راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی دانمارکی

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد

در این جدول الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی هستند که روش تلفظ‌های زبان دانمارکی را در مقاله‌های ویکی‌پدیا نشان می‌دهند.

واکه‌ها
آوانگاری مثال نزدیک‌ترین معادل انگلیسی
ɑ tak [ˈtsʰɑk] art
ɑ: rane [ˈʁɑːnə] father
ʌ ånd [ˈʌnˀ] somewhat like off
ɒ normal [nɒˈmɛˀl] off
ɒ: kort [ˈkʰɒːt] dog
æ kat [ˈkʰæt] bat
æː græde [ˈkʁæːðə] bad
bed [ˈpe̝ð] ('garden plot') bit
e̝: mene [ˈme̝ːnə] bid
e ven [ˈven], frisk [ˈfʁesk] bait
mæle [ˈmeːlə] bade
ɛ bær [ˈpɛɐ̯] bet
ɛː gade [ˈkɛːðə] bed
i tisse [ˈtsʰisə] beat
mile [ˈmiːlə] bead
o foto [ˈfoto] story, but short
kone [ˈkʰoːnə] story
ɔ ost [ˈɔst] ('cheese') somewhat like growth
ɔ: måle [ˈmɔːlə] somewhat like grow
ø nød [ˈnøðˀ] somewhat like hurt
øː løber [ˈløːpɐ] ('runner') somewhat like herd
œ bønne [ˈpœnə] somewhat like hurt
œ: høne [ˈhœːnə] somewhat like herd
ɶ tør [ˈtsʰɶɐ̯ˀ] ('dry') somewhat like but
ɶ: røre [ˈʁɶːɐ] somewhat like bud
u ud [ˈuðˀ] moot
hule [ˈhuːlə] mood
y tyk [ˈtsʰyk] somewhat like refute
synlig [ˈsyːnli] somewhat like feud
Unstressed-only
ɐ løber [ˈløːpɐ] ('runner') coda
ð̩ malet [ˈmɛːlð̩][۱] the book (pronounced quickly)
ə hoppe [ˈhʌpə] focus
gammel [ˈkɑml̩][۱] bottle
København [kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀn][۱] rhythm
vinden [ˈve̝nˀn̩] ('the wind')[۱] sudden
ŋ̍ ryggen [ˈʁœkŋ̍][۱] Washington
همخوان‌ها
آوانگاری مثال نزدیک‌ترین معادل انگلیسی
ɐ̯ er [ˈɛɐ̯] near
ɕ sjat [ˈɕæt] ship
ð øde [ˈøːðə] bathe
f fod [ˈfoðˀ] fan
h hat [ˈhæt] heart
j jord [ˈjoɐ̯ˀ], mig [ˈmɑj] yawn
k god [ˈkoðˀ] scar
kone [ˈkʰoːnə] car
l lykke [ˈløkə] lake
m mod [ˈmoðˀ] man
n node [ˈnoːðə] nap
ŋ lang [ˈlɑŋˀ] ring
p bog [ˈpɔwˀ] spot
pol [ˈpʰoˀl] pot
ʁ rød [ˈʁœðˀ] French parler
s sod [ˈsoðˀ] between sip and ship (retracted)
t dåb [ˈtɔˀp] start
tjener [ˈtɕeːnɐ] chin
tsʰ tak [ˈtsʰɑk] tart
v våd [ˈvɔðˀ] very
w hav [ˈhɑw] ('ocean') cow
نوای گفتار
آوانگاری مثال توضیح
ˈ ˌ husmor [ˈhusˌmoɐ̯] تکیه (places before the stressed syllable)[۲]
ˀ hun hund DA-stød ex Hun Hund.ogg [ˈhun ˈhunˀ] Stød[۳]

یادداشت‌ها[ویرایش]

  1. ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ ۱٫۲ ۱٫۳ ۱٫۴ /əð, əl, ən/ become همخوان هجایی [ð̩, l̩, m̩, n̩, ŋ̍] in a process known as schwa-assimilation ([m̩, ŋ̍] are variants of /ən/, assimilated to the place of the preceding consonant). The process also often affects /ə/ after a long vowel or /ð, j, l, n, v/, but these types of assimilation are not as ubiquitous as, and are more contextually constrained than, the aforementioned combinations (Basbøll 2005:293ff), so they are not reflected in transcription.
  2. In Standard Copenhagen Danish, a stressed syllable has a lower بسامد پایه than the following unstressed syllable, which then has a high-falling pitch.
  3. Stød, which is realized most often as creaky voice (found in English as the vocal fry register; ⟨◌̰⟩ in standard IPA), can only occur after a long vowel or a sequence of a short vowel and [ð, j, l, m, n, ŋ, w, ɐ̯] in a stressed syllable. Phonologically long vowels with stød are shorter in realization, so they are transcribed as short in this guide (cf. pæn /ˈpɛ:ˀn/ [ˈpʰeˀn] 'nice', pen /ˈpɛnˀ/ [ˈpʰenˀ] 'pen').

منابع[ویرایش]

  • Basbøll, Hans (2005). The Phonology of Danish. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-203-97876-5.
  • Brink, Lars; Lund, Jørn; Heger, Steffen; Jørgensen, J. Normann (1991). Den Store Danske Udtaleordbog. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. ISBN 87-16-06649-9.
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005). Fonetik og fonologi: almen og dansk (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 87-500-3865-6.
  • Molbæk Hansen, Peter (1990). Udtaleordbog. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. ISBN 978-87-02-05895-6.