اثر شخصی based on:

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• Diakonoff, I. M. (۱۹۸۵) «Media» in The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume، 2، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 978-0-521-20091-2.
• Grayson, A. K. (۱۹۹۱) «Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon» in The Cambridge Ancient History، 3.2، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، صص. 103–141 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4.
• Grousset, René (۱۹۷۰) The Empire of the Steppes، Rutgers University Press ISBN: 0-8135-1304-9.
• Harmatta, János (۱۹۹۶) «The Scythians» in History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.، 3، UNESCO، صص. 181–182 ISBN: 923102812X.
• Hawkins, J. D. (۱۹۹۱) «The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia» in The Cambridge Ancient History، 3، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، صص. 372−441 ISBN: 978-1-139-05428-7.
• Ivantchik, Askold (۱۹۹۳) (به فرانسوی) Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient، Fribourg, Switzerland; Göttingen, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Germany) ISBN: 978-3-727-80876-0.
• Ivantchik, Askold (2018). Scythians. Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Loehr, Max (1955). "The Stag Image in Scythia and the Far East". Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America 9: 63-76. Chinese Art Society of America.
• Olbrycht, Marek Jan (۲۰۰۰) «Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations» in Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia، Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka، صص. 101–140 ISBN: 978-8-371-88337-8.
• Olbrycht, Marek Jan (۲۰۰۰) «The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources» in Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia، Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka، صص. 71−99 ISBN: 978-8-371-88337-8.
• Phillips, E. D. (1972). "The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology". World Archaeology 4 (2): 129–138. DOI:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527.
• Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978). "The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications". Journal of the American Oriental Society 98 (4): 400–409. DOI:10.2307/599752.
• Spalinger, Anthony (1978). "Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 15: 49–57. DOI:10.2307/40000130.
• Sulimirski, T. (1954). "Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia". Artibus Asiae 17 (3): 282-318. Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae Publishers.
• ; Tadeusz Sulimirski, T. F. Taylor (۱۹۹۱) «The Scythians» in The Cambridge Ancient History، 3.2، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، صص. 547–590 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4.
• Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R. (1991). Cimmerians. Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Vaggione, Richard P. (1973). "Over All Asia? The Extent of the Scythian Domination in Herodotus". Journal of Biblical Literature 92 (4): 523-530. DOI:10.2307/3263121.
• Young, T. Cuyler (۱۹۸۸) «The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses» in The Cambridge Ancient History، 4، Cambridge: Cambridge University Press، صص. 1–52 ISBN: 978-0-521-22804-6.
• Background from [1]