بات یور

جیزل لیتمان Gisèle Littman (متولد ۱۹۳۳)، با نام قلم بات یور شناخته شده‌است (عبری: בת י בת، دختر نیل) نویسنده یهودیی انگلیسی متولد مصر است، که نظریه توطئه عروپا را در نوشته‌های خود دربارهٔ وضعیت اروپای جدید ترویج می‌کند و استدلال می‌کند که اسلام و آمریکاستیزی و یهودستیزی بر فرهنگ و سیاست اروپا چیره شده‌است. او همچنین در مورد تاریخ اقلیت‌های مسیحی و یهودی که تحت دولت‌های اسلامی زندگی می‌کرده‌اند یا اهل ذمه نوشته‌است که باعث ترویج این اصطلاح در ادبیات اخیر غرب گشته‌است.^[۱]

سنین جوانی و تحصیل[ویرایش]

او در یک خانواده ثروتمند یهودی در قاهره به دنیا آمد. پدرش ایتالیایی بود و در دوران موسولینی فرار کرده بود و مادرش اهل فرانسه بود. او و والدینش در سال ۱۹۵۷ یکسال پس از بحران سوئز به عنوان پناهنده وارد لندن شدند.^[۲]^[۳] در سال ۱۹۵۸ در انستیتوی باستان‌شناسی یو سی ال شرکت کرد و در سال ۱۹۶۰ به سوئیس نقل مکان کرد تا تحصیلات خود را در دانشگاه ژنو ادامه دهد، اما هرگز کارشناسی ارشد خود را به پایان نرسانید و جایگاه دانشگاهی ندارد.^[۴] در سپتامبر سال ۱۹۵۹ با مورخ و فعال انگلیسی دیوید لیتمن ازدواج کرد. بسیاری ازآثار وی با همکاری او بودند. شهروندی بریتانیا را از طریق این ازدواج گرفت و در سال ۱۹۶۰ به سوئیس نقل مکان کردند و سه فرزند دارند.^[۵]

کتابها[ویرایش]

ذمی سازی ۲۰۱۳، RVP Press , ISBN 978-1-61861-335-6
اروپا، جهانی سازی و ظهور خلافت جهانی ، ۲۰۱۱ ، انتشارات دانشگاه ، ISBN 1-61147-445-0
عروپا: محور اروپایی-عربی ، ۲۰۰۵، Fairleigh Dickinson , ISBN 0-8386-4077-X
اسلام و ذمیها: جایی که تمدن‌ها با هم برخورد می‌کنند ، ۲۰۰۱، irleigh Dickinson , ISBN 0-8386-3942-9 ؛ ISBN 0-8386-3943-7 (با دیوید لیتمن، ترجمه شده توسط میریام کوچان)
افول مسیحیت شرقی: از جهاد تا ذمی سازی؛ ۱۹۹۶ ، انتشارات دانشگاه Fairleigh Dickinson , ISBN 0-8386-3678-0 ؛ ISBN 0-8386-3688-8 (شومیز).
اهل ذمه: زندگی یهودیان و مسیحیان تحت حکومتهای اسلامی، ۱۹۸۵ ، انتشارات دانشگاه Fairleigh Dickinson , ISBN 0-8386-3233-5 ؛ ISBN 0-8386-3262-9 (شومیز). (با دیوید میسل، پل فنتون و دیوید لیتمن؛ پیشگفتار توسط ژاک الول)
یهودیان مصر ۱۹۷۱

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ Sidney H. Griffith (November 1998). "The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude, Seventh-Twentieth Century (review)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 30 (4): 619–21. doi:10.1017/S0020743800052831. JSTOR 164368. S2CID 162396249.
↑ André, Darmon (July 2007). "Interview with Bat Ye'or". Israel Magazine. I was born in Egypt, in Cairo, into a family of the Jewish bourgeoisie, of an Italian father and a French mother. My grandfather, to whom Egyptian nationality was accorded by exception, was crowned Bey by the Ottoman sultan. My father decided to renounce Italian nationality as a result of Mussolini's racist laws, but when Nasser came to power, my mother's goods were confiscated because she was French and my father's because he was Jewish. We were forced to stay home, we were chased out of public places and at that moment we decided to flee Egypt. Many fled secretly from fear of being imprisoned. We were forced, like all Egyptian Jews, to sign papers according to which we renounced all our goods, our passport and our nationality, for those who had it, since the Jews had been for the most part Ottoman subjects and not Egyptian. The Jews promised in writing not to demand anything of the Egyptian State. The only right we had was to take one suitcase, which was searched and thrown to the ground and 20 Egyptian pounds that were taken from us anyway by the customs officials, not to mention the insults and acts of terror in front of my parents, both of whom were invalids.
↑ André, Darmon (July 2007). "Interview with Bat Ye'or". Israel Magazine. I was born in Egypt, in Cairo, into a family of the Jewish bourgeoisie, of an Italian father and a French mother. My grandfather, to whom Egyptian nationality was accorded by exception, was crowned Bey by the Ottoman sultan. My father decided to renounce Italian nationality as a result of Mussolini's racist laws, but when Nasser came to power, my mother's goods were confiscated because she was French and my father's because he was Jewish. We were forced to stay home, we were chased out of public places and at that moment we decided to flee Egypt. Many fled secretly from fear of being imprisoned. We were forced, like all Egyptian Jews, to sign papers according to which we renounced all our goods, our passport and our nationality, for those who had it, since the Jews had been for the most part Ottoman subjects and not Egyptian. The Jews promised in writing not to demand anything of the Egyptian State. The only right we had was to take one suitcase, which was searched and thrown to the ground and 20 Egyptian pounds that were taken from us anyway by the customs officials, not to mention the insults and acts of terror in front of my parents, both of whom were invalids.
↑ Whitehead. John W. (9 June 2005). "Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis An interview with Bat Ye'or". Rutherford Institute. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
↑ Poller, Nidra (7 February 2005). "The Brave New World of Eurabia". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

[Griffiths-1] Sidney H. Griffith (November 1998). "The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude, Seventh-Twentieth Century (review)". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 30 (4): 619–21. doi:10.1017/S0020743800052831. JSTOR 164368. S2CID 162396249.

[André-2] André, Darmon (July 2007). "Interview with Bat Ye'or". Israel Magazine. I was born in Egypt, in Cairo, into a family of the Jewish bourgeoisie, of an Italian father and a French mother. My grandfather, to whom Egyptian nationality was accorded by exception, was crowned Bey by the Ottoman sultan. My father decided to renounce Italian nationality as a result of Mussolini's racist laws, but when Nasser came to power, my mother's goods were confiscated because she was French and my father's because he was Jewish. We were forced to stay home, we were chased out of public places and at that moment we decided to flee Egypt. Many fled secretly from fear of being imprisoned. We were forced, like all Egyptian Jews, to sign papers according to which we renounced all our goods, our passport and our nationality, for those who had it, since the Jews had been for the most part Ottoman subjects and not Egyptian. The Jews promised in writing not to demand anything of the Egyptian State. The only right we had was to take one suitcase, which was searched and thrown to the ground and 20 Egyptian pounds that were taken from us anyway by the customs officials, not to mention the insults and acts of terror in front of my parents, both of whom were invalids.

[André2-3] André, Darmon (July 2007). "Interview with Bat Ye'or". Israel Magazine. I was born in Egypt, in Cairo, into a family of the Jewish bourgeoisie, of an Italian father and a French mother. My grandfather, to whom Egyptian nationality was accorded by exception, was crowned Bey by the Ottoman sultan. My father decided to renounce Italian nationality as a result of Mussolini's racist laws, but when Nasser came to power, my mother's goods were confiscated because she was French and my father's because he was Jewish. We were forced to stay home, we were chased out of public places and at that moment we decided to flee Egypt. Many fled secretly from fear of being imprisoned. We were forced, like all Egyptian Jews, to sign papers according to which we renounced all our goods, our passport and our nationality, for those who had it, since the Jews had been for the most part Ottoman subjects and not Egyptian. The Jews promised in writing not to demand anything of the Egyptian State. The only right we had was to take one suitcase, which was searched and thrown to the ground and 20 Egyptian pounds that were taken from us anyway by the customs officials, not to mention the insults and acts of terror in front of my parents, both of whom were invalids.

[Interview55-4] Whitehead. John W. (9 June 2005). "Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis An interview with Bat Ye'or". Rutherford Institute. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

[5] Poller, Nidra (7 February 2005). "The Brave New World of Eurabia". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.

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