Rose	Rose, Floral	پرونده:Geranyl acetate.svg
Methyl formate	Ethereal
Methyl acetate	Sweet, nail polish Solvent		پرونده:Methyl-acetate.svg
Methyl propionate Methyl propanoate	Sweet, fruity, rum-like
Methyl butyrate Methyl butanoate	Fruity, Apple Pineapple	Pineapple
Ethyl acetate	Sweet, solvent	Wine
Ethyl butyrate Ethyl butanoate	Fruity, Orange Pineapple
Isoamyl acetate	Fruity, Banana Pear	Banana plant
Pentyl butyrate Pentyl butanoate	Fruity, Pear Apricot
Pentyl pentanoate	Fruity, Apple
Octyl acetate	Fruity, Orange
Benzyl acetate	Fruity, Strawberry	Strawberries	پرونده:Benzyl acetate.png
Methyl anthranilate	Fruity, Grape

Linear terpenes

Compound name	Fragrance	Natural occurrence
Myrcene	Woody, complex	Verbena, Bay leaf
Geraniol	Rose, flowery	Geranium, Lemon
Nerol	Sweet rose, flowery	Neroli, Lemongrass
Citral, lemonal Geranial, neral	Lemon	Lemon myrtle, Lemongrass
Citronellal	Lemon	Lemongrass
Citronellol	Lemon	Lemongrass, rose Pelargonium
Linalool	Floral, sweet Woody, Lavender	Coriander, Sweet basil Lavender
Nerolidol	Woody, fresh bark	Neroli, ginger Jasmine

Cyclic terpenes

Compound name	Fragrance	Natural occurrence
Limonene	Orange	Orange, lemon
Camphor	Camphor	Camphor laurel
Menthol	Menthol	Mentha
Carvone¹	Caraway or Spearmint	Caraway, dill, spearmint
Terpineol	Lilac	Lilac, cajuput
alpha-Ionone	Violet, woody	Violet
Thujone	Minty	Wormwood, lilac, juniper

Note: Carvone, depending on its chirality, offers two different smells.

Aromatic

Compound name	Fragrance	Natural occurrence
Benzaldehyde	Almond	Bitter almond
Eugenol	Clove	Clove
Cinnamaldehyde	Cinnamon	Cassia Cinnamon
Ethyl maltol	Cooked fruit Caramelized sugar
Vanillin	Vanilla	Vanilla
Anisole	Anise	Anise
Anethole	Anise	Anise Sweet basil
Estragole	Tarragon	Tarragon
Thymol	Thyme	Thyme

Amines

Compound name	Fragrance	Natural occurrence	Chemical structure
Trimethylamine	Fishy Ammonia
Putrescine Diaminobutane	Rotting flesh	Rotting flesh
Cadaverine	Rotting flesh	Rotting flesh	پرونده:Cadaverine-2D-skeletal.png
Pyridine	Fishy	Belladonna
Indole	Fecal Flowery	Feces Jasmine
Skatole	Fecal	Feces (diluted) Orange Blossoms

دیگر ترکیب های معطر

Alcohols

Aldehydes

High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.

Acetaldehyde (ethereal)
Hexanal (green, grassy)
cis-3-Hexenal (green tomatoes)
Furfural (burnt oats)
Hexyl cinnamaldehyde
Isovaleraldehyde – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like
Anisic aldehyde – floral, sweet, hawthorn. It is a crucial component of chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, and others.
Cuminaldehyde (4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde) – Spicy, cumin-like, green

Esters

Fructone (fruity, apple-like)
Hexyl acetate (apple, floral, fruity)
Ethyl methylphenylglycidate (strawberry)

Ketones

Cyclopentadecanone (musk ketone)^[۱]
Dihydrojasmone (fruity woody floral)
Oct-1-en-3-one (blood, metallic, mushroom-like)^[۲]
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (fresh bread, jasmine rice)
6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (fresh bread, tortillas, popcorn)

