گزنه

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گزنه گزنه، Urtica طبقه‌بندی علمی فرمانرو: گیاه راسته: گل‌سرخ‌سانان تیره: گزنه‌ایان سرده: Urtica گزنه گَزَنه (نام علمی: Urtica dioica) گیاهی از تیره گزنه، علفی و پایا با ساقه‌ای منشعب است. ساقه آن راست و چهارگوش بوده و برگهای آن پوشیده از کرک‌های گزنده‌ای است. پراکنش جغرافیایی در ایران درییلاقات اطراف تهران، شمیرانات ودرکرج دردامنه‌های البرز، کندوان، پل زنگوله، در مناطق شمالی در مازندران و گیلان درهرزویل وجنگل نودی، عمارلو، راه کبوترچاک به زردچیان، رودبار، آستارا، بندرگز ودرآذربایجان در دامنه‌های سهند، زنقاب، دیلمان وارسباران ,لرستان(در کنار رودخانه کشکان) بطورخودرودیده می‌شود. خواص دارویی مداوای مجاری ادرار (پروستات)، درمان دستگاه تنفسی، کاتاره معده، ضد قند خون، افزایش دهنده گلبولهای قرمز خون. صرف نظر از جنبه‌های خوراکی که به صورت پخته همانند اسفناج خورده می‌شود و سرشار از مواد معدنی و مغزی است این گیاه حاوی ماده‌ای به نام سکرتین است که بهترین عامل جهت تحریک و به کار انداختن غدد ترشحی هاضمه در معده، روده، کبد، لوزالمعده وکیسه صفرا است. خاصیت مهم دیگر آن کمک به ساخته شدن گلبولهای سرخ و در نتیجه تنفس مناسب سلولهای بدن است. ضد اسهال است به ویژه در اسهالهای خطرناک که در هنگام شیوع وبا پیدا می‌شود بکار می‌رود، خونروشها(خون روش بینی، سینه وانواع دیگر) و خلط‌های ناراحت کننده (در سرماخوردگی وگرفتگی مجاری تنفسی) را آرام می‌کند. مقوی است وبه مادران شیرده جهت زیاد شدن شیر کمک می‌کند وعادت ماهانه زنان را تنظیم می نمایدویاچنان تأثیری دارد که اگر قاعده گی بطور غیر طبیعی قطع شود مجددأ آن را برقرارمی کند. خون را تصفیه کرده وضدکرم است. استعمال خارجی آن درموارد رماتیسم موفقیت آمیزبوده است. غرغره دهان با فراورده دارویی این گیاه یک ماده ضروری جهت ضدعفونی کردن دهان، رفع ورم و جراحات لثه ومداوای آنژین به شمار می‌رود، لوسیون و کمپرس‌های گزنه در مراقبت‌های زیبایی مانندتمیزکردن پوست، از بین بردن آکنه، اگزماوجلوگیری از ریزش موی سر به کارمی رود. برطبق مطالعات وسيع و منابع علمي موجود خاصيت ضد التهابي گياه گزنه ثابت شده است. تركيبات فنولي و كافئيك اسيد موجود در مواد مترشحه برگ گزنه قادر به مