پیش‌نویس:آلن ال هارت

آلن هارت
پرونده:Alan L Hart.jpeg
زاده	آلبرتا لوسیل هارت اکتبر ۴, ۱۸۹۰&#۱۶۰;(۱۸۹۰-۱۰-۰۴) Halls Summit, کانزاس, ایالات متحده.
درگذشته	۱ ژوئیهٔ ۱۹۶۲ (۷۱ سال)
نام(های) دیگر	رابرت آلن بامفورد جونیور. A.L.H. A. Hart
پیشه	پزشک، رادیولوژیست، محقق سل، نویسنده، رمان نویس
زبان(ها)	انگلیسی
دانشگاه	دانشگاه البانی دانشگاه استنفورد دانشگاه اورگن دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه استنفورد
کار(های) برجسته	Doctor Mallory

آلن ال هارت (همچنین با نام رابرت آلن بامفورد جونیور. نیز شناخته می‌شود, October 4, 1890 – July 1, 1962) پزشک، رادیولوژیست، محقق سل، نویسنده و رمان نویس آمریکایی بود

هارت در استفاده از عکاسی با اشعه ایکس در تشخیص سل پیشگام بود و به اجرای برنامه های غربالگری سل کمک کرد که جان هزاران نفر را نجات داد.

همچنین به عنوان یک رمان‌نویس، بیش از ۹ داستان کوتاه و ۴ رمان منتشر کرد که مضامین درام، عاشقانه و پزشکی را در بر می‌گیرند.

هارت یکی از اولین مردان ترنسکشوال بود که در سال ۱۹۱۷ تحت عمل جراحی هیسترکتومی در ایالات متحده قرار گرفت.

اوایل زندگی

آلن هارت در کودکی.

هارت در ۴ اکتبر ۱۸۹۰، با نام آلبرتا لوسیل هارت در Halls Summit، Coffey County، کانزاس به دنیا آمد. والدین او آلبرت ال هارت و ادنا هارت (بامفورد) بودند. هنگامی که پدرش در سال ۱۸۹۲ بر اثر حصبه درگذشت، مادرش به نام خانوادگی خود، بامفورد، بازگشت و با خانواده به شهرستان لین، اورگن نقل مکان کرد وقتی هارت پنج ساله بود مادرش با بیل بارتون ازدواج کرد و خانواده به مزرعه پدر ادنا نقل مکان کردند. هارت بعدها در سال ۱۹۱۱، از خوشحالی خود در آن دوران نوشت؛ زمانی که آزادانه می‌توانست به عنوان پسر حاضر شود و با اسباب‌ بازی های پسرانه‌ای که پدربزرگش برای او ساخته بود بازی کند. والدین و پدربزرگ و مادربزرگ هارت تا حد زیادی این بیان جنسیت را پذیرفتند و از او حمایت کردند، اگرچه مادرش ((آرزوی پسر بودن)) او را ((احمقانه)) توصیف کرد. در سال های ۱۹۲۱ و ۱۹۲۴ از هارت در اعلامیه های ترحیم پدربزرگ و مادربزرگ خود به عنوان یک نوه مذکر یاد شده است.

خانواده هارت هنگامی که او ۱۲ ساله بود، به آلبانی نقل مکان کردند. در آنجا هارت مجبور شد با ظاهر دخترانه در مدرسه حضور یابد و در آنجا با او مانند یک دختر رفتار می‌ شد. هارت کماکان تعطیلات خود را در مزرعه پدربزرگش می‌گذراند و در جمع دوستان مذکرش به عنوان یک پسر حاضر می‌ شد، و ((به سر به سر گذاشتن دختران و انجام بازی های پسرانه سرگرم بود)).

بر اساس خاطره ای در روزنامه هالز سامیت نیوز در ۱۰ ژوئن ۱۹۲۱، ((هارت جوان حتی در آن زمان هم متفاوت بود. پوشیدن لباس پسرانه کاملا برایش طبیعی بود. هارت همیشه خود را پسر می دانست و از خانواده اش خواهش می کرد تا موهایش را کوتاه کند و به او اجازه دهند که شلوار به پا کند. هارت از عروسک‌ بازی متنفر بود اما از دکتر بازی لذت می‌برد. او از انجام وظایف مرسوم دخترانه نفرت داشت و به جای آن مزرعه‌داری با مردان را ترجیح می‌داد. این اعتماد به نفس همیشگی هارت از همان ابتدا مشخص بود: یک بار تصادفا نوک انگشت خود را با تبر برید، اما به خانواده اش چیزی نگفت و خودش آن را پانسمان کرد)).

