نوربیت (مدار منطقی): تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
نمایش تاریخچه به صورت تعاملی
تفاوت جدیدتر ←
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
دیداریویکی‌متن
ایجاد شده به‌واسطهٔ ترجمهٔ صفحهٔ «NORBIT»
 
جز ابرابزار
خط ۱: خط ۱:
⚫
در الکترونیک، خانواده ماژول‌های '''نُوربیت''' شکل بسیار اولیه (از سال ۱۹۶۰<ref name="Mullard_1962_Combi"/><ref name="Wireless-World_1960-08"/><ref name="Wireless-World_1960"/><ref name="Mullard_1962_Norbit"/><ref name="MBLE_1962_Norbit"/>) از [[الکترونیک دیجیتال|منطق دیجیتال]] ساخته شده توسط [[فیلیپس]] (و همچنین از طریق {{Ill|Valvo (company){{!}}Valvo|de|Valvo}} و [[مالرد]]<ref name="TM2671_1967"/><ref name="TM2672_1967"/>) که از ماژول‌های حاوی اجزای گسسته برای ساخت بلوک‌های تابع منطقی در [[منطق مقاومت-ترانزیستور]] (RTL)<ref name="R1"/><ref name="Mullard_1962_Norbit"/> یا فناوری [[منطق دیود-ترانزیستور]] (DTL) استفاده می‌کند.


⚫
هر تابع منطقی موجود با رنگ ظرف پلاستیکی، سیاه، آبی، قرمز، سبز، بنفش و غیره قابل تشخیص بود. مهمترین بلوک مداری حاوی یک [[نقیض یا|دروازه NOR]] (از این رو نام آن است) بود، اما بلوکهایی نیز وجود داشتند که شامل راه‌اندازها و یک مدار تایمر (زمانسنج) شبیه به [[تراشه زمان‌سنج ۵۵۵|آی‌سی تایمر ۵۵۵]] اخیر بودند.
⚫
در الکترونیک، خانواده ماژول های '''نُوربیت''' شکل بسیار اولیه (از سال 1960 ) از [[الکترونیک دیجیتال|منطق دیجیتال]] ساخته شده توسط [[فیلیپس]] (و همچنین از طریق {{Ill|Valvo (company){{!}}Valvo|de|Valvo}} و [[مالرد]] ) که از ماژول های حاوی اجزای گسسته برای ساخت بلوک های تابع منطقی در [[منطق مقاومت-ترانزیستور]] (RTL) یا فناوری [[منطق دیود-ترانزیستور]] (DTL) استفاده می کند.

⚫
هر تابع منطقی موجود با رنگ ظرف پلاستیکی ، سیاه ، آبی ، قرمز ، سبز ، بنفش و غیره قابل تشخیص بود. مهمترین بلوک مداری حاوی یک [[نقیض یا|دروازه NOR]] (از این رو نام آن است) بود، اما بلوکهایی نیز وجود داشتند که شامل راه‌اندازها و یک مدار تایمر (زمانسنج) شبیه به [[تراشه زمان‌سنج ۵۵۵|آی‌سی تایمر 555]] اخیر بودند.

== همچنین ببینید ==


== جستارهای وابسته ==
* [[خانواده منطقی]]
* [[خانواده منطقی]]
* [[فیشرتکنیک]]
* [[فیشرتکنیک]]


