فهرست پدر یا مادر یک رشته علمی: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

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برچسب: استفادهٔ زیاد از تگ یا الگوی سرخط
خط ۱۶: خط ۱۶:
|[[تالس]] (حدود: ۶۲۴/۶۲۳ – حدود: ۵۴۸/۵۴۵ پ. م)<ref>{{cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |title=A Short History of Science to the 19th century |publisher=Streeter Press |date=2008 |page=35}}<!--(copied from [[Thales]]--></ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Needham |first=C. W. |title=Cerebral Logic: Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain |publisher=Loose Leaf |date=1978 |page=75 |isbn=978-0-398-03754-3}}<!--(copied from [[Thales]]--></ref>
|[[تالس]] (حدود: ۶۲۴/۶۲۳ – حدود: ۵۴۸/۵۴۵ پ. م)<ref>{{cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |title=A Short History of Science to the 19th century |publisher=Streeter Press |date=2008 |page=35}}<!--(copied from [[Thales]]--></ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Needham |first=C. W. |title=Cerebral Logic: Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain |publisher=Loose Leaf |date=1978 |page=75 |isbn=978-0-398-03754-3}}<!--(copied from [[Thales]]--></ref>
|تلاش برای توضیح پدیده های طبیعی بدون توسل به [[اسطوره شناسی]]
|تلاش برای توضیح پدیده های طبیعی بدون توسل به [[اسطوره شناسی]]
|}

== Natural sciences ==
=== Biology ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!width="25%"| Field
!width="32%"| Person/s<br />{{nobold|considered "father" or "mother"}}
!width="43%"| Rationale
|- valign="top"
|rowspan="2"| '''[[Bacteriology]]'''
| [[Robert Koch]] (1843–1910)<br/>[[Ferdinand Cohn]] (1828–1898)<ref>Drews G. (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a Founder of Modern Microbiology". ASM News 65 (8).</ref><br/>[[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895)
|rowspan="2" valign="middle"| First to produce precise, correct descriptions of [[bacteria]].
</tr>
|-
| [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] (1632–1723)<ref name=fm/>
|- valign="top"
| '''[[Biogeography]]'''
| [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] (1823–1913)
| "... Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."<ref>{{cite book |title = Explorers: Tales of Endurance and Exploration |date = 2010 |publisher = Penguin |isbn = 9780756675110 |author = DK Publishing |page = 272 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Biology]]'''{{NoteTag|A name suggested in 1802 by the German naturalist [[Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus]] and introduced as a scientific term later that year by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]].}}
| [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)
| <!--(Aristotle:)-->
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Botany]]'''
| [[Theophrastus]] (c. 371 – c. 287 BC)
| <!--(Theophrastus:)-->
|- valign="top"

|'''[[Bryology]]'''
| [[Johann Hedwig]] (1730–1799)
|
|-
|'''[[Cheloniology]]'''
|[[Archie Carr]] (1909–1987)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://conserveturtles.org/10693-2/|title=Centennial Tribute to Archie Carr- The Father of Sea Turtle Research & Conservation – Sea Turtle Conservancy|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/faces-sea-turtle-conservation-dr-larisa-avens-research-biologist|title=Faces of Sea Turtle Conservation: Dr. Larisa Avens, Research Biologist {{!}} NOAA Fisheries|last=Fisheries|first=NOAA|date=2018-06-12|website=www.fisheries.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/people/archie-carr|title=Archie Carr Biography|website=InfoPlease|language=en|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2013/01/telling-the-story-of-the-father-of-sea-turtle-conservation/|title=Telling the story of the father of sea turtle conservation|date=2013-01-21|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://patheyman.com/archie-carr-father-turtle-research/|title=Archie Carr: Father of Turtle Research|last=Heyman|first=Pat|date=2009-11-28|website=Pat Heyman|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Ecology]]'''
| [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707–1778) <br/>[[Ernst Haeckel]] (1834–1919) <br/>[[Eugenius Warming]] (1841–1924)<ref name="Goodland (1975)">{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3543715|last=Goodland|first=R.J.|date=1975|title=The tropical origin of ecology: Eugen Warming's jubilee|journal=Oikos|volume=26|issue=2|pages=240–245|jstor=3543715}}</ref>
| Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called ''The Economy of Nature'' (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. ''[[Plantesamfund]]'' (1895).
|- valign="top"