در طول تحصیل، هارت اجازه داشت تحت نام انتخابی خود ((رابرت آلن بامفورد، جونیور)) مقاله بنویسد بدون آنکه با مقاومت چندانی از سوی همکلاسی ها یا معلمانش مواجه شود. در آن زمان استفاده نویسندگان از نام مستعار رایج بود و حتی از اسامی مرتبط با جنس مخالف نیز استفاده می‌شد. هارت هم در روزنامه های محلی و هم در نشریات مدرسه و دانشگاه تحت عنوان همین نام ((آلن ال هارت)) یا به اشکالی چون ((ارسال شده توسط پسری ناشناس)) یا به طور نامشخص و خلاصه مانند((A.L.H)) یا ((A. Hart)) مطالب خود را منتشر می‌کرد. او فقط تحت فشار همسالان یا بالادستان از نام قانونی خود استفاده می کرد. کارهای اولیه او به موضوعات مردانه می پردازند، حتی زمانی هم که از او خواسته می‌شد تا در مورد موضوعات مرتبط به زندگی، از دید زنانه بنویسد. هنگامی هم که از هارت خواسته می‌شد در مورد همکلاسی ها یا دوستان مونث خود مطلبی بنویسد، او آنها را به عنوان بوکسور یا بسکتبالیست هایی پسرانه ای به تصویر می‌کشید.

هارت (ایستاده در سمت راست) به عنوان عضو هیئت تحریریه سالنامه دانشگاه.

اوا کوشمن، همکلاسی و عشق دوران دانشجویی هارت.

هارت در دانشگاه البانی (اکنون به نام دانشگاه لوئیس و کلارک شناخته می‌شود.) تحصیل کرد؛ سپس به همراه همکلاسی و شریک عاشقانه خود، اوا کوشمن، در سال تحصیلی ۱۹۱۲-۱۹۱۱ به دانشگاه استنفورد منتقل شد و پس از آن به آلبانی بازگشت. ارت در سال ۱۹۱۲ از دانشگاه البانی فارغ التحصیل شد و در سال ۱۹۱۷ مدرک دکترای پزشکی خود را از دانشکده علوم پزشکی دانشگاه اورگان در پورتلند (اکنون به نام دانشگاه علوم و بهداشت اورگان شناخته می‌شود) کسب کرد. همچنین هارت در این دوران به کالیفرنیای شمالی رفت تا در دوره‌های دانشکده پزشکی دانشگاه استنفورد در تابستان ۱۹۱۶، که در آن زمان در سانفرانسیسکو برگزار می‌شد، شرکت کند. هارت از اینکه مدرک پزشکی اش به نام زنانه او صادر شده بود، عمیقا ناراضی بود؛ چرا که این مدرک موقعیت های کار تحت عنوان مردانه را محدود می‌کرد. سوابق دانشگاه نشان می دهد که حداقل یکی از کارکنان ارشد آنجا او را درک می‌کرد؛ زیرا اسناد داخلی دانشگاه نشان می‌دهند که سوابق فارغ التحصیلی هارت با عنوان《هارت، لوسیل (معروف به رابرت ال.) پزشک》ثبت شده بود. با اینهمه، هارت میدانست اگر خودش را با نام رابرت معرفی کند، در آینده هر کارمندی که مدارکش را برسی کند، یا از اسم زنانه اش اطلاع می‌یابد یا برای نام رابرت سابقه ای پیدا نمی‌‌کند. هارت پس از فارغ التحصیلی برای مدت کوتاهی (به عنوان یک زن) در بیمارستان صلیب سرخ در فیلادلفیا کار می‌کرد.