== یادداشت ==
== یادداشت ==
{{چپ‌چین}}
 {{reflist|group="nb"|refs=<ref group="nb" name="NB_1">Some later <!-- 1980 -->datasheets distinguished between the 100&nbsp;kHz series and the 1-series.</ref>
{{پانویس|group="nb"|refs=<ref group="nb" name="NB_1">Some later <!-- 1980 -->datasheets distinguished between the 100&nbsp;kHz series and the 1-series.</ref><ref group="nb" name="NB_2">The modules of the 90-series<!-- 1980 --> were grouped into the 60-series in early<!-- 1974 --> datasheets.</ref><ref group="nb" name="NB_3">[[Mullard]] called these modules ''Combi-Element'' in the UK, whereas [[Philips]] and {{ill|Valvo (company){{!}}Valvo|de|Valvo}} just called them circuit blocks, but distinguished them from the original ''Norbit'' series.</ref><ref group="nb" name="NB_4">So far, the assumed equivalence of {{ill|Valvo (company){{!}}Valvo|de|Valvo}}'s Norbit-S series with the [[Philips]] Norbit&nbsp;2 series is based on their release date in 1967. Often, the modules of the newer families were still referred to as ''Norbits'' only.</ref>}}
<ref group="nb" name="NB_2">The modules of the 90-series<!-- 1980 --> were grouped into the 60-series in early<!-- 1974 --> datasheets.</ref>
{{پایان چپ‌چین}}
<ref group="nb" name="NB_3">[[Mullard]] called these modules ''Combi-Element'' in the UK, whereas [[Philips]] and {{ill|Valvo (company){{!}}Valvo|de|Valvo}} just called them circuit blocks, but distinguished them from the original ''Norbit'' series.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_4">So far, the assumed equivalence of {{ill|Valvo (company){{!}}Valvo|de|Valvo}}'s Norbit-S series with the [[Philips]] Norbit&nbsp;2 series is based on their release date in 1967. Often, the modules of the newer families were still referred to as ''Norbits'' only.</ref>}}


== منابع ==
== منابع ==
{{چپ‌چین}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="R1">{{cite journal |title=Retronics - Philips 60-series NORbits (1968) |author-first=Arthur |author-last=Pistorius |date=September 2007 |issue=9 |volume=2007 |journal=[[Elektor Electronics]] |page=76 |url=https://www.elektor.com/pdf-download-uk-09-2007 |access-date=2018-06-20}} [https://archive.org/stream/ElektorMagazine/Elektornonlinear.ir2007-09_djvu.txt]</ref>
<ref name="R2">{{cite web |title=Packaged circuits |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Wylie |date=2009 |url=http://www.wylie.org.uk/technology/computer/ICs/package/package.htm |access-date=2019-06-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175758/http://homepages.nildram.co.uk/~wylie/ICs/package.htm |archive-date=2018-06-18}}</ref>
<ref name="R3A">{{cite book |title=Schakelen met NORBITs |language=nl |publisher=[[Philips]]}} (NB. Brown cover.)</ref>
<ref name="R3">{{cite web |title=Schakelen met de 60-serie NORBITs |language=nl |publisher=[[Philips]] |url=http://freeservicemanuals.info/nl/servicemanuals/viewmanual/Miscellaneous/Schakelenmetnorbits/None/None/Philips/}} (NB. Green cover.)</ref>
<ref name="R4">{{cite book |title=Control system design manual for 60-series NORbits: A Guide to the application of electronic logic circuits in industry |editor-first=Jonathan |editor-last=Deerson<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20180619164247/https://www.smh.com.au/national/obituary-the-sailor-with-itchy-feet--and-a-catamaran-built-in-a-piggery-20160201-gmihad.html --> |author-first=C. |author-last=Rosielle |edition=1 |location=Eindhoven, Netherlands |series=Philips Application Book |date=May 1968 |publisher=[[N.V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken]], Electronic Components and Materials Division (Elcoma), Technical Publications Department<!-- |oclc=271413617, 499948342 --> |id=9399 263 016 01 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFx9swEACAAJ}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180618202546/http://www.marktplaza.nl/boeken/hobby-techniek/1968-application-book-for-60-series-norbits-rosielle-philips-53122258.html<!-- has a photo of the book -->] (233+8 pages) (NB. There exists a fourth edition from 1974 as well.)