| '''Modern [[elk]] management'''
| [[Olaus Murie]] (1889–1963)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/our-arctic-nation/week-28-wyoming-45206dc95122|website=[[Medium.com]]|author=DanMcIlhenny|title=A Lifelong Passion for Place and Conservation: Wyoming, Alaska, and the Muries' Arctic Love Affair|date=29 July 2016}}</ref>
|
|- valign="top"

|rowspan="3"| '''[[Entomology]]'''
| [[Jan Swammerdam]] (1637–1680)
| <!--(Swammerdam:)-->{{lower|0.25em|<ref>p. 208, ''A history of social thought'', Paul Hanly Furfey, The Macmillan company, 1942.</ref>}}
|-
| [[Johan Christian Fabricius]] (1745–1808)<ref>p. 162, ''Museum: the Macleays, their collections and the search for order'', Robyn Stacey, Ashley Hay, Cambridge University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-521-87453-X}}.</ref>
| Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.
|-
| [[William Kirby (entomologist)|William Kirby]] (1759–1850)
| <!--(Kirby:)-->{{lower|0.25em|<ref>p. 118, ''The fossil hunter: dinosaurs, evolution, and the woman whose discoveries changed the world'', Shelley Emling, Macmillan, 2009, {{ISBN|0-230-61156-7}}.</ref>}}
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Ethology]]'''
| [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]] (1907–1988)<br />[[Karl von Frisch]] (1886–1982)<br /> [[Konrad Lorenz]] (1903–1989)
| The modern discipline of [[ethology]] is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]], [[Konrad Lorenz]] and [[Karl von Frisch]], joint awardees of the 1973 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1973/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973|work=Nobelprize.org.|access-date=9 September 2016|quote=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 was awarded jointly to Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen 'for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns'.}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''{{hlist |[[Evolution]] |[[Natural selection]]}}'''
| [[Charles Darwin]] (1809–1882)<!--
--><ref>Darwin, Charles (1842, published 1909), "Pencil Sketch of 1842", in Darwin, Francis, The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844., Cambridge University Press, <http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1> Retrieved on 2006-12-15</ref><!--
--><ref>Moore, James (2006), "Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin", Speaking of Faith (Radio Program), American Public Media, <{{cite web|url=http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |archive-date=2008-12-22 }}> Retrieved on 2006-12-15</ref><!--
--><ref>van Wyhe, John (2006), Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch, <http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html> Retrieved on 2006-12-15</ref>
| ''[[On the Origin of Species]]'' (1859).
|- valign="top"

|rowspan="2"| '''[[Genetics]]'''
| [[Gregor Mendel]] (1822–1884)
| <!--(Mendel:)-->For his study of the [[biological inheritance|inheritance]] of [[Trait (biological)|trait]]s in [[pea]] plants, which forms the basis for [[Mendelian inheritance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Lifescience/GeneralBiology/Physiology/FatherGenetics/FatherGenetics/FatherGenetics.htm|title=The Father of Genetics<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=Cartage.org.lb|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716053337/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/physiology/fathergenetics/fathergenetics/fathergenetics.htm|archive-date=16 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> (published 1865–1866).
|-
| [[William Bateson]] (1861–1926)
| <!--(Bateson:)-->Proponent of Mendelism.<ref>p. 91, ''Theory change in science: strategies from Mendelian genetics'', Lindley Darden, Oxford University Press US, 1991, {{ISBN|0-19-506797-5}}.</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Gerontology]]'''
| [[Élie Metchnikoff]] (1845–1916)
| Coined the term "gerontology" (1903). He was the first to perform systematic research on the effects of certain foods on lifespan and healthspan, developed the concept of probiotic diet that promotes long healthy life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hplusmagazine.com/2015/05/06/may-15-2015-170th-anniversary-of-elie-metchnikoff-the-founder-of-gerontology-an-opportunity-to-promote-aging-and-longevity-research/ |title=May 15, 2015 – 170th anniversary of Élie Metchnikoff – the founder of gerontology – an opportunity to promote aging and longevity research |work=h+ Media |date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agingresearch.org/elie-metchnikoff-gerontology-pioneer/ |title=Elie Metchnikoff: Gerontology Pioneer |website=Alliance for Aging Research |date=15 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stambler |first=Ilia |date=October 2015 |title=Elie Metchnikoff—The Founder of Longevity Science and a Founder of Modern Medicine: In Honor of the 170th Anniversary |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289500765 |journal=Advances in Gerontology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.1134/S2079057015040219 |pmid=26856081|s2cid=35017226 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Minukhin |first1=V. V. |last2=Kolotova |first2=T. Yu. |last3=Skliar |first3=N. I. |last4=Voronkina |first4=I. A. |last5=Davidenko |first5=M. B. |last6=Kazmirchuk |first6=V. V. |date=19 September 2020 |title=Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov: life and work |url=http://journals.uran.ua/ami/article/view/212414 |journal=Annals of Mechnikov Institute |volume= |issue=3 |pages=11–35 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4038869}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Vikhanski |first=L. |date=1 November 2016 |title=Elie Metchnikoff Rediscovered: Comeback of a Founding Father of Gerontology |url=https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/Suppl_3/181/2577531 |journal=The Gerontologist |volume=56 |issue=Suppl_3 |pages=181 |doi=10.1093/geront/gnw162.708}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Stambler |first=Ilia |date=2020-12-13 |title=Ilya Mechnikov — the founder of Gerontology |url=http://www.internalmed-journal.in.ua/en/archives/2162 |format=PDF |journal=The East Europe Journal of Internal and Family Medicine |location=Kharkov |volume=2B |issue=14 |pages=29–30 |doi=10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.029|s2cid=230635486 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stambler |first=Ilia |date=29 August 2014 |chapter="Father" Metchnikoff |chapter-url=http://www.longevityhistory.com/read-the-book-online/#_Toc328319983 |title=A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315526897 |series=Longevity History |pages=540 |isbn=978-1500818579}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

