تمارض (فوتبال): تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
ایجاد شده توسط ترجمهٔ صفحهٔ «Diving (association football)» |
(بدون تفاوت)
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نسخهٔ ۱۰ ژوئیهٔ ۲۰۱۸، ساعت ۰۶:۳۵
تمارض (به انگلیسی diving به معنی غواصی یا شیرجه که در فارسی با نام دایو مشهور است) روشی است که در آن بازیکن سعی دارد با نقش بازی کردن داور را فریب بدهد تا موقعیتی بهتر در زمین فوتبال به‌دست آورد. تمارض یکی از بحث برانگیزترین جنبه‌های فوتبال است و واکنش‌های بسیاری از سوی کارشناسان و هواداران دارد. بازیکنان معمولا در شرایط سخت و برای به‌دست آوردن ضربه آزاد و یا پنالتی دست به این کار می‌زنند که گاهی باعث مخالفت داور و دریافت کارت زرد و یا قرمز می‌شود.
تشخیص
با مطالعاتی که در سال ۲۰۰۹ انجام شده روش‌هایی برای تشخیص تمارض بازیکنان پیدا شده که برخی از آن‌ها عبارتند از:[۱]
- ایجاد وقفه بین خطا و نقش بازی کردن بازیکن.
- عدم پیوستگی بازیکن در هنگام آسیب دیدگی.
- فقدان هماهنگی با مخاطب. (بازیکن جایی به جز جای آسیب دیده را به نشانه درد بروز می‌دهد)
- بازیکن سرش را کج می‌کند زانوها را خم می‌کند و سینه‌اش را بالا و پایین می‌کند.خطای یادکرد: برچسب
<ref>غیرمجاز؛ یادکردهای بدون محتوا باید نام داشته باشند. ().
تنبیه
بر اساس قوانین فوتبال "تلاش برای فریب دادن داور از طریق تظاهر به آسیب دیدگی رفتاری غیر اخلاقی شمرده می‌شود و داور حق دادن کارت زرد را دارد"[۲]
شهرت تمارض
برخی بازیکنان به دلیل انجام تمارض‌های پی در پی و مکرر به عنوان یک تمارض‌گر شناخته می‌شوند.
در طول سال‌ها با توجه به بازی‌های انجام شده، مقالات و مصاحبه‌ها بازیکنان تمارض‌گر فهرست بندی شده‌اند که شامل موارد ذیل می‌شود:
- اشلی اشلی یانگ[۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸][۹]
- آرین روبن[۱۰][۱۱][۱۲]
- نیمار[۱۳][۱۴][۱۵][۱۶]
- یورگن کلینزمن[۱۷][۱۸][۱۹]
- گرت بیل[۲۰][۲۱][۲۲]
- نانی[۲۳]
- کریستیانو رونالدو[۲۴][۲۵]
- دیدیه دروگبا[۲۶][۲۷][۲۸]
- لوییس سوارز[۲۹][۳۰]
- سرخیو بوسکتس[۳۱][۳۲]
- استیون جرارد[۳۳][۳۴]
- دله الی[۳۵][۳۶]
- پپه[۳۷]
- سرخیو راموس[۳۸][۳۹]
- رحیم استرلینگ[۴۰][۴۱][۴۲]
منابع
- ↑ Morris, Paul; Lewis, David (March 2010). "Tackling Diving: The Perception of Deceptive Intentions in Association football". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 34 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1007/s10919-009-0075-0. ISSN 0191-5886. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ↑ "Law 12 - Fouls and Misconduct, 3. Disciplinary action". International Football Association Board.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ "Ashley Young's dives: five of his best for Manchester United and England". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Hunter, Andy. "Ashley Young expected to be warned again about diving by David Moyes". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Jackson, Jamie. "Manchester United's Ashley Young accused of looking for penalties". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ "Sir Alex Ferguson 'has word' with Ashley Young over diving accusations". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Jackson, Jamie. "Manchester United's Ashley Young realises he has a reputation for diving". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Hodgkins, James. "Football's famous flopping five - the game's biggest divers". HITC. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Lynch, Michael. "Arjen Robben: World Cup magic overshadowed by diving reputation". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ "Pele says he told young star Neymar to stop diving". The Times of India. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 21 August 2012.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Lynch, Michael. "Arjen Robben: World Cup magic overshadowed by diving reputation". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ "Football's failure to punish deceptive players is baffling". News.com.au. July 3, 2018.
- ↑ Hodgkins, James. "Football's famous flopping five - the game's biggest divers". HITC. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Lynch, Michael. "Arjen Robben: World Cup magic overshadowed by diving reputation". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Holmes, Richard. "Bale dives into face-to-face talks with ref Marriner as Spurs ace tries to get rid of his reputation". Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Hodgkins, James. "Football's famous flopping five - the game's biggest divers". HITC. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ "Football's most hated, most arrogant and biggest divers". Marca. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Sunderland, Tom. "10 Biggest Divers in World Football". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time, but where does he rank compared to the others?". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
- ↑ Pickup, Oliver. "20 Worst Dives in Football". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ Warrington, Declan (26 February 2018). "Harry Kane and Eric Dier dive to defence of Dele Alli after latest controversy in Crystal Palace win". The Independent. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ↑ Glanville, Brian (16 February 2018). "When it comes to diving, Dele Alli has form". World Soccer (magazine). Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ↑ "Time to introduce the Pepe Rule after his Champions League final antics". The Guardian. 29 May 2016.
- ↑ Davis, Callum (4 June 2017). "Rio Ferdinand slams Sergio Ramos - 'I'd be embarrassed to look my son in the eye'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
- ↑ O'Toole, Joe (27 May 2018). "Nigel Owens solution to deal with Sergio Ramos antics will please Liverpool fans". Sports Joe. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
- ↑ "Raheem Sterling defied Gareth Southgate's warning about diving". 4 June 2018.
- ↑ "Raheem Sterling favourite to be retrospectively banned for diving next season after new FA regulations". 19 May 2017.
- ↑ "Stop the diving Raheem Sterling... Gareth Southgate needs cool heads now the cheats will always get caught". 7 July 2018.
لینک‌های خارجی
- "Reuters Soccer Blog: Diving". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010.
- "Simulation and the UEFA Ruling on Eduardo". US Soccer Federation Referee Program. 2 September 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
- Barclay, Patrick (24 August 2009). "Feigning injury corrupts as much as fake blood". The Times.
- Elliot, Debbie (8 July 2006). "Fake or Foul? A Soccer Ref Holds Forth". All Things Considered. NPR.
- Hughes, Rob (1 September 2009). "Hunt for Cheats Has Political Hue". New York Times.
- Torres, Cesar R. (17 September 2009). "On Diving: Soccer's Integrity Is at Stake". New York Times.
- David, Gwendolyn (5 October 2011). "Receivers Limit the Prevalence of Deception in Humans: Evidence from the Diving Behaviour in Soccer Players". PLOS ONE. 6: e26017. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026017.
- Chacoff, Alejandro (6 April 2016). "The fall: how diving became football's worst crime". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 May 2016.