جنگ گوریو–خیتان

جنگ گوریو–خیتان
	; نقشه دو دودمان، دودمان لیائو در سبز، گوریو در سفید
تاریخ	۹۹۳، ۱۰۱۰، ۱۰۱۸–۱۰۱۹
موقعیت	شمال شبه‌جزیره کره
نتایج	پیروزی گوریو دودمان لیائو سرزمین‌های اطراف حوضه رودخانه یالو را به گوریو واگذار کرد.; گوریو برای برقراری روابط دیپلماتیک به خاندان لیائو ادای احترام می‌کند.; صلح بین گوریو و لیائو برقرار می‌شود و لیائو دیگر هرگز به گوریو حمله نمی‌کند.;
طرف‌های درگیر
سلسله گوریو	دودمان لیائو
فرماندهان و رهبران
هیئون جونگ از گوریو; گانگ گام چان; سو هی; گنگ جو †; یانگ گیو †	امپراتور شنگ‌زونگ; شیائو شون‌نینگ; شیائو پای‌یا; یلو پن‌نو
قوا
جنگ دوم: حدوداً ۳۰۰٬۰۰۰; جنگ سوم: حدوداً ۲۰۸٬۰۰۰	جنگ اول: حدوداً ۸۰۰٬۰۰۰ جنگ دوم: حدوداً ۴۰۰٬۰۰۰; جنگ سوم: حدوداً ۱۰۰٬۰۰۰

جنگ گوریو–خیتان (چینی سنتی: 遼麗戰爭; کره‌ای: 고려-거란 전쟁) به مجموعه درگیری‌های قرن دهم و یازدهم میان سلسله گوریو در کره و دودمان لیائو به فرماندهی خیتان در چین در نزدیکی مرز کنونی بین چین و کره شمالی اشاره دارد.

منابع[ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Goryeo–Khitan War». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۳ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۳.

↑ "China's Liao Dynasty". Asia Society.
↑ "The Koryo or Goryeo Kingdom of Korea". ThoughtCo. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
↑ (Twitchett و Tietze 1994), p.101: "Third invasion, 1018-19".
↑ Rossabi, Morris (1983-05-20). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries (به انگلیسی). University of California Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-520-04562-0. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368 (به انگلیسی). Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5. Retrieved 30 July 2016. In 1018 a huge new expeditionary force was mobilized by the Khitan and placed under the command of Hsiao P'ai-ya. The army crossed the Yalu late in 1018 but was ambushed by a superior Koryŏ force, suffering severe losses. The Koryŏ army had also cut their line of retreat, and so Hsiao P'ai-ya marched south, planning to take the capital Kaegyŏng, as in 1011. But this time the Koreans had prepared defenses around the capital, and the Khitan, constantly harried by Korean attacks, were forced to retreat toward the Yalu. At Kuju, between the Ch'a and T'o rivers, they were encircled and attacked by the main Koryŏ forces, which almost annihilated the Khitan army. Only a few thousand men managed to return to the Liao border. This was by far the worst defeat suffered by the Khitan during Sheng-tsung's reign, and in consequence Hsiao P'ai-ya was stripped of all his titles and offices and disgraced.
↑ Cohen, Warren I. (2000-12-20). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World (به انگلیسی). Columbia University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-231-50251-1. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, Emeritus Professor of History at the London School of Economics John; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (2016-05-13). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare (به انگلیسی). Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-135-93674-7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Bowman, John (2000-09-05). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture (به انگلیسی). Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. Retrieved 30 July 2016. The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..
↑ Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20). East Asia: A New History (به انگلیسی). AuthorHouse. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-4772-6517-8. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Grant, Reg G. (2011). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History (به انگلیسی). Universe Pub. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7893-2233-3. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Kim, Djun Kil (2014-05-30). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition (به انگلیسی). ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-61069-582-4. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps (به انگلیسی). Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea (به انگلیسی). Harvard University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Retrieved 30 July 2016. Subsequently the Khitan launched several small-scale attacks, to press demands for Hyŏnjong's appearance at their court and surrender of the region of the Six Garrison Settlements, before mounting their third great invasion in 1018. Led by Hsiao P'ai-ya, this time the Khitan army was harassed at every turn and then, retreating, was all but annihilated by a massive Koryŏ attack at Kuju (Kusŏng) executed by Kang Kam-ch'an. The Koryŏ victory was so overwhelming that scarcely a few thousand of the 100,000 man invasion force survived. The Khitan invasions of Koryŏ thus ended in failure. Koryŏ had resolutely resisted foreign aggression and had driven the invaders back. The result was that the two nations worked out a settlement and peaceful relations were maintained between them thereafter.
↑ Breuker, Remco E. (2010). Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty (به انگلیسی). BRILL. p. 244. ISBN 978-9004183254. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). The New History of Korean Civilization (به انگلیسی). iUniverse. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4620-5559-3. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Seth, Michael J. (27 July 2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century (به انگلیسی). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7425-7471-7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Shin, Hyeongsik (January 1, 2005). A Brief History of Korea, Volume 1. Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9788973006199. "On the 9th year of Hyeongjong (1018), Khitan launched another invasion with a 100,000 strong army, but the army was crushed by general Gang Gamchan at the Great Battle of Guiju. Thus, Goryeo expanded its territory to the north as far as the Yalu River basin."
↑ Whiting, Marvin C. Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD (به انگلیسی). iUniverse. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-595-22134-9. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea (به انگلیسی). Harvard University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix (به انگلیسی). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
↑ ^۲۱٫۰ ^۲۱٫۱ (Nahm 1988), p. 89.
↑ (Twitchett و Tietze 1994), p. 103.
↑ (Twitchett و Tietze 1994), p.111.