|'''[[Herpetology]]'''
|[[John Edwards Holbrook]] (1796–1871)
|"John Edwards Holbrook... was considered by many to be the Father of Herpetology."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ansp.org/research/library/archives/0200-0299/holbrook219/|title=North American Herpetology|website=ansp.org|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref><ref>Worthington, R. D.; Worthington, P. H. (1976). "John Edwards Holbrook, father of American herpetology". pp. xiii–xxvii. <nowiki>'''''In'':''' Holbrook J. E. ''North American Herpetology''</nowiki> ... [second edition, 1842], reprint edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology series.</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Ichthyology]]'''
| [[Peter Artedi]] (1705–1735)
| "Far greater than either of these... was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–1735)."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jordan |first=David Starr |date=1905 |title=A Guide to the Study of Fishes |publisher=Henry Holt and Company }}, online at [https://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=OCLC00720618&pg=PA390 Google Books], p.&nbsp;390.</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Immunology]]'''
| [[Edward Jenner]] (1749–1823)
| Pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine (in 1796).<ref>{{cite web|author=JV PaidHungat |url=https://www.japi.org/s284e4/edward-jenner-father-of-immunology |title=Edward Jenner - Father of Immunology |work={{abbr|JAPI|Journal of the Association of Physicians of India}} |date=March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.targethealth.com/post/edward-jenner-md-1749-1823-father-of-immunology |title=Edward Jenner MD (1749–1823), Father of Immunology |work=Target Health, LLC |date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Nitkin |url=https://www.dixonvalve.com/sites/default/files/publications/articles/Father%20of%20Immunology.pdf |title=Father of Immunology |date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Maisie Lillywhite |url=https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/news/gloucester-news/seven-facts-gloucestershires-father-immunology-3969892 |title=Seven facts about Gloucestershire's "Father of Immunology" Edward Jenner |publisher=Gloucestershire Live |date=2020-03-21}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Innate immunity|Innate (natural) immunity]]'''
| [[Élie Metchnikoff]] (1845–1916)
| Research of phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages as a critical host-defense mechanism.<ref name="nobel1908">{{cite journal|last=Kaufmann |first=Stefan H. E. |date=July 2008 |title=Immunology's foundation: the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5293774 |journal=[[Nature Immunology]] |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=705–712 |doi=10.1038/ni0708-705 |pmc= |pmid= 18563076|s2cid=205359637 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gordon |first=Siamon |date=2008-11-27 |title=Elie Metchnikoff: Father of natural immunity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23503486 |journal=[[European Journal of Immunology]] |volume=38 |issue=12 |pages=3257–3264 |doi=10.1002/eji.200838855 |pmc= |pmid=19039772|s2cid=658489 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tan |first1=S. Y. |last2=Dee |first2=M. K. |date=May 2009 |title=Elie Metchnikoff (1845–1916): discoverer of phagocytosis |url=http://www.smj.org.sg/sites/default/files/5005/5005ms1.pdf |journal=[[Singapore Medical Journal]] |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=456–457 |doi= |pmc= |pmid=19495511}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gordon |first=Siamon |date=April 2016 |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |url= |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |pmid= 26836137}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gordon |first=Siamon |date=2016-08-25 |title=Phagocytosis: The Legacy of Metchnikoff |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867416310686 |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=166 |issue=5 |pages=1065–1068 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.017 |pmc= |pmid=27565334|s2cid=9619381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cavaillon |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Legou |first2=Sandra |date=October 2016 |title=Centenary of the death of Elie Metchnikoff: a visionaryand an outstanding team leader |url=https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01469399/document |journal=Microbes and Infection |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=577–594 |doi=10.1016/j.micinf.2016.05.008 |pmc= |pmid=27288152}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.targethealth.com/post/father-of-prebiotics-elie-metchnikoff-1845-1916 |title=Father of Prebiotics, Elie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) |work=Target Health, LLC |date=2020-02-24}}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Humoral immunity]]'''
| [[Paul Ehrlich]] (1854–1915)
| Described the side-chain theory of antibody formation and the mechanisms of how antibodies neutralize toxins and induce bacterial lysis with the help of complement.<ref name="nobel1908"/>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Lichenology]]'''
| [[Erik Acharius]] (1757–1819)
| "Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."<ref name="Acharius">[http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/kbo/ach/acharius.html.en Department of Cryptogamic Botany] at the [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]] (1999-12-17).</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Microbiology]]'''
| [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] (1632–1723) / [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895)<ref>Madigan M., Martinko J. (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed., Prentice Hall.</ref>
| The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see [[bacteria]].
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Molecular biology]]'''
| [[Linus Pauling]] (1901–1994)
| <!--(Pauling:)-->{{lower|0.25em|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/biographicalnote.html|title=Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers - Special Collections - Oregon State University<!-- Bot generated title -->|website=OregonState.edu|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605143920/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/biographicalnote.html|archive-date=5 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Molecular biophysics]]'''
| [[Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran]] (1922–2001)<ref>{{citation |title=Indian science slows down: The decline of open-ended research |first=Gangan |last=Prathap |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=86 |issue=6 |date=March 2004 |pages=768–769 [768]}}</ref>
| Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Paleontology]]'''
| [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1452–1519)<br />[[George Cuvier]] (1769–1832)
| {{lower|0.25em|<ref>p. 287, ''On social structure and science'' (volume 1996 of ''Heritage of sociology''), Robert King Merton and Piotr Sztompka, University of Chicago Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-226-52071-4}}.</ref>}}
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Parasitology]]'''
| [[Francesco Redi]] (1626–1697)
| The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.<ref name=lev>{{cite web |author-last1=Levine |author-first1=R. |author-last2=Evers |author-first2=C. |title=The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668–1859) |url= http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Spontaneous_Generation.php|access-date=2013-04-18 }}</ref>
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Protozoology]]'''
| [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] (1632–1723)<ref name=fm>p. 18, ''Foundations in microbiology: basic principles'', Kathleen Park Talaro, 6th ed., international ed., McGraw-Hill, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-07-126232-3}}.</ref>
| First to produce precise, correct descriptions of [[protozoa]].
|- valign="top"