Lactones

gamma-Decalactone intense peach flavor
gamma-Nonalactone coconut odor, popular in suntan lotions
delta-Octalactone creamy note
Jasmine lactone powerful fatty fruity peach and apricot
Massoia lactone powerful creamy coconut
Wine lactone sweet coconut odor
Sotolon (maple syrup, curry, fenugreek)

Thiols

Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH₂=CHCH₂SH) (garlic volatiles and garlic breath)^[۳]
(Methylthio)methanethiol (CH₃SCH₂SH), the "mouse thiol", found in mouse urine and functions as a semiochemical for female mice^[۴]
Ethanethiol, commonly called ethyl mercaptan (added to propane or other liquefied petroleum gases used as fuel gases)
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol, commonly called tert-butyl mercaptan is added as a blend of other components to natural gas used as fuel gas.
Butane-1-thiol, commonly called normal butyl mercaptan is a chemical intermediate.
Grapefruit mercaptan (grapefruit)
Methanethiol, commonly called methyl mercaptan (after eating Asparagus)
Furan-2-ylmethanethiol, also called furfuryl mercaptan (roasted coffee)
Benzyl mercaptan (leek or garlic-like)

Miscellaneous compounds

Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known)^[۲]
Phosphine (Green Apple, Zinc Phosphide poisoned bait)
Diacetyl (Butter flavor)
Acetoin (Butter flavor)
Nerolin (orange flowers)
Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas)
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint)
Substituted pyrazines

جستارهای وابسته

دستگاه بویایی

پانویس

منابع

↑ Gane S, Georganakis D, Maniati K, Vamvakias M, Ragoussis N, Skoulakis EMC, Turin L (2013). "Molecular vibration-sensing component in human olfaction." PLoS ONE 8, e55780. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055780
↑ ^۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ Glindemann, D., Dietrich, A., Staerk, H., Kuschk, P. (2005). "The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (42): 7006–7009. doi:10.1002/anie.200602100. PMID 17009284.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
↑ Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-190-7.
↑ Lin, D.Y., Zhang, S.Z., Block, E., and Katz, L.C. (2005). "Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb." Nature 434, 470–477.

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Aroma compound». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۳ دسامبر ۲۰۱۳.

[1] Gane S, Georganakis D, Maniati K, Vamvakias M, Ragoussis N, Skoulakis EMC, Turin L (2013). "Molecular vibration-sensing component in human olfaction." PLoS ONE 8, e55780. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055780

[metallic-2] ۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ Glindemann, D., Dietrich, A., Staerk, H., Kuschk, P. (2005). "The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (42): 7006–7009. doi:10.1002/anie.200602100. PMID 17009284.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)

[3] Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-190-7.

[4] Lin, D.Y., Zhang, S.Z., Block, E., and Katz, L.C. (2005). "Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb." Nature 434, 470–477.