<ref name="R6">{{cite book |title=Norbit-S-Kompendium |language=de |date=April 1969 |publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]] / Curtze |location=Hamburg, Germany}} (128 pages + appendix)</ref>
<ref name="MBLE_1962_Norbit">{{cite journal |title=les relais statiques Norbit |language=fr |date=September 1962<!-- or 1961? --> |journal=[[Revue MBLE]] |publisher=[[Philips Research Laboratory]], {{lang|fr|Manufacture Belge de Lampes et de Materiel Electronique}} (MBLE Research Laboratory) |location=Brussels, Belgium |url=http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto17.jpg |access-date=2018-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618235651/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto17.jpg |archive-date=2018-06-18}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619105935/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto10.jpg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180619105944/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto11.jpg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180619110132/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto12.jpg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180619110140/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto13.jpg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180619110249/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto14.jpg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180619110302/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto15.jpg]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20180619110254/http://www.radiocollection.be/images/mble_img/mble_auto16.jpg]</ref>
<ref name="Klingelnberg_1967">{{cite book |title=Technisches Hilfsbuch |language=de |author-first=W. Ferdinand |author-last=Klingelnberg
|editor-first1=Fritz |editor-last1=Pohl |editor-first2=Rudolf |editor-last2=Reindl |edition=softcover reprint of 15th hardcover |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |date=2013 |orig-year=1967, 1960, 1939<!-- 1940, 1942, 1944, 1953 --> |isbn=978-3-64288368-2 |id=0512 |lccn=67-23459 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-88367-5 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zymBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}</ref>
<ref name="Weissel_1995">{{cite book |title=Digitale Schaltungstechnik |chapter=4.1. Grundschaltungen mit Bipolar- und Feldeffekttransistoren |language=de |author-first1=Ralph |author-last1=Weißel |author-first2=Franz |author-last2=Schubert |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |date=2013-03-07 |orig-year=1995, 1990 |isbn=978-3-540-57012-7 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-78387-6 |edition=reprint of 2nd |page=116 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3DRBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |series=Springer-Lehrbuch}}</ref>
<ref name="Valvo_1964_Norbit">{{cite book |title=Valvo-Taschenbuch |edition=1964 |language=de |publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]] |location=Hamburg, Germany |date=1964}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103036/http://galerie.ig-ftf.de/data/media/158/Norbit01.png] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103255/http://galerie.ig-ftf.de/data/media/158/Norbit02.png] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103355/http://galerie.ig-ftf.de/data/media/158/Norbit03.png] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619103506/http://galerie.ig-ftf.de/data/media/158/Norbit04.png] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180619102206/http://galerie.ig-ftf.de/data/media/158/Norbit05.png] (NB. An English version of this book was also available as Valvo Pocketbook.)<!-- {{cite web |title=Integrierte Schaltungen - Norbit-Bausteine von Valvo |language=German |author=TipFox |date=2009-01-09 |url=http://treffpunkt.ig-ftf.de/viewtopic.php?t=10676 |access-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619102827/http://treffpunkt.ig-ftf.de/viewtopic.php?t=10676 |archive-date=2018-06-19}} --></ref>
<ref name="Crypto">{{cite web |title=Circuit Blocks |author-first1=Paul |author-last1=Reuvers |author-first2=Marc |author-last2=Simons |website=www.cryptomuseum.com |date=2018-02-24 |orig-year=2017-11-28 |url=http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/philips/blocks/index.htm#norbit |access-date=2018-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618195814/http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/philips/blocks/index.htm |archive-date=2018-06-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Wireless-World_1960">{{cite journal |title=INTERKAMA 1960 - Dusseldorf Exhibition of Automation and Instruments |date=December 1960 |volume=66 |number=12 |journal=[[Wireless World]] |pages=588–589 |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Wireless-World/60s/Wireless-World-1960-12.pdf |access-date=2018-06-18 |quote=[…] Another point noticed was the widespread use of small-package [[solid-state (electronics)|solid-state]] [[digital logic|logic]] (such as "[[Logical AND|and]]," "[[Logical OR|or]]," "[[Logical NOT|not]]") and [[instrumentation]] (timers, amplifiers, etc.) units. There would seem to be a good case here for the various manufacturers to standardise practical details such as mounting, connections and power supplies so that a [[Siemens]] "[[Simatic]]," say, is directly interchangeable with an [[Ateliers des Constructions Electronique de Charleroi]] "[[Logacec]]," a [[Telefunken]] "[[Logistat]]," or a [[Mullard]] "Norbit" or "Combi-element." […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Akkord_Estacord">{{cite book |publisher={{ill|Akkord-Radio{{!}}Akkord-Radio GmbH|de|Akkord-Radio}} |location=Herxheim/Pfalz, Germany |title=Estacord - Das universelle Bausteinsystem für kontaktlose Steuerungen |language=German |date=<!-- ca. 1960-1962? --> |type=Catalog}}</ref>
<ref name="Gossel_1965">{{cite journal |title=A new system of digital circuit blocks for industrial measuring and control equipment |author-first1=Dieter |author-last1=Gossel |author-first2=Gerhard |author-last2=Kaps |author-first3=Winfried |author-last3=Schott |journal=[[Philips Technical Review]] |volume=26 |number=4/5/6 |date=1965 |id=621.374.32 |pages=164–170 |location=[[Philips Zentrallaboratorium GmbH]], Hamburg, Germany |publisher=[[Philips]] |url=http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-26-1965-164.pdf |access-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180619162907/http://www.extra.research.philips.com/hera/people/aarts/_Philips%20Bound%20Archive/PTechReview/PTechReview-26-1965-164.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-19 }}</ref>
<ref name="Barneveld_1967">{{cite journal |title=Digital circuit blocks |author-first=Evert Jan |author-last=van Barneveld |journal=[[Philips Technical Review]] |volume=28 |number=2 |date=1967 |pages=44–56 |location=[[Philips Electronic Components and Materials Product Division]] (Elcoma), Eindhoven, Netherlands |publisher=[[Philips]] |url=http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/philips/blocks/files/philips_tech_review_28_44_56.pdf |access-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619155127/http://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/philips/blocks/files/philips_tech_review_28_44_56.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
<ref name="TM2671_1967">{{cite web |title=Judicial Greffe - Trademarks Database - Individual Record - NORBITS - TM 2671 - Mullard Limited |date=2003-03-26 |orig-year=1967-06-27 |url=http://www.jgreffe-online.gov.je/trademarksdb/detail.asp?jerreg=2671 |access-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619175635/http://www.jgreffe-online.gov.je/trademarksdb/detail.asp?jerreg=2671 |archive-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
<ref name="TM2672_1967">{{cite web |title=Judicial Greffe - Trademarks Database - Individual Record - NORBIT - TM 2672 - Mullard Limited |date=2003-03-26 |orig-year=1967-06-27 |url=http://www.jgreffe-online.gov.je/trademarksdb/detail.asp?jerreg=2672 |access-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619180027/http://www.jgreffe-online.gov.je/trademarksdb/detail.asp?jerreg=2672 |archive-date=2018-06-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Philips_1980">{{cite book |title=Semiconductors - Part 5 - Field-effect transistors |series=Electronic components and materials (Elcoma) - Philips Data Handbook |date=October 1980 |publisher=[[Philips]] |url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/philips/_dataBooks/1980_Philips_Semiconductors_Part_5_Field-effect_transistors.pdf |access-date=2018-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619220052/http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/components/philips/_dataBooks/1980_Philips_Semiconductors_Part_5_Field-effect_transistors.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-19 |quote=[…] COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS (GREEN SERIES) […] Part 1 - July 1979 - CM107-79 - Assemblies for industrial use PLC modules, high noise immunity logic FZ/30 series, NORbits 60-series, 61-series, 90-series, input devices, hybrid integrated circuits, peripheral devices […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Philips_1967_NORBIT2">{{cite book |title=NORBIT 2 - Low Priced Static Switches<!-- - ??? system ????? especially where relays would be the "natural" choice --> |publisher=[[Philips]] |date=1967}}</ref>
<ref name="Elektuur_1967">{{cite journal |title=Kijk: Norbit 2 is er! Statisch schakelen is nu óók goedkoop schakelen |language=nl |author=Philips Nederland n.v. |location=Eindhoven, Netherlands |type=Advertisement |journal=[[Elektuur]] |date=June 1967 |number=54 |page=604 |url=http://www.emaljaar.nl/Electro%20docs/Elektuur%20juni%201967.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Walker_2012">{{cite book |title=The Programmable Logic Controller: its prehistory, emergence and application |author-first=Mark John |author-last=Walker |date=2012-09-08 |type=PhD thesis |location=Department of Communication and Systems Faculty of Mathematics, Computing and Technology |publisher=[[The Open University]] |pages=223, 269, 308 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/54687/1/594090.pdf |access-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620115412/http://oro.open.ac.uk/54687/1/594090.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Mullard_1962_Combi">{{cite journal |title=Guide to Circuit Blocks (Combi-Elements) and their use in Digital Systems and Equipment - Part IV |date=November 1962 |number=9 |orig-year=May 1960 |journal=Sub-Assemblies Bulletin |location=Manor Royal Crawley, Sussex, England |publisher=[[Mullard Equipment Limited]] |url=http://www.electrojumble.org/DATA/Mullard_Combi_Misc.pdf |access-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620164549/http://www.electrojumble.org/DATA/Mullard_Combi_Misc.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Mullard_1962_Norbit">{{cite book |title=Norbit Sub-Assemblies YL 6000 Series |series=Norbit Handbook |date=February 1962 |edition=2 |publisher=[[Mullard Equipment Limited]] |url=http://www.electrojumble.org/DATA/Norbits.pdf |access-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620132101/http://www.electrojumble.org/DATA/Norbits.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Mullard_1963_Combi">{{cite book |title=Mullard Combi Elements |date=1963 |orig-year=May 1960 |publisher=[[Mullard]] |url=http://www.electrojumble.org/DATA/Mullard_Combi_Data.pdf |access-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620174004/http://www.electrojumble.org/DATA/Mullard_Combi_Data.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Dean_1973">{{cite journal |author-last=Dean |author-first=K. J. |date=January–February 1973 |title=Trends in semiconductor digital circuits |journal=Radio and Electronic Engineer |volume=43 |issue=1.2 |issn=0033-7722 |doi=10.1049/ree.1973.0011 |publisher=IET |pages=67–74 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5269451 |access-date=2018-06-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Wireless-World_1960-08">{{cite journal |title=Prefabricated Electronic Bricks |series=Technical Notebook |date=August 1960 |volume=66 |number=8 |journal=[[Wireless World]] |page=374 |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Wireless-World/60s/Wireless-World-1960-08.pdf |access-date=2018-06-20 |quote=[…] ready-assembled circuit modules can cut down development time spent on a control-engineering or data processing problem by eliminating the work of designing individual circuits. A particular range made by [[Mullard]] are slim colour-coded plastics "boxes" of guaranteed performance specifications covering the commonly used circuit functions. Typical units are [[Logical AND|AND]]/[[Logical OR|OR]] gates, timing and relay-operating circuits called "Norbits" (for control purposes) and [[flip-flop (electronics)|flip-flop]], pulse shaper and inverter-amplifier stages called Combi elements (for digital circuits). By giving only a performance specification the manufacturers can take advantage of advances in techniques (for instance, complete [[solid-state circuit]]s) without, at the same time, rendering obsolete existing apparatus. [[Transistor]]s are used throughout, so that battery operation is reasonably economical, and the modules are designed to connect together compatibly in a manner suited to their functions. Norbits have long, flexible flying leads for use with terminal blocks while Combi-elements have short, stiff tinned wires suitable for fitting into printed wiring boards. […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Philips_1970_Blocks">{{cite book |title=Components and materials - Part 1: Circuit blocks, Input/Output devices |series=Philips Data Handbook |publisher=[[Philips]] |date=September 1970 |id=9399 261 14901 |url=https://frank.pocnet.net/other/Philips/elcoma/Philips_ComponentsMaterials_1_Circuitblocks_1970-09.pdf |access-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620230115/https://frank.pocnet.net/other/Philips/elcoma/Philips_ComponentsMaterials_1_Circuitblocks_1970-09.pdf |archive-date=2018-06-20}} (NB. Has green cover.)</ref>
<ref name="Dokter_1973">{{cite book |title=Digital Electronics |author-first1=Folkert |author-last1=Dokter |author-first2=Jürgen |author-last2=Steinhauer |chapter=6.5. Digital modules with discrete components |date=1973-06-18 |series=Philips Technical Library (PTL) / Macmillan Education |publisher=[[The Macmillan Press Ltd.]] / [[N. V. Philips' Gloeilampenfabrieken]] |edition=Reprint of 1st English |location=Eindhoven, Netherlands |sbn=333-13360-9 |isbn=978-1-349-01419-4 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-01417-0 |pages=226, 232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlRdDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2018-07-01 }} (270 pages) (NB. This is based on a translation of volume I of the two-volume German edition.)</ref>
<ref name="Dokter_1975">{{cite book |author-first1=Folkert |author-last1=Dokter |author-first2=Jürgen |author-last2=Steinhauer |title=Digitale Elektronik in der Meßtechnik und Datenverarbeitung: Theoretische Grundlagen und Schaltungstechnik |chapter=6.5.2 Bauformen digitaler Funktionsbausteine |language=de |series=Philips Fachbücher |publisher=[[Deutsche Philips GmbH]] |location=Hamburg, Germany |volume=I |date=1975 |orig-year=1969 |edition=improved and extended 5th |isbn=3-87145-272-6 |pages=281–285}} (xii+327+3 pages) (NB. The German edition of volume I was published in 1969, 1971, two editions in 1972, and 1975. Volume II was published in 1970, 1972, 1973, and 1975.)</ref>
}}
{{پایان چپ‌چین}}
== بیشتر خواندن ==
== بیشتر خواندن ==
{{چپ‌چین}}

