فهرست مسلمانان برنده جایزه نوبل: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

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نسخهٔ ‏۴ مهٔ ۲۰۱۷، ساعت ۱۲:۳۱

جایزه نوبل
انستیتوی نوبل نروژ

جایزه نوبل مجموعه جوایز سالانه‌ای است که از سوی کمیته‌هایی در اسکاندیناوری در زمینه‌های پیشرفت‌های علمی و فرهنگی اعطا می‌شود. این جوایز بر مبنای وصیت آلفرد نوبل ایجاد شدند.

تا ۲۰۱۲، ده نفر از برندگان این جوایز مسلمان بوده‌اند. نیمی از ۱۰ برنده نوبل جایزه خود را در قرن بیستم دریافت کرده‌اند. شش تا از آنها جایزه صلح نوبل را بردند.

صلح

سال عکس برنده کشور و شغل دلیل توضیحات
۱۹۷۸ انور سادات (۲۵ دسامبر ۱۹۱۸ – ۶ اکتبر ۱۹۸۱) مصرسیاستمدار مصری پیمان کمپ دیوید به وسیله انور سادات رئیس جمهور وقت مصر و مناخیم بگین، نخست وزیر وقت اسرائیل در تاریخ ۱۷ سپتامبر ۱۹۷۸ امضا کردند که منجر به صلح اسرائیل و مصر شد.[۱] نخستین مسلمان که جایزه نوبل دریافت می‌کند.[۲][۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸]
۱۹۹۴ یاسر عرفات (۲۴ اوت ۱۹۲۹ – ۱۱ نوامبر ۲۰۰۴) فلسطینسیاستمدار فلسطینی سال ۱۹۹۴ عرفات جایزه نوبل را همراه با شیمون پرز و اسحاق رابین بخاطر قدردانی از تلاش‌هایشان برای صلح در خاورمیانه دریافت کردند.[۹][۱۰] توصیف شده به عنوان «اولین فلسطینی مسلمان دریافت‌کنند جایزه نوبل است» با این وجود پدر وی مصری بود و وی در قاهره متولد شده است.[۲][۱۱][۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵]
۲۰۰۳ شیرین عبادی (متولد ۲۱ ژوئن ۱۹۴۷) ایرانفعال حقوق بشر ایرانی جایزه صلح نوبل برای تلاش‌های شیرین عبادی و مبارزه برای دموکراسی، حقوق زنان و کودکان در سال ۲۰۰۳ به او اهدا شد.[۱۶] او اولین و تنها ایرانی موفق به دریافت جایزهٔ نوبل بوده است او همچنین تنها زن مسلمانی است که مفتخر به دریافت چنین جایزه‌ای شده است.[۲][۱۷][۱۸][۱۹][۲۰]
۲۰۰۵ محمد البرادعی (متولد ۱۷ ژوئن ۱۹۴۲) مصرسیاستمدار مصری جایزه صلح نوبل به طور مشترک به محمد البرادعی و آژانس بین‌المللی انرژی اتمی(IAEA) برای تلاش‌هایش جهت جلوگیری از استفادهٔ انرژی هسته‌ای در مقاصد نظامی و تضمین کردن استفادهٔ آن در راستای صلح و استفادهٔ بی خطر از آن تا حد ممکن در سال ۲۰۰۵ اهدا شد.[۲۱][۲۲] He was the second Egyptian to be awarded جایزه صلح نوبل (۲۰۰۵).[۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵][۲۶]
۲۰۰۶ محمد یونس (born 2۸ ژوئن ۱۹۴۰) بنگلادشاقتصاددان بنگلادشی و مؤسس بانک گرامین The ۲۰۰۶ جایزه صلح نوبل was jointly awarded to Yunus and Grameen Bank “for their efforts to create economic and social development from below”.[۲۷] The first Bangladeshi and Bengali Muslim Nobel laureate, and overall, the third person from بنگال to win a Nobel prize.[۲][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳]
۲۰۱۱ توکل کرمان (born ۷ فوریه ۱۹۷۹) یمنفعال حقوق بشر در یمن The ۲۰۱۱ جایزه صلح نوبل was jointly given to الن جانسون سیرلیف، لیما گبوی and Karman “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work”.[۳۴] The first مردم عرب woman and first and only Yemeni to receive a جایزه نوبل. She is also the youngest جایزه صلح نوبل.[۳۵][۳۶][۳۷][۳۸][۳۹]
۲۰۱۴ ملاله یوسف‌زی (زاده ۱۲ ژوئیه ۱۹۹۷) فعال پاکستانپاکستانی، برای حق آموزش کودکان در پاکستان فعالیت می‌کند. جایزه صلح نوبل ۲۰۱۴ به طور مشترک با کایلاش ساتیارتی به دلیل مبارزه با سرکوب کودکان و جوانان و حق همهٔ کودکان برا آموزش به یوسف زی داده شد.[۴۰] یوسف زی با ۱۷ سال سن در هنگام برنده شدن، جوان‌ترین برنده جایزه نوبل است.[۴۱]

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ادبیات

سال عکس برنده کشور و شغل دلیل توضیحات
۱۹۸۸ نجیب محفوظ

(۱۱ دسامبر ۱۹۱۱ – ۳۰ اوت ۲۰۰۶)

مصرنویسنده مصری The ۱۹۸۸ جایزه نوبل ادبیات was given to Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind”.[۴۲][۴۳] نخستین مسلمان است که این نوع جایزه را کسب می‌کند.[۲][۴۴][۴۵]
۲۰۰۶ اورهان پاموک (متولد ۷ ژوئن ۱۹۵۲) ترکیهنویسنده ترک The ۲۰۰۶ جایزه نوبل ادبیات was awarded to Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”.[۴۶][۴۷] The first and only Turk to receive the Nobel Prize.[۲][۴۸][۴۹][۵۰]

علوم

فیزیک

سال عکس برنده کشور و شغل دلیل توضیحات
۱۹۷۹ پرونده:Abdus Salam 2.jpg عبدالسلام

(۲۹ ژانویه ۱۹۲۶ – ۲۱ نوامبر ۱۹۹۶)

پاکستانفیزیکدان پاکستانی The ۱۹۷۹ جایزه نوبل فیزیک was awarded jointly to شلدون لی گلاشو، Salam, and استیون واینبرگ “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”.[۵۱] He is the first and only Pakistani and second Punjabi to receive the award. He is also the first Muslim scientist and only Muslim physicist to be awarded the Nobel Prize.[۵۲][۵۳]

شیمی

سال عکس برنده کشور و شغل دلیل توضیحات
۱۹۹۹ احمد زویل

(متولد ۲۶ فوریه ۱۹۴۶)

مصردانشمند مصری - آمریکایی The ۱۹۹۹ جایزه نوبل شیمی was awarded to احمد حسن زویل “for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy”.[۵۴] He is the only Muslim chemist to date to be awarded the Nobel Prize and the second Muslim scientist.[۲][۵۵][۵۶][۵۷][۵۸]
۲۰۱۵ عزیز سنجر ترکیه دانشمند مسلمان ترکیه‌ای

جستارهای وابسته

کتب

زندگی‌نامه

  • Cosmic Anger: عبدالسلام - The First Muslim Nobel Scientist. by Gordon Fraser [۶۶][۶۲]
  • یاسر عرفات (Biography (Lerner Hardcover)) by George Headlam[۶۳]
  • انور سادات: Visionary Who Dared by Joseph Finklestone.[۶۴]
  • Iran Awakening: One Woman's Journey to Reclaim Her Life and Country (2007) by شیرین عبادی (ISBN 978-0-676-97802-5).[۶۵]
  • احمد حسن زویل خودزندگی‌نامه.[۶۶]
  • Banker to the Poor: The Autobiography of محمد یونس، Founder of گرامین بانک[۶۷]
  • Sadat, Anwar (1978). In Search of Identity: An Autobiography. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-013742-8.[۶۸]

منابع

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_Laureates

  1. ↑ [۱]“The Nobel Peace Prize 1978”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved March 24, 2012.
  2. ↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ ۲٫۳ ۲٫۴ ۲٫۵ ۲٫۶ ۲٫۷ [۲] “مسلمان فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل”, ‘Islamic History Month کانادا’ accessed March 24, 2012
  3. ↑ [۳] 'Answer.com' article on انور سادات، retrieved March 24, 2012.
  4. ↑ [۴]'Nobel Lecture, December 10, 1978' by انور سادات، Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 2012.
  5. ↑ [۵]“The اسلامی سازی Of مصر” by Adel Guindy,retrieved April 7, 2012.
    ‘Sadat’s famous slogan, “I am a Muslim president of a Muslim state” ’
  6. ↑ [۶]“Anwar Al-Sadat, The First اسلام‌گرایی Ruler In Egypt’s تاریخ مدرن”, Coptic Nationalism,posted March 30, 2012, retrieved April 7, 2012.
    “The Pope must understand that I am a Muslim President of a Muslim State”
    Source:‘The exact words of Sadat in Arabic are: “إن البابا یجب أن یعلم أننی رئیس مسلم لدولة مسلمة. ” These words Mohamed Hassanein Heikal translates in his book, Autumn of Fury, as, “The Pope must understand that I am the Muslim President of a Muslim country. ” [Mohamed Heikal, Autumn of Fury, the Assassination of Sadat (London; Corgi Book; 1984); p. 228] This is not an accurate translation. The words should be translated as in the text of my article with an emphasis on the words “a Muslim State”, that is Egypt. ’
  7. ↑ [۷]‘انور سادات’, NNDB,retrieved April 7, 2012. ‘Muslim’
  8. ↑ [۸] Peacemaker پهلوان انور سادات by Youssef, 'The My Hero Project', accessed March 21, 2012.
    “Sadat was a devout Muslim from his early days, benefiting from an Islamic education”
  9. ↑ [۹]‘Yasser Arafat-Biography’, Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 20122.
  10. ↑ [۱۰]“The Nobel Peace Prize 1994”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved March 24, 2012.
  11. ↑ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/arafat-bio.html
  12. ↑ [۱۱]“Yasser Arafat-Nobel Lecture”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 2012.
  13. ↑ [۱۲]‘The Muslim Arafat’,retrieved April 5, 2012.
  14. ↑ [۱۳]‘Yasser Arafat’, NNDB, retrieved April 7, 2012. ‘Muslim’
  15. ↑ [۱۴] 'Jewish virtual library', accessed March 24, 2012.
    “a Sunni Muslim”.
  16. ↑ [۱۵]“The Nobel Peace Prize 2003”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved March 24, 2012.
  17. ↑ [۱۶]“Nobel Peace Prize winner promotes her new book 'The Golden Cage'”,by Jasmine Gould,‘Connect2Mason’,dated April 26, 2011, retrieved April 4, 2012.
    “The first Iranian and Muslim woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her work in human rights”
  18. ↑ [۱۷]“Shirin Ebadi – Iran 2003”,‘Meet the Laureates’, Nobel Women's Initiative,accessed April 4, 2012.
    “She is the first Muslim woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize”
  19. ↑ [۱۸]“In the name of the God of Creation and Wisdom”,Nobel Lecture by شیرین عبادی، Oslo, December 10, 2003, Nobel Foundation, retrieved April 4, 2012.
  20. ↑ [۱۹]“شیرین عبادی: A Conscious مسلمان” by Diana Hayworth, accessed March 24, 2012.
    “For some, Ms. Ebadi is a source of inspiration and pride,as she is the first Muslim woman and only Iranian to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. ”
  21. ↑ [۲۰]“The Nobel Peace Prize 2005”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved March 24, 2012.
  22. ↑ [۲۱]“Mohamed El-Baradei-Biography”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 2012.
  23. ↑ [۲۲]“Outgoing IAEA chief leaves complex legacy”,Jahn, George (30 November 2009), آسوشیتد پرس، accessed 5 February 2011 on msnbc.com.