برای مطالعهٔ بیشتر[ویرایش]

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2014), Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-133-60651-2
Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H. (1969), A History of Korea, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 0-87436-064-1
Hyun, Jeongwon (2013). Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century (Ph.D. thesis). University of Washington. hdl:1773/24231.
Nahm, Andrew C. (1988), Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, ISBN 0-930878-56-6
Simons, Geoff (1995), Korea: The Search for Sovereignty, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-12531-3
Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.). The Cambridge History of China (Thesis). Vol. 6: Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–153. ISBN 0-521-24331-9.
Yun, Peter I. (1998). Rethinking the Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600 (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. ISBN 978-0-599-03120-3.

پیوند به بیرون[ویرایش]

Korea Britannica بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۰۷-۰۴-۱۰ توسط Wayback Machine
Doosan Encyclopedia

[1] "China's Liao Dynasty". Asia Society.

[2] "The Koryo or Goryeo Kingdom of Korea". ThoughtCo. Retrieved July 20, 2018.

[3] (Twitchett و Tietze 1994), p.101: "Third invasion, 1018-19".

[4] Rossabi, Morris (1983-05-20). China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries (به انگلیسی). University of California Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-520-04562-0. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[Gamchan-5] Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368 (به انگلیسی). Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5. Retrieved 30 July 2016. In 1018 a huge new expeditionary force was mobilized by the Khitan and placed under the command of Hsiao P'ai-ya. The army crossed the Yalu late in 1018 but was ambushed by a superior Koryŏ force, suffering severe losses. The Koryŏ army had also cut their line of retreat, and so Hsiao P'ai-ya marched south, planning to take the capital Kaegyŏng, as in 1011. But this time the Koreans had prepared defenses around the capital, and the Khitan, constantly harried by Korean attacks, were forced to retreat toward the Yalu. At Kuju, between the Ch'a and T'o rivers, they were encircled and attacked by the main Koryŏ forces, which almost annihilated the Khitan army. Only a few thousand men managed to return to the Liao border. This was by far the worst defeat suffered by the Khitan during Sheng-tsung's reign, and in consequence Hsiao P'ai-ya was stripped of all his titles and offices and disgraced.

[6] Cohen, Warren I. (2000-12-20). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World (به انگلیسی). Columbia University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-231-50251-1. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[7] Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, Emeritus Professor of History at the London School of Economics John; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John (2016-05-13). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare (به انگلیسی). Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-135-93674-7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[8] Bowman, John (2000-09-05). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture (به انگلیسی). Columbia University Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3. Retrieved 30 July 2016. The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..

[9] Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012-11-20). East Asia: A New History (به انگلیسی). AuthorHouse. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-4772-6517-8. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[10] Grant, Reg G. (2011). 1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History (به انگلیسی). Universe Pub. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-7893-2233-3. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[11] Kim, Djun Kil (2014-05-30). The History of Korea, 2nd Edition (به انگلیسی). ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-61069-582-4. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[12] Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). Korean History in Maps (به انگلیسی). Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-107-09846-6. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[13] Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea (به انگلیسی). Harvard University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Retrieved 30 July 2016. Subsequently the Khitan launched several small-scale attacks, to press demands for Hyŏnjong's appearance at their court and surrender of the region of the Six Garrison Settlements, before mounting their third great invasion in 1018. Led by Hsiao P'ai-ya, this time the Khitan army was harassed at every turn and then, retreating, was all but annihilated by a massive Koryŏ attack at Kuju (Kusŏng) executed by Kang Kam-ch'an. The Koryŏ victory was so overwhelming that scarcely a few thousand of the 100,000 man invasion force survived. The Khitan invasions of Koryŏ thus ended in failure. Koryŏ had resolutely resisted foreign aggression and had driven the invaders back. The result was that the two nations worked out a settlement and peaceful relations were maintained between them thereafter.

[14] Breuker, Remco E. (2010). Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty (به انگلیسی). BRILL. p. 244. ISBN 978-9004183254. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[15] Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). The New History of Korean Civilization (به انگلیسی). iUniverse. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4620-5559-3. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[16] Seth, Michael J. (27 July 2006). A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century (به انگلیسی). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7425-7471-7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[17] Shin, Hyeongsik (January 1, 2005). A Brief History of Korea, Volume 1. Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9788973006199. "On the 9th year of Hyeongjong (1018), Khitan launched another invasion with a 100,000 strong army, but the army was crushed by general Gang Gamchan at the Great Battle of Guiju. Thus, Goryeo expanded its territory to the north as far as the Yalu River basin."

[18] Whiting, Marvin C. Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC-1912 AD (به انگلیسی). iUniverse. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-595-22134-9. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[19] Yi, Ki-baek (1984). A New History of Korea (به انگلیسی). Harvard University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[20] Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix (به انگلیسی). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7. Retrieved 30 July 2016.

[Nahm89-21] ۲۱٫۰ ^۲۱٫۱ (Nahm 1988), p. 89.

[TT103-22] (Twitchett و Tietze 1994), p. 103.

[23] (Twitchett و Tietze 1994), p.111.

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]

[۱۳]

[۱۴]

[۱۵]

[۱۶]

[۱۷]

[۱۸]

[۱۹]

[۲۰]

[۲۱]

[۲۲]

[۲۳]