* {{cite book|title=Norbit-Bausteine|language=de|publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]]|date=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8_MHAAACAAJ}} (43 pages) (NB. Also part of the Valvo-Handbuch 1962 pages 83–125.)
* {{cite book|title=Norbit-Bausteine|language=de|publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]]|date=1962|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G8_MHAAACAAJ}} (43 pages) (NB. Also part of the Valvo-Handbuch 1962 pages 83–۱۲۵.)
* {{cite book|title=Valvo-Handbuch Bausteine|edition=1963|language=de|publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]]|location=Hamburg, Germany|date=1963}} (253 pages) (NB. Contains a chapter about Norbit modules as well.)
* {{cite book|title=Valvo-Handbuch Bausteine|edition=1963|language=de|publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]]|location=Hamburg, Germany|date=1963}} (253 pages) (NB. Contains a chapter about Norbit modules as well.)
* {{cite book|title=Norbit-S-Bausteine|edition=1967/1968|language=de|publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]]|location=Hamburg, Germany|date=1967}} (25 pages)
* {{cite book|title=Norbit-S-Bausteine|edition=1967/1968|language=de|publisher=[[:de:Valvo|Valvo GmbH]]|location=Hamburg, Germany|date=1967}} (25 pages)
خط ۲۵: خط ۶۲:
* {{cite web|title=Mullard & CES - Mullard & Combined Electronic Services (CES)|author-first=Robert|author-last=Grimley|date=2016|orig-year=2011|work=Early Philips Colour TV|url=http://www.philipstv.org.uk:80/blog/early-philips-colour-tv/mullard-combined-electronic-services-ces/|access-date=2017-01-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027082741/http://www.philipstv.org.uk/blog/early-philips-colour-tv/mullard-combined-electronic-services-ces/|archive-date=2017-10-27}}
* {{cite web|title=Mullard & CES - Mullard & Combined Electronic Services (CES)|author-first=Robert|author-last=Grimley|date=2016|orig-year=2011|work=Early Philips Colour TV|url=http://www.philipstv.org.uk:80/blog/early-philips-colour-tv/mullard-combined-electronic-services-ces/|access-date=2017-01-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027082741/http://www.philipstv.org.uk/blog/early-philips-colour-tv/mullard-combined-electronic-services-ces/|archive-date=2017-10-27}}