    ElBaradei, who describes himself as having a Muslim background, sometimes cites his favorite Christian prayer when speaking of his role on the world stage.
  24. ↑ [۲۳] “NNDB article on محمد البرادعی”, retrieved March 24, 2012. ‘Muslim’.
  25. ↑ [۲۴] “Muslim Contribution to World Peace” by Minhaj Qidwai, accessed March 21, 2012.
    “Recipient of Nobel Peace Prize Mohamed ElBaradei an Egyptian Muslim can be a role Model for all those who want to contribute towards peace and prosperity in the modern world. ”
  26. ↑ [۲۵]‘Nobel Lecture by Mohamed El-Baradei, Oslo, December 10, 2005. ’, Nobel Foundation, retrieved April 5, 2012.
    “I am an Egyptian Muslim”
  27. ↑ [۲۶]“The Nobel Peace Prize 2006”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved March 24, 2012.
  28. ↑ [۲۷]“Yunus martyred, Bangladesh marred” by ‘Misha Hussain’, Dawn.com,April 6, 2011, retrieved April 7, 2012.
    “a Bengali and a Muslim”
  29. ↑ [۲۸] “محمد یونس Ways”, ‘Islamic Inspiration’, published March 27, 2011, retrieved March 24, 2012.
    “he is a Muslim”
  30. ↑ [۲۹]‘Muhammad Yunus (1940-)’, The Union of Islamic World Students,retrieved April 5, 2012,‘a devout muslim’
  31. ↑ [۳۰]‘Muhammad Yunus’, NNDB,retrieved April 5, 2012. ‘Muslim’
  32. ↑ [۳۱]“Microcredit pioneer wins Nobel Peace Prize — and puts Episcopalian- and Anglican combatants to shame”,The Questioning Christian,dated October 13, 2006, retrieved April 5, 2012.
  33. ↑ [۳۲], سرمایه‌گذاری خرد and Islamic Finance- A Perfect Match by Dr. Linda Eagle, accessed March 24, 2012.
    “A Muslim Bangladeshi economist and economics professor”
  34. ↑ [۳۳]“The Nobel Peace Prize 2011”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved March 24, 2012.
  35. ↑ [۳۴] اینک دموکراسی article on توکل کرمان، “یمنi Activist Tawakkul Karman, First Female مردم عرب Nobel Peace Laureate: A Nod for Arab Spring”, dated October 7, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2012.
  36. ↑ [۳۵]“Tawakul Karman, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Talks the Talk and Walks the Walk” by ‘Sahar Taman’, هافینگتن پست، published October 8, 2011, retrieved April 7, 2012.
    “a Yemeni Muslim woman”
  37. ↑ [۳۶]“In the name of God the Compassionate the Merciful”,Nobel Lecture by Tawakkul Karman,Oslo, 10. December 2011, Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 2012.
  38. ↑ [۳۷] “Tawakel Karman (The Nobel Peace Prize winner 2011) & حجاب اسلامی” by 'Sarah Ahmed', dated December 12, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2012.
    “She is a co-recipient of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, becoming the first Yemeni, the first Arab woman, and the second Muslim woman to win a Nobel Prize and the youngest Nobel Peace Laureate to date. ”
  39. ↑ [۳۸] “Tawakkul Karman is the first arab woman and the youngest Nobel Peace Laureate in حجاب اسلامی”, 'Haute Hijab', December 20, 2011, accessed March 21, 2012.
    “Tawakkul Karman, a Muslim, was the first Arab woman and youngest person awarded the Nobel Peace Laureate”
  40. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2014" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
  41. ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29564935
  42. ↑ [۳۹]“The Nobel Prize in Literature 1988”, Nobel Foundation, retrieved March 24, 2012.
  43. ↑ [۴۰]‘Nobel Lecture by Naguib Mahfouz’, Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 2012.
  44. ↑ [۴۱] “Naguib Mahfouz’s سوسیالیسمic تصوف: An Intellectual Journey from the Wafd to اسلام عرفان”, Yagi, Kumiko, Ph.D. Harvard University, 2001. 235 pages. Adviser: Graham, William A. Publication Number: AAT 3028463, accessed March 24, 2012.
  45. ↑ [۴۲]“Naguib Mahfouz – The Son of Two Civilizations” by 'Anders Hallengren',article on نجیب محفوظ، Nobel Foundation, retrieved March 24, 2012.
    “a pious moslem believer”