| '''[[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy]]'''
| [[Carl Linnaeus]] (1707–1778)<ref>Hovey, Edmund Otis, "The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus", New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1908.</ref>
| Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.
|- valign="top"
| '''[[Virology]]'''
| [[Martinus Beijerinck]] (1851-1931)<ref>Chung, King-Thom and Ferris, Deam Hunter (1996). Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851–1931): pioneer of general [[microbiology]]. AMS News 62, 539–543.</ref>
| Studies of agricultural microbiology and [[industrial microbiology]] that yielded fundamental discoveries.
|- valign="top"
| '''[[Zoology]]'''
| [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC)
| His contributions to the field include vast quantities of information about the variety, structure, and behavior of animals
|}
|}

نسخهٔ ‏۱۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۱، ساعت ۱۳:۰۲

فهرست پدر یا مادر یک رشته علمی (به انگلیسی: List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field) افرادی را شامل می شود که به عنوان پدر یا مادر مؤسس) یک رشته علمی شناخته می شوند. عموماً افرادی در نظر گرفته می‌شوند که اولین مشارکت‌های مهم و / یا ترسیم آن زمینه را داشته‌اند. آنها همچنین ممکن است به عنوان به جایپدر یا مادر میدان دیده شوند. بحث در مورد اینکه چه کسی شایسته این عنوان است می تواند دائمی باشد.

علم به عنوان یک کل

رشته شخص/ها
در نظر گرفته شده پدر یا مادر 		بنیاد و پایه
علم (مدرن) گالیله (۱۵۶۴–۱۶۴۲)[۱]
[۲][۳] 		برای استفاده سیستمی از آزمایش در علم و کمک به روش علمی، فیزیک و نجوم رصدی
علم (باستان) تالس (حدود: ۶۲۴/۶۲۳ – حدود: ۵۴۸/۵۴۵ پ. م)[۴][۵] تلاش برای توضیح پدیده های طبیعی بدون توسل به اسطوره شناسی

Natural sciences

Biology

Field Person/s
considered "father" or "mother" 		Rationale
Bacteriology Robert Koch (1843–1910)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)[۶]
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) 		First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)[۷]
Biogeography Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) "... Often described as the Father of Biogeography, Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world."[۸]
Biology[نکته ۱] Aristotle (384–322 BC)
Botany Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC)
Bryology Johann Hedwig (1730–1799)
Cheloniology Archie Carr (1909–1987) [۹][۱۰][۱۱][۱۲][۱۳]
Ecology Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)
Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919)
Eugenius Warming (1841–1924)[۱۴] 		Linnaeus founded an early branch of ecology that he called The Economy of Nature (1772), Haeckel coined the term "ecology" (German: Oekologie, Ökologie) (1866), Warming authored the first book on plant ecology. Plantesamfund (1895).
Modern elk management Olaus Murie (1889–1963)[۱۵]
Entomology Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680) [۱۶]
Johan Christian Fabricius (1745–1808)[۱۷] Fabricius described and published information on over 10,000 insects and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.
William Kirby (1759–1850) [۱۸]
Ethology Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907–1988)
Karl von Frisch (1886–1982)
Konrad Lorenz (1903–1989) 		The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, joint awardees of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[۱۹]
Charles Darwin (1809–1882)[۲۰][۲۱][۲۲] On the Origin of Species (1859).
Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance[۲۳] (published 1865–1866).
William Bateson (1861–1926) Proponent of Mendelism.[۲۴]
Gerontology Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) Coined the term "gerontology" (1903). He was the first to perform systematic research on the effects of certain foods on lifespan and healthspan, developed the concept of probiotic diet that promotes long healthy life.[۲۵][۲۶][۲۷][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱]
Herpetology John Edwards Holbrook (1796–1871) "John Edwards Holbrook... was considered by many to be the Father of Herpetology."[۳۲][۳۳]
Ichthyology Peter Artedi (1705–1735) "Far greater than either of these... was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–1735)."[۳۴]
Immunology Edward Jenner (1749–1823) Pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine (in 1796).[۳۵][۳۶][۳۷][۳۸]
Innate (natural) immunity Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916) Research of phagocytosis by macrophages and microphages as a critical host-defense mechanism.[۳۹][۴۰][۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴][۴۵]
Humoral immunity Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) Described the side-chain theory of antibody formation and the mechanisms of how antibodies neutralize toxins and induce bacterial lysis with the help of complement.[۳۹]
Lichenology Erik Acharius (1757–1819) "Erik Acharius, the father of lichenology..."[۴۶]
Microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) / Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)[۴۷] The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria.
Molecular biology Linus Pauling (1901–1994) [۴۸]
Molecular biophysics Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran (1922–2001)[۴۹] Founded the [world's first?] molecular biophysics unit (1970).
Paleontology Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
George Cuvier (1769–1832) 		[۵۰]
Parasitology Francesco Redi (1626–1697) The founder of experimental biology and the first person to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies.[۵۱]
Protozoology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)[۷] First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.
Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)[۵۲] Devised the system of naming living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world.
Virology Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)[۵۳] Studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology that yielded fundamental discoveries.
Zoology Aristotle (384–322 BC) His contributions to the field include vast quantities of information about the variety, structure, and behavior of animals
  1. ↑ Pamela Gossin, Encyclopedia of Literature and Science, 2002.
  2. ↑ Finocchiaro, aurice A. (Fall 2007), "Book Review—The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History", The Historian 69 (3): 601–602
  3. ↑ Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History. Universe, p. 155.
  4. ↑ Singer, C. (2008). A Short History of Science to the 19th century. Streeter Press. p. 35.
  5. ↑ Needham, C. W. (1978). Cerebral Logic: Solving the Problem of Mind and Brain. Loose Leaf. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-398-03754-3.
  6. ↑ Drews G. (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a Founder of Modern Microbiology". ASM News 65 (8).
  7. ↑ ۷٫۰ ۷٫۱ p. 18, Foundations in microbiology: basic principles, Kathleen Park Talaro, 6th ed., international ed., McGraw-Hill, 2007, شابک ‎۹۷۸−۰−۰۷−۱۲۶۲۳۲−۳.
  8. ↑ DK Publishing (2010). Explorers: Tales of Endurance and Exploration. Penguin. p. 272. ISBN 9780756675110.
  9. ↑ "Centennial Tribute to Archie Carr- The Father of Sea Turtle Research & Conservation – Sea Turtle Conservancy" (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  10. ↑ Fisheries, NOAA (2018-06-12). "Faces of Sea Turtle Conservation: Dr. Larisa Avens, Research Biologist | NOAA Fisheries". www.fisheries.noaa.gov (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  11. ↑ "Archie Carr Biography". InfoPlease (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  12. ↑ "Telling the story of the father of sea turtle conservation". Mongabay Environmental News (به انگلیسی). 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  13. ↑ Heyman, Pat (2009-11-28). "Archie Carr: Father of Turtle Research". Pat Heyman (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  14. ↑ Goodland, R.J. (1975). "The tropical origin of ecology: Eugen Warming's jubilee". Oikos. 26 (2): 240–245. doi:10.2307/3543715. JSTOR 3543715.
  15. ↑ DanMcIlhenny (29 July 2016). "A Lifelong Passion for Place and Conservation: Wyoming, Alaska, and the Muries' Arctic Love Affair". Medium.com.
  16. ↑ p. 208, A history of social thought, Paul Hanly Furfey, The Macmillan company, 1942.
  17. ↑ p. 162, Museum: the Macleays, their collections and the search for order, Robyn Stacey, Ashley Hay, Cambridge University Press, 2007, شابک ‎۰−۵۲۱−۸۷۴۵۳-X.
  18. ↑ p. 118, The fossil hunter: dinosaurs, evolution, and the woman whose discoveries changed the world, Shelley Emling, Macmillan, 2009, شابک ‎۰−۲۳۰−۶۱۱۵۶−۷.
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 9 September 2016. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973 was awarded jointly to Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen 'for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns'.
  20. ↑ Darwin, Charles (1842, published 1909), "Pencil Sketch of 1842", in Darwin, Francis, The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844., Cambridge University Press, <http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1> Retrieved on 2006-12-15
  21. ↑ Moore, James (2006), "Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin", Speaking of Faith (Radio Program), American Public Media, <"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2008-11-22.{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:عنوان آرشیو به جای عنوان (link)> Retrieved on 2006-12-15
  22. ↑ van Wyhe, John (2006), Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch, <http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html> Retrieved on 2006-12-15
  23. ↑ "The Father of Genetics". Cartage.org.lb. Archived from the original on 16 July 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  24. ↑ p. 91, Theory change in science: strategies from Mendelian genetics, Lindley Darden, Oxford University Press US, 1991, شابک ‎۰−۱۹−۵۰۶۷۹۷−۵.
  25. ↑ "May 15, 2015 – 170th anniversary of Élie Metchnikoff – the founder of gerontology – an opportunity to promote aging and longevity research". h+ Media. 6 May 2015.
  26. ↑ "Elie Metchnikoff: Gerontology Pioneer". Alliance for Aging Research. 15 May 2015.
  27. ↑ Stambler, Ilia (October 2015). "Elie Metchnikoff—The Founder of Longevity Science and a Founder of Modern Medicine: In Honor of the 170th Anniversary". Advances in Gerontology. 5 (4): 201–208. doi:10.1134/S2079057015040219. PMID 26856081. S2CID 35017226.
  28. ↑ Minukhin, V. V.; Kolotova, T. Yu.; Skliar, N. I.; Voronkina, I. A.; Davidenko, M. B.; Kazmirchuk, V. V. (19 September 2020). "Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov: life and work". Annals of Mechnikov Institute (3): 11–35. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4038869.
  29. ↑ Vikhanski, L. (1 November 2016). "Elie Metchnikoff Rediscovered: Comeback of a Founding Father of Gerontology". The Gerontologist. 56 (Suppl_3): 181. doi:10.1093/geront/gnw162.708.
  30. ↑ Stambler, Ilia (2020-12-13). "Ilya Mechnikov — the founder of Gerontology" (PDF). The East Europe Journal of Internal and Family Medicine. Kharkov. 2B (14): 29–30. doi:10.15407/internalmed2020.02b.029. S2CID 230635486.
  31. ↑ Stambler, Ilia (29 August 2014). ""Father" Metchnikoff". A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century. Longevity History. p. 540. ISBN 978-1500818579.
  32. ↑ "North American Herpetology". ansp.org. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  33. ↑ Worthington, R. D.; Worthington, P. H. (1976). "John Edwards Holbrook, father of American herpetology". pp. xiii–xxvii. '''''In'':''' Holbrook J. E. ''North American Herpetology'' ... [second edition, 1842], reprint edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology series.
  34. ↑ Jordan, David Starr (1905). A Guide to the Study of Fishes. Henry Holt and Company., online at Google Books, p. 390.
  35. ↑ JV PaidHungat (March 2015). "Edward Jenner - Father of Immunology". JAPI.
  36. ↑ "Edward Jenner MD (1749–1823), Father of Immunology". Target Health, LLC. 2020-05-04.
  37. ↑ Karen Nitkin (2017). "Father of Immunology" (PDF).
  38. ↑ Maisie Lillywhite (2020-03-21). "Seven facts about Gloucestershire's "Father of Immunology" Edward Jenner". Gloucestershire Live.
  39. ↑ ۳۹٫۰ ۳۹٫۱ Kaufmann, Stefan H. E. (July 2008). "Immunology's foundation: the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize to Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff". Nature Immunology. 9 (7): 705–712. doi:10.1038/ni0708-705. PMID 18563076. S2CID 205359637.
  40. ↑ Gordon, Siamon (2008-11-27). "Elie Metchnikoff: Father of natural immunity". European Journal of Immunology. 38 (12): 3257–3264. doi:10.1002/eji.200838855. PMID 19039772. S2CID 658489.
  41. ↑ Tan, S. Y.; Dee, M. K. (May 2009). "Elie Metchnikoff (1845–1916): discoverer of phagocytosis" (PDF). Singapore Medical Journal. 50 (5): 456–457. PMID 19495511.
  42. ↑ Gordon, Siamon (April 2016). "Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth". Journal of Innate Immunity. 8 (3): 223–227. doi:10.1159/000443331. PMC 6738810. PMID 26836137.
  43. ↑ Gordon, Siamon (2016-08-25). "Phagocytosis: The Legacy of Metchnikoff". Cell. 166 (5): 1065–1068. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.017. PMID 27565334. S2CID 9619381.
  44. ↑ Cavaillon, Jean-Marc; Legou, Sandra (October 2016). "Centenary of the death of Elie Metchnikoff: a visionaryand an outstanding team leader". Microbes and Infection. 18 (10): 577–594. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2016.05.008. PMID 27288152.
  45. ↑ "Father of Prebiotics, Elie Metchnikoff (1845–1916)". Target Health, LLC. 2020-02-24.
  46. ↑ Department of Cryptogamic Botany at the Swedish Museum of Natural History (1999-12-17).
  47. ↑ Madigan M., Martinko J. (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed., Prentice Hall.
  48. ↑ "Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers - Special Collections - Oregon State University". OregonState.edu. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  49. ↑ Prathap, Gangan (March 2004), "Indian science slows down: The decline of open-ended research", Current Science, 86 (6): 768–769 [768]
  50. ↑ p. 287, On social structure and science (volume 1996 of Heritage of sociology), Robert King Merton and Piotr Sztompka, University of Chicago Press, 1996, شابک ‎۰−۲۲۶−۵۲۰۷۱−۴.
  51. ↑ Levine, R.; Evers, C. "The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668–1859)". Retrieved 2013-04-18.
  52. ↑ Hovey, Edmund Otis, "The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus", New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1908.
  53. ↑ Chung, King-Thom and Ferris, Deam Hunter (1996). Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851–1931): pioneer of general microbiology. AMS News 62, 539–543.


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