تحقیقات در زمینه بیماری سل

هارت بیشتر دوران کاری خود را وقف تحقیق و درمان در زمینه بیماری سل کرد. در اوایل قرن بیستم، این بیماری بزرگترین عامل مرگ‌و‌میر در آمریکا بود. پزشکان، از جمله هارت، متوجه شده بودند که بیماری‌های بی‌شماری (از جمله تحلیل رفتن بدن، فساد بافت ها، فساد بافت ریوی، بیماری کخ، خنازیر، سل جلدی، سل ریوی، بیماری پات و گوژپشتی ) همگی از نمونه های سل (TB) هستند. سل در ابتدا معمولاً به ریه های فرد مبتلا حمله می کند. هارت از اولین پزشکانی بود که نحوه انتشار آن را از طریق سیستم گردش خون و ایجاد ضایعات روی کلیه‌ها، ستون فقرات و مغز که در نهایت منجر به مرگ می شود، را به اثبات رساند. دانشمندان در قرن نوزدهم کشف کرده بودند که سل بیماری ارثی نیست، بلکه ناشی از باسیل های موجود در هوا هست که از طریق سرفه و عطسه به سرعت در میان افراد مجاور یکدیگر پخش می شود. این بدان معنی بود که اگرچه این بیماری ممکن است معالجه شود، اما در مراحل پیشرفته هیچ درمانی ندارد و تنها روزنه امید برای مبتلایان تشخیص زودهنگام بیماری بود.

اشعه ایکس، که تا جنگ جهانی دوم بیشتر به نام اشعه رونتگن شناخته می‌شد، در سال ۱۸۹۵، زمانی که هارت تنها پنج سال داشت، کشف شد. در اوایل قرن بیستم از اشعه ایکس برای تشخیص شکستگی استخوان و یافتن تومور استفاده می شد؛ اما توانایی بالقوه اشعه ایکس در تشخیص بیماری سل، هارت به خود جذب کرد. از آنجایی که این بیماری اغلب در مراحل اولیه خود هیچ علامتی ندارد، استفاده از غربالگری با اشعه ایکس برای تشخیص زودهنگام سل بسیار ارزشمند بود. حتی دستگاه‌های ابتدایی اشعه ایکس نیز می‌توانستند بیماری را قبل از بحرانی شدن تشخیص دهند.

این کار امکان درمان زودهنگام را فراهم می کرد و در اغلب موارد منجر به نجات جان بیمار می شد. در واقع با این روش می‌توان مبتلایان را شناسایی و از جمعیت جدا کرد تا شیوع بیماری به شدت کاهش یابد. Public fund-raising drives, like the newly created Christmas Seal campaign, helped finance these efforts. By the time antibiotics were introduced in the 1940s, doctors using the techniques Hart developed had managed to cut the tuberculosis death toll down to one fiftieth.

In 1937 Hart was hired by the Idaho Tuberculosis Association and later became the state's Tuberculosis Control Officer. He established Idaho's first fixed-location and mobile TB screening clinics and spearheaded the state's war against tuberculosis. Between 1933 and 1945 Hart traveled extensively through rural Idaho, covering thousands of miles while lecturing, conducting mass TB screenings, training new staff, and treating the effects of the epidemic.

An experienced and accessible writer, Hart wrote widely for medical journals and popular publications, describing TB for technical and general audiences and giving advice on its prevention, detection, and cure. At the time the word "tuberculosis" carried a social stigma akin to venereal disease, so Hart insisted his clinics be referred to as "chest clinics", himself as a "chest doctor", and his patients as "chest patients." Discretion and compassion were important tools in treating the stigmatised disease.

In 1943 Hart, now recognised as preeminent in the field of tubercular Roentgenology, compiled his extensive evidence on TB and other x-ray-detectable cases into a definitive compendium, These Mysterious Rays: A Nontechnical Discussion of the Uses of X-rays and Radium, Chiefly in Medicine (pub. Harper & Brothers), still a standard text today. The book was translated into Spanish and several other languages,.

In 1948 Hart was appointed Director of Hospitalization and Rehabilitation for the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission. As in Idaho, Hart took charge of a massive statewide x-ray screening program for TB, emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment. He held this position for the rest of his life, and is credited with helping contain the spread of tuberculosis in Connecticut as he had previously in the Pacific Northwest. Similar programs based on his leadership and methodology in this field in other states also saved many thousands of lives.