  46. ↑ [۴۳] “The Nobel Prize in Literature 2006”, Nobel Foundation, retrieved March 24, 2012.
  47. ↑ [۴۴]‘Orhan Pamuk-Autobiography’, Nobel Foundation, retrieved April 5, 2012.
  48. ↑ [۴۵] “اورهان پاموک، فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل، in Conversation with رضا اصلان”, Levantine Cultural Center, posted October 16, 2009, accessed March 21, 2012.
  49. ↑ [۴۶]“اورهان پاموک: Incompatibility of Islam and Democracy Has Been Disproven”,‘Islam Today’,dated March 30, 2011, retrieved April 5, 2012.
  50. ↑ [۴۷] “Do you consider yourself a Muslim? ”,
    “Orhan Pamuk and the Turkish Paradox”, Spiegel Online, dated December 21, 2005, retrieved March 21, 2012.
    “I consider myself a person who comes from a Muslim culture. In any case, I would not say that I'm an atheist. So I'm a Muslim who associates historical and cultural identification with this religion. I do not believe in a personal connection to God; that's where it gets transcendental. I identify with my culture, but I am happy to be living on a tolerant, intellectual island where I can deal with Dostoyevsky and Sartre, both great influences for me. ”
  51. ↑ [۴۸]“The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979”, Nobel Foundation, retrieved March 24, 2012.
  52. ↑ [۴۹]“Abdus Salam-Biography”, Nobel Foundation,retrieved April 5, 2012.
    “Abdus Salam is known to be a devout Muslim, whose religion does not occupy a separate compartment of his life; it is inseparable from his work and family life. He once wrote: ‘The Holy Quran enjoins us to reflect on the verities of Allah's created laws of nature; however, that our generation has been privileged to glimpse a part of His design is a bounty and a grace for which I render thanks with a humble heart. ’”,
    منبع دست اول:The biography was written by Miriam Lewis, now at IAEA, Vienna, who was at one time on the staff of ICTP (International Centre For Theoretical Physics, Trieste).
  53. ↑ [۵۰] Google Books,Ghani, Abdul (1982). Abdus Salam: a Nobel laureate from a Muslim country: a biographical sketch, Publisher-Maʻaref Printers, Karachi. p. i-xi.,retrieved April 8, 2012.
  54. ↑ [۵۱]“The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999”, Nobel Foundation, retrieved March 24, 2012.
  55. ↑ [۵۲] مسلمان “Nobel Prize Winner Ahmed Hassan Zewail” by Bernie, ‘Planck's constant’, accessed March 24, 2012.
  56. ↑ [۵۳] احمد حسن زویل's caltech site.
  57. ↑ [۵۴] علم in the Islamic world: an interview with فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل احمد حسن زویل، The Fountain Magazine,Issue 67, January–February 2009, retrieved March 21, 2012.
    “I'm very proud of the value system that I was given by my family and the way I grew up as a Muslim in Egypt. ”
  58. ↑ [۵۵]“The West and Islam need not be in conflict” by ‘Ahmed Zewail’, ایندیپندنت، October 24, 2006,retrieved April 11, 2012.
    “The author is the only Arab Muslim to receive the Nobel Prize in science, 1999”
  59. ↑ [۵۶] Sunday Book Review, The New York Times, By Leslie H. Gelb, published May 6, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2012.
  60. ↑ [۵۷] اندیشمند history of muslims, retrieved April 6, 2012.
  61. ↑ [۵۸] Orhan Pamuk and the Politics of Turkish Identity: From Islam to Istanbul [Paperback],retrieved April 5, 2012.
  62. ↑ [۵۹] “Cosmic خشم: عبدالسلام - The First مسلمان Nobel دانشمند” by Gordon Fraser, انتشارات دانشگاه آکسفورد، retrieved March 24, 2012.
  63. ↑ [۶۰] یاسر عرفات زندگی‌نامه، retrieved April 6, 2012.
  64. ↑ [۶۱] گوگل بوکس-انور سادات:visionary who dared, retrieved April 6, 2012.
  65. ↑ [۶۲] شیرین عبادی's autobiographical کتاب، retrieved April 6, 2012.
  66. ↑ [۶۳] احمد حسن زویل خودزندگی‌نامه، Nobel Foundation, retrieved April 5, 2012.
  67. ↑ [۶۴] خودزندگی‌نامه of محمد یونس، retrieved April 6, 2012.
  68. ↑ [۶۵] انور سادات: In Search of Identity an Autobiography, retrieved April 6, 2012.