{{پایان چپ‌چین}}
== لینک های خارجی ==
== پیوند به بیرون ==

{{چپ‌چین}}
* {{Cite web|title=Picture of four NORBIT&nbsp;2 modules|first=Åke|last=Holm|url=http://www.sm5cbw.se/tubes/jpgs/norbits.jpg|accessdate=2018-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619221854/http://www.sm5cbw.se/tubes/jpgs/norbits.jpg|archivedate=2018-06-19}}
* {{Cite web|title=Picture of four NORBIT&nbsp;2 modules|first=Åke|last=Holm|url=http://www.sm5cbw.se/tubes/jpgs/norbits.jpg|accessdate=2018-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619221854/http://www.sm5cbw.se/tubes/jpgs/norbits.jpg|archivedate=2018-06-19}}
{{پایان چپ‌چین}}
[[رده:مهندسی کنترل]]
[[رده:مهندسی کنترل]]
[[رده:اتوماسیون صنعتی]]
[[رده:اتوماسیون صنعتی]]

نسخهٔ ‏۱۰ ژوئن ۲۰۲۱، ساعت ۱۹:۱۶

در الکترونیک، خانواده ماژول‌های نُوربیت شکل بسیار اولیه (از سال ۱۹۶۰[۱][۲][۳][۴][۵]) از منطق دیجیتال ساخته شده توسط فیلیپس (و همچنین از طریق Valvo [de] و مالرد[۶][۷]) که از ماژول‌های حاوی اجزای گسسته برای ساخت بلوک‌های تابع منطقی در منطق مقاومت-ترانزیستور (RTL)[۸][۴] یا فناوری منطق دیود-ترانزیستور (DTL) استفاده می‌کند.