Personal life

Transition

Upon reaching adulthood Hart sought psychiatric counselling and surgery to continue passing as a man. Hart's was the first documented transgender male transition in the United States, though sex reassignment surgeries had been carried out earlier in Germany, including on one man, treated by German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, who had won the right to serve in the German military. The 1906–1907 case of Karl M. Baer had set a new precedent for sex reassignment surgery by enlisting simultaneous support from psychiatric, legal, and surgical quarters. There was now medical and legal precedent for transitioning; Hart's approach to his own transition appears to have drawn on the Baer case.

In 1917, Hart approached Joshua Allen Gilbert, Ph.D., M.D., at the University of Oregon and requested surgery to eliminate menstruation and the possibility of ever becoming pregnant. He also presented Gilbert with a eugenic argument, that a person with "abnormal inversion" should be sterilized. Gilbert was initially reluctant, but accepted that Hart was "extremely intelligent and not mentally ill, but afflicted with a mysterious disorder for which I [Gilbert] have no explanation." He accepted that Hart experienced himself only as a male, who described himself using phrases including "the other fellows and I" and asking "what could a fellow do?" Gilbert wrote, in case notes published in the Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease in 1920, that "from a sociological and psychological standpoint [Hart] is a man" and that living as one was Hart's only chance for a happy existence, "the best that can be done." Gilbert addressed the fact that Hart already passed as male, stating, "Many kodak pictures of H have been exhibited as those of a man without being questioned." He added, "Let him who finds in himself a tendency to criticize to offer some constructive method of dealing with the problem on hand. He will not want for difficulties. The patient and I have done our best with it."

Early FTM surgeries involved the implanting of testicular tissue in place of the removed ovaries. Crystalline male hormones had been extracted in usable quantities from male urine by 1903, but it represented an infection risk.

Hart's surgery was completed at the University of Oregon Medical School over the 1917–1918 winter vacation. He then legally changed his name.

He interned at San Francisco Hospital. A former classmate recognized him there, and he was outed as transgender in the Spokesman-Review newspaper on Feb. 6, 1918. The article's opening sentence referred to him by his birth name and with female pronouns, describing him as having graduated from Stanford "as a fluffy coed...[who] affected boyish mannerisms."

In February 1918 he married his first wife, Inez Stark, at a Congregational church and moved with her to Gardiner, Oregon, to set up his own medical practice.

In an interview with a local paper, Hart declared that he was "happier since I made this change than I ever have in my life, and I will continue this way as long as I live [...] I have never concealed anything regarding my [change] to men's clothing [...] I came home to show my friends that I am ashamed of nothing."

Synthetic hormones were not manufactured until 1920 (by Bayer), and when given the opportunity, Hart began taking testosterone. This treatment led to masculinization including a lower-pitched voice and ability to grow facial hair.

Life after transition

In Oregon, Hart suffered an early blow when a former medical school classmate outed him as transgender, forcing Hart and his wife to move. Hart found the experience traumatic and again consulted Gilbert, who wrote that Hart had suffered from "the hounding process ... which our modern social organization can carry on to such perfection and refinement." Hart set up a new practice in remote Huntley, Montana, writing later that he "did operations in barns and houses...('til) the crash of the autumn of 1920 wiped out most of the Montana farmers and stockmen, and me along with them". He then took itinerant work, until in 1921, on a written recommendation from noted doctor Harriet J. Lawrence (decorated by President Wilson for developing a flu vaccine), he secured a post as staff physician at Albuquerque Sanatorium.

The relocations, financial insecurity, and secrecy placed strain on Hart's marriage, and Inez left him in September 1923. She ordered him to have no further contact with her, and divorced him in 1925. The same year Hart married his second wife, Edna Ruddick; the union lasted until the end of Hart's life. In 1925 Hart moved to the Trudeau School of Tuberculosis in New York, where he also carried out postgraduate work; he spent 1926–1928 as a clinician at the Rockford TB sanatorium in Illinois. In 1928 Hart obtained a master's degree in Radiology from the University of Pennsylvania; he was in 1929 appointed Director of Radiology at Tacoma General Hospital. During the 1930s the couple moved to Idaho, where Hart worked during the 1930s and early 1940s; his work also took him to Washington, where he held a research fellowship as a roentgenologist in Spokane. During the war Hart was also a medical adviser at the Army Recruiting and Induction headquarters in Seattle, while Edna worked for the King County Welfare Department in the same city.