پیوند به بیرون

“Abdus Salam was a theoretical physicist who became the first Pakistani and the first Muslim to be awarded the Nobel Prize in the sciences. ”
  • [۷۵] “Dr. عبدالسلام: Nobel Laureate in Physics”,accessed April 4, 2012.
  • [۷۶] “توکل کرمان speaks: Islam Supports Democracy”, 'Onislam', December 10, 2011, accessed March 21, 2012.
  • [۷۷] “A Muslim woman's place is in society: Nobel Laureate”, فرانس ۲۴, dated November 2, 2009, retrieved March 21, 2012.
  • [۷۸] “Nobel Prize reflects women's struggle in the Muslim world”, retrieved March 19, 2012.
  • [۷۹] “Nobel Peace Prize Winner Tawakkul Karman Profile: The Mother of Yemen's revolution”, هافینگتن پست، dated October 7, 2011, retrieved March 19, 2012.
  • [۸۰] “Dear ‘World Community’: You Are Not Our Equals” by William A. Levinson, American Thinker, May 31, 2011, retrieved March 21, 2012.
  • [۸۱]“Nobel Prize winner highlights women’s role in Arab Spring”,‘The Michigan Daily’,Published November 15, 2011, retrieved April 4, 2012.
  • [۸۲]“جایزه صلح نوبل Tawakul Karman: Islam No Threat to Democracy”,reprinted ‘Positive Islam’, dated December 12, 2011, 1st printed رویترز[۸۳] December 9, 2011, accessed April 4, 2012.
  • [۸۴]“The Nobel Prize - Muslim Winners”,by Sadaqat,accessed April 4, 2012.
  • [۸۵]“Women Nobel Peace Laureates Congratulate Three New Women Laureates”, Nobel Women's Initiative,dated October 7, 2011, retrieved April 4, 2012.
Karman joins Shirin Ebadi, who won the Nobel Peace prize in 2003 for her work to bring equal rights to women in Iran, as the second Muslim woman to win the Nobel Peace prize.
“As a Muslim woman, I am well aware of the difficult and severe conditions of your work and struggle,” said Ebadi in her letter today to Karman. Karman receives frequent death threats, and was thrown in jail last January. “I admire your tremendous work and courage. This victory will certainly inspire and reassure the million of Muslim women who suffer from discrimination and who fight for equality of rights between men and women—and also sends a message to countries going through the Arab Spring that true democracy will only be achieved if women also receive equal rights. ”
“It is not Islam or poverty that succours terrorism, but the failure to be heard”
“How closely have the changes and developments detailed in Mahfouz’s descriptions of ordinary Egyptian lives paralleled what the world has witnessed as ageneral growing “Islamization” of the Muslim world? In my research,I have found that other Muslim writers,such as Leila Ahmed (Egypt), Mohsin Hamid (Pakistan/India), and Orhan Pamuk (Turkey) have also observed and commented on the Islamization of the culture. ”
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