English: (A) Image of two microfluidic chips with attached thin film heaters and the two-barrel syringe pump. Glass syringes were connected to each chip with flexible tubing to load reagents and samples. Three ports were glued at the inlets of SPE channel and the waste port, and the outlet of the PCR channel. (B) Channel design with three sections: sample preparation (SPE), RT chamber and continuous flow PCR channel. Two fixed resistance heaters are attached via thermal tape to the bottom of the chip. Fluid flow between the channels was linear, and changes in fluid resistance allowed for valveless operation. The depth is 500 µm for SPE and RT channels, and the PCR channel is 100 µm deep. The widths are 500 µm for the SPE column, 1 mm for the RT chamber, and vary from 200 to 400 µm for the wide and narrow sections of the continuous flow PCR channel. The chip is 70 mm in length, 25 mm in width and 1.4 mm in height. (C) Microfluidic assay process flow. The nasopharyngeal sample is mixed with lysis buffer, applied to the chip, the chip is run, and the PCR products are read using a commercial capillary electrophoresis chip.