In 1948, after Hart obtained a master's degree in public health from Yale, the couple moved to Connecticut, where Hart had been appointed Director of Hospitalization and Rehabilitation for the Connecticut State Tuberculosis Commission. The couple lived for the rest of their lives in West Hartford, Connecticut, where Edna became a professor at the University of Hartford. After the Second World War synthetic testosterone became available in the US, and for the first time Hart was able to grow a beard and shave. He also developed a deeper voice, making him more confident and his public appearances easier.

During the last six years of his life Hart gave numerous lectures, and dedicated all his free time to fundraising for medical research and to support patients with advanced TB who could not afford treatment. He was a member of the American Thoracic Society, American Public Health Association, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and American Civil Liberties Union, among many others. Socially, both he and Edna were well liked, active community leaders. Alan was of Protestant faith and served for eight years as vice president for his local Unitarian Church council.

Hart died of heart failure on July 1, 1962. The terms of his will directed his body be cremated and his ashes scattered over Puget Sound where he and Edna had spent many happy summers together.

Hart said once, in a speech to graduating medical students, "Each of us must take into account the raw material which heredity dealt us at birth and the opportunities we have had along the way, and then work out for ourselves a sensible evaluation of our personalities and accomplishments".

Fiction writing

Alongside his medical practice and research, Hart pursued a second career as a novelist. He had in early life published in local, school, and college magazines, and later published four novels, chiefly on medical themes. His four novels incorporate semi-autobiographical themes: The Undaunted (1936) contains a doctor, Richard Cameron, who describes himself as a 'cripple' after his foot is amputated following persistent bone infection. Cameron worries that this physical defect will drive women away, but ends up marrying his sweetheart. A second character, a radiologist named Sandy Farquhar, is a gay man who has been harassed and tormented, driven from job to job, over his sexuality. Farquhar, who is short, thin, and bespectacled, resembles Hart physically, and considers himself "the possessor of a defective body" from which he wishes to escape, a possible expression of gender dysphoria. Another novel, In the Lives of Men, contains a gay male character with a missing arm.

Early short stories

These short stories were collected in The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart, with collected early writings, by Brian Booth.

1908: Frankfort Center (Published in the Albany High School Whirlwind) For an assignment to write about female college members and sporting activities, Hart described the ambiguously named "Frances", a prize boxer and basketball player.

1909: My Irish Colleen (Published anonymously in the Albany College Student, March 1909 issue) A love poem, presented as the work of an anonymous male student about an Irish girl. It was reprinted in his college yearbook in 1911, under his female name, outing his crush on Eva Cushman.

1909: To the Faculty (Published in the Albany College Student, March 1909 issue) A call for student rebellion and statement of the need of students to be taken seriously. The work discusses doves spreading their wings and flying, reflecting Hart's sense of confinement while forced to live as a sedate young woman.

1909: The American 'Martha' (Published in the Albany College Student, December 1909 issue) A critical take on the fate of women obliged to be housewives, and raising their daughters to the same destiny. The piece quoted the Bible and reflected a concern for women's rights.

1909: 'Ma' on the Football Hero (Published in the Albany College Student, December 1909 issue) Hart questions "what would his mother would say if he were to be a rough and tough College football hero?"

1910: The Magic of Someday (Published in the Albany College Student, January 1910 issue) A lament on the destruction of Hart's childhood dreams of freedom when he was obliged to be female; ending with hope for a future in which he, "with a heart of a man," might be happy.

1910: The National Triune (Published in the Albany College Student, February 1910 issue) Published as the work of "Lucille Hart", the story condemns contemporary politic scandals and the injustice of sexism, and sets out Hart's ideas about the character of a true and respectable man.

1910: The Unwritten Law of the Campus (Published in the Albany College Student, March 1910 issue) A discussion of the difference between moral laws, physical laws, and laws of convention, with reference to discourtesy of someone who tells tales on another student for contravening gender norms.

1911: An Idyll of a Country Childhood (Published in "The Takenah" (Albany College Yearbook) 1911) By now Hart's habits of male dress outside school were well-known, and this story frankly described his early life and its freedom to dress and live as a boy.

Novels

1935: Doctor Mallory (Published W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.) An overnight best-seller, Hart's first novel drew on his experiences as a small-town doctor in Gardiner, Oregon. It portrayed the medical profession as increasingly venal, and was the first exposé of the medical world by a working doctor.

1936: The Undaunted (Published W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.) This novel showed gay physician "Sandy Farquhar" pursuing a career in radiology "because he thought it wouldn't matter so much in a laboratory what a man's personality was," conflicts and themes which Hart himself had experienced in his early career.

1937: In the Lives of Men (Published W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.) Hart's third novel was favorably reviewed for its insights into contemporary medicine, but the reviewer at a national magazine (The Saturday Review of Literature) noted "as a doctor, Hart knows surprisingly little about women".

1942: Doctor Finlay Sees it Through (Published by Harper & Brothers) Hart's final novel, not to be confused with A. J. Cronin's Dr Finlay's Casebook, is considered to have influenced subsequent medical fiction. Another semi-autobiographical account, it revolves around John Finlay, a relatively wealthy doctor who owns his own practice during the Great Depression.

Legacy

After Hart's death his wife acted on his wish to establish a fund for research into leukaemia, from which his mother had died. The interest on his estate is donated annually to the Alan L. and Edna Ruddick Hart Fund, which makes grants for research into leukaemia and its cure.

Hart's will, written in 1943, stipulated that his personal letters and photographs be destroyed, and this was done on his death in 1962. Hart had acted all his life to control the interpretation of his private and emotional life, and the destruction of his personal records at his death were commensurate with this goal. Believing that the secret of his personal history was safe he made no attempt to account for his own life. His identity as the pseudonymous "H" in Gilbert's notes was discovered posthumously by Jonathan Ned Katz, and his identity described as lesbian. Katz's attempts to learn more about Hart's life by contacting Hart's widow were discouraged by Edna Ruddick Hart. The message passed on by her friend in Albany was: "Let that all be passed now. She is older and does not want any more heart ache now."

Controversy

Attempted lesbian reclamation

Jonathan Ned Katz, who in Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (1976) first identified Hart as the pseudonymous "H" in Joseph Gilbert's 1920s case notes, described Hart as a lesbian and depicted his case as one where contemporary strictures against lesbianism were so strong that a 'woman' like Hart had to adopt a male identity to pursue love affairs with women. Katz contended again in his 1983 Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary that Hart was "clearly a lesbian, a woman-loving woman."

As activist Margaret Deidre O'Hartigan noted in the book The Phallus Palace, Katz expressed the belief that transsexualism was "quack medicine" at the time. Wrote Katz, "An historical study needs to be made of the medical and autobiographical literature on 'transsexualism'; it will, I think, reveal the fundamentally sexist nature of the concept and the associated medical treatments." Hart's widow refused interviews to Katz, offended by his categorization of her husband (and by extension, herself) as lesbian. Katz has said he would not portray Hart as a lesbian today.

In 1981, the Oregon gay and lesbian rights PAC called Right to Privacy began hosting the Lucille Hart dinner. They characterized Alan Hart as a famous lesbian from Portland. This fundraiser regularly collected over $100,000 in contributions annually. Right to Privacy's executive director, Barry Pack, claimed in 1995, "We continue to believe that Lucille Hart made a choice to represent herself as a man based on the oppression of society at large [. . .]It is our belief that by honoring the beginning of her life as a woman, as well as the end of her life as a man, we bring greater dignity and respect to one of Oregon's greatest lesbian and gay heroes." In 1996, the Oregonian reported that Right to Privacy said Hart obtaining a hysterectomy was an "unfortunate result of the psychotherapy."

Right to Privacy published "The Lucille Hart Story: an Unconventional Fairy Tale" in 1996. It was authored by amateur historian Tom Cook, and Thomas Lauderdale, who had a degree in history but a career as a pianist for the band Pink Martini. Both Cook and Lauderdale believed that Hart was a lesbian and frequently gave soundbites to newspapers about it as well as formal presentations at colleges and history museums in Oregon and Washington.

Other Portland publications, such as Alternative Connections in 1993 and Just Out in 1995, also claimed Hart was a lesbian. In 1995, transsexual historian Susan Stryker weighed in on Hart's identity twice in the Transsexual News Telegraph. Stryker claimed in the summer of 1995 that Hart was "the butch half of a butch/femme relationship." In the following issue, Stryker said that her social constructionist views of identity gave her "reservations about using the word 'transsexual' to refer to people before the mid 20th century who identify in a profound, ongoing manner with a gender that they were not assigned at birth." O'Hartigan noted in The Phallus Palace that this would seem to include claiming Hart was butch as well. In 1997, female-to-male transsexual philosopher Jacob Hale supported Stryker's views in the Transsexual News Telegraph.