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

@@ خط ۲۶۴: / خط ۲۶۴: @@
 |}
+== دیگر ترکیب های معطر ==
+=== Alcohols ===
+* [[Furaneol]] ([[strawberry]])
+* [[1-Hexanol]] ([[herbaceous]], woody)
+* [[cis-3-Hexen-1-ol|''cis''-3-Hexen-1-ol]] (fresh cut [[grass]])
+* [[Menthol]] ([[peppermint]])
+=== Aldehydes ===
+High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.
+* [[Acetaldehyde]] (ethereal)
+* [[Hexanal]] (green, grassy)
+* [[cis-3-Hexenal|''cis''-3-Hexenal]] (green [[tomato]]es)
+* [[Furfural]] (burnt [[oat]]s)
+* [[Hexyl cinnamaldehyde]]
+* [[Isovaleraldehyde]] – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like
+* [[Anisic aldehyde]] – floral, sweet, hawthorn. It is a crucial component of chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, and others.
+* [[Cuminaldehyde]] (4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde) – Spicy, cumin-like, green
+=== Esters ===
+* [[Fructone]] (fruity, apple-like)
+* [[Hexyl acetate]] ([[apple]], [[floral]], fruity)
+* [[Ethyl methylphenylglycidate]] ([[strawberry]])
+=== Ketones ===
+* Cyclopentadecanone (musk ketone)<ref>Gane S, Georganakis D, Maniati K, Vamvakias M, Ragoussis N, Skoulakis EMC, Turin L (2013). "Molecular vibration-sensing component in human olfaction." PLoS ONE 8, e55780. {{doi | 10.1371/journal.pone.0055780}}</ref>
+* [[Dihydrojasmone]] (fruity woody floral)
+* [[Oct-1-en-3-one]] (blood, metallic, mushroom-like)<ref name="metallic" />
+* [[2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline]] (fresh bread, jasmine rice)
+* [[6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine]] (fresh bread, tortillas, popcorn)
+===Lactones===
+* [[gamma-Decalactone]] intense peach flavor
+* [[gamma-Nonalactone]] coconut odor, popular in suntan lotions
+* [[delta-Octalactone]] creamy note
+* [[Jasmine lactone]] powerful fatty fruity peach and apricot
+* [[Massoia lactone]] powerful creamy coconut
+* [[Wine lactone]] sweet coconut odor
+* [[Sotolon]] ([[maple syrup]], [[curry]], [[fenugreek]])
+=== Thiols ===
+{{Main|Thiol}}
+* Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH<sub>2</sub>=CHCH<sub>2</sub>SH) ([[garlic]] volatiles and [[garlic breath]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Block, E. |title=Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |isbn=0-85404-190-7 }}</ref>
+* (Methylthio)methanethiol (CH<sub>3</sub>SCH<sub>2</sub>SH), the "mouse thiol", found in mouse urine and functions as a [[semiochemical]] for female mice<ref>Lin, D.Y., Zhang, S.Z., Block, E., and Katz, L.C. (2005). "Encoding social signals in the mouse main olfactory bulb." ''Nature'' '''434''', 470–477.</ref>
+* [[Ethanethiol]], commonly called ethyl mercaptan (added to [[propane]] or other liquefied petroleum gases used as fuel gases)
+* [[tert-Butylthiol|2-Methyl-2-propanethiol]], commonly called ''tert''-butyl mercaptan is added as a blend of other components to natural gas used as fuel gas.
+* [[Butanethiol|Butane-1-thiol]], commonly called normal butyl mercaptan is a chemical intermediate.
+* [[Grapefruit mercaptan]] (grapefruit)
+* [[Methanethiol]], commonly called methyl mercaptan (after eating [[Asparagus]])
+* [[Furan-2-ylmethanethiol]], also called furfuryl mercaptan (roasted [[coffee]])
+* [[Benzyl mercaptan]] (leek or garlic-like)
+=== Miscellaneous compounds ===
+* [[Methylphosphine]] and [[dimethylphosphine]] (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known)<ref name="metallic">{{cite journal
+| author= Glindemann, D., Dietrich, A., Staerk, H., Kuschk, P.
+| title = The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines
+| journal = [[Angewandte Chemie International Edition]]
+| year = 2005
+| volume = 45
+| issue = 42
+| pages = 7006–7009
+| doi = 10.1002/anie.200602100
+| pmid= 17009284}}
+</ref>
+* [[Phosphine]] ([[Green Apple]], [[Zinc Phosphide]] poisoned bait)
+* [[Diacetyl]] ([[Butter]] flavor)
+* [[Acetoin]] ([[Butter]] flavor)
+* [[Nerolin]] ([[orange (fruit)|orange flowers]])
+* [[Tetrahydrothiophene]] (added to [[natural gas]])
+* [[2,4,6-Trichloroanisole]] ([[cork taint]])
+* [[Substitution (chemistry)|Substituted]] [[pyrazine]]s
 == جستارهای وابسته ==