هر تابع منطقی موجود با رنگ ظرف پلاستیکی، سیاه، آبی، قرمز، سبز، بنفش و غیره قابل تشخیص بود. مهمترین بلوک مداری حاوی یک دروازه NOR (از این رو نام آن است) بود، اما بلوکهایی نیز وجود داشتند که شامل راه‌اندازها و یک مدار تایمر (زمانسنج) شبیه به آی‌سی تایمر ۵۵۵ اخیر بودند.

جستارهای وابسته

یادداشت

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منابع

  1. ↑ "Guide to Circuit Blocks (Combi-Elements) and their use in Digital Systems and Equipment - Part IV" (PDF). Sub-Assemblies Bulletin. Manor Royal Crawley, Sussex, England: Mullard Equipment Limited (9). November 1962 [May 1960]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  2. ↑ "Prefabricated Electronic Bricks" (PDF). Wireless World. Technical Notebook. 66 (8): 374. August 1960. Retrieved 2018-06-20. […] ready-assembled circuit modules can cut down development time spent on a control-engineering or data processing problem by eliminating the work of designing individual circuits. A particular range made by Mullard are slim colour-coded plastics "boxes" of guaranteed performance specifications covering the commonly used circuit functions. Typical units are AND/OR gates, timing and relay-operating circuits called "Norbits" (for control purposes) and flip-flop, pulse shaper and inverter-amplifier stages called Combi elements (for digital circuits). By giving only a performance specification the manufacturers can take advantage of advances in techniques (for instance, complete solid-state circuits) without, at the same time, rendering obsolete existing apparatus. Transistors are used throughout, so that battery operation is reasonably economical, and the modules are designed to connect together compatibly in a manner suited to their functions. Norbits have long, flexible flying leads for use with terminal blocks while Combi-elements have short, stiff tinned wires suitable for fitting into printed wiring boards. […]
  3. ↑ "INTERKAMA 1960 - Dusseldorf Exhibition of Automation and Instruments" (PDF). Wireless World. 66 (12): 588–589. December 1960. Retrieved 2018-06-18. […] Another point noticed was the widespread use of small-package solid-state logic (such as "and," "or," "not") and instrumentation (timers, amplifiers, etc.) units. There would seem to be a good case here for the various manufacturers to standardise practical details such as mounting, connections and power supplies so that a Siemens "Simatic," say, is directly interchangeable with an Ateliers des Constructions Electronique de Charleroi "Logacec," a Telefunken "Logistat," or a Mullard "Norbit" or "Combi-element." […]
  4. ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ Norbit Sub-Assemblies YL 6000 Series (PDF). Norbit Handbook (2 ed.). Mullard Equipment Limited. February 1962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  5. ↑ "les relais statiques Norbit". Revue MBLE (به فرانسوی). Brussels, Belgium: Philips Research Laboratory, Manufacture Belge de Lampes et de Materiel Electronique (MBLE Research Laboratory). September 1962. Archived from the original on 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-06-18. [۱] [۲] [۳] [۴] [۵] [۶] [۷]
  6. ↑ "Judicial Greffe - Trademarks Database - Individual Record - NORBITS - TM 2671 - Mullard Limited". 2003-03-26 [1967-06-27]. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  7. ↑ "Judicial Greffe - Trademarks Database - Individual Record - NORBIT - TM 2672 - Mullard Limited". 2003-03-26 [1967-06-27]. Archived from the original on 2018-06-19. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  8. ↑ Pistorius, Arthur (September 2007). "Retronics - Philips 60-series NORbits (1968)". Elektor Electronics. 2007 (9): 76. Retrieved 2018-06-20. [۸]

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بیشتر خواندن

پیوند به بیرون

برگرفته از «https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=نوربیت_(مدار_منطقی)&oldid=32322888»