Against Katz's claims, others like Jillian Todd Weiss have asserted that Hart experienced himself as a man from early childhood, identifying transphobia and "blatant disregard for transgender identities" in the claim that Hart was 'really' a woman.

Some historians note that Hart never described himself as transsexual, but the term was not published until the 1920s, and not widely used until the 1960s, near Hart's death. It is also true that Hart worked hard to keep his pre-transition identity secret, and would hardly have sought to publicly claim a trans identity. Others, then, have contended that Hart was a trans pioneer, who lived after his transition exclusively as a man, just as modern transgender people do.

Joy Parks describes the battle, especially within Portland, Oregon GLBT communities over Hart's identity as "extremely ugly" and one in which "neither side appeared particularly victorious."

Additional media

Exhibitions

• In 2002 the Aubrey Watzek Library at Lewis & Clark College ran an exhibition on Hart's life and early writings, titled "The Lives of Men": A Literary Glimpse at the Life of Alberta Lucille Hart/Dr. Alan L. Hart, a title drawing on one of Hart's novels. The exhibition's run was extended by nearly a month in light of unexpectedly high interest.
• In 1994, the story of Alan Lucille Hart and Eva Cushman's attendance at Stanford University, along with a brief description of their subsequent lives, was included in the historical exhibition "Coming to Terms: Passionate Friendship to Gay Liberation on the Farm" at Cecil H. Green Library at Stanford. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich; it ran from July through October 1994 and was the subject of a feature article in the Stanford Daily. "the farm" in the exhibition title is a nickname for the Stanford campus.
• Hart and Cushman's story also was featured in a second historical exhibition at Stanford University: "Creating Queer Space at Stanford: Pages From a Student Scrapbook", which was on display in April and May 2004 in the second floor lobby of Tresidder Memorial Union on the Stanford campus. The exhibition was curated by independent scholar Gerard Koskovich, with Stanford undergraduate Hunter Hargraves serving as associate curator.

Describing Hart as transsexual/transgender

• Bair, Henry. "Lucille Hart Story" and Brian Booth "Alan Hart: A Literary Footnote", in Right to Privacy Ninth Annual Lucille Hart Dinner Booklet (October 6, 1990).
• Bates, Tom. "Decades ago, an Oregon Doctor Tried to Define Gender"" The Oregonian (July 14, 1996).
• Koskovich, Gerard. "Gay at Stanford: Past, Present and Future" (panel discussion sponsored by the Stanford Historical Society at Stanford University, Dec. 3, 2009). Koskovich was one of three presenters; his talk mentions Hart as a forebear of the transgender rights movement. A podcast of the panel is available on the Stanford Historical Society website بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۰۹-۱۲-۲۷ توسط Wayback Machine.

Describing Hart as lesbian

• Katz, Jonathan. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. New York City: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1976.
• Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay/Lesbian Almanac: A New Documentary. New York City: Harper and Row, 1983.
• Lauderdale, Thomas M., and Cook, Tom. "The Incredible Life and Loves of the Legendary Lucille Hart," Alternative Connection, Vol. 2, Nos. 12 and 13 (September and October 1993).
• Miller, Janet, and Schwartz, Judith. Lesbian Physicians Sideshow, created for American Association of Physicians for Human Rights Conference, Portland, Oregon (August 19, 1993).

General works

• Booth, Brian. The Life and Career of Alberta Lucille/Dr. Alan L. Hart with Collected Early Writings. Lewis & Clark College, Portland, OR. 1999.
• Koskovich, Gerard. "Private Lives, Public Struggles", Stanford, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 1993).
• A compilation of Hart's college writings from the Lewis & Clark College Special Collections, accompanied by an overview and timeline of Hart's life by Brian Booth: PDF from Lewis and Clark College.
• Hart, Alan L (1943). These Mysterious Rays: a nontechnical discussion of the uses of X rays and radium, chiefly in medicine. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 1078472674.

See also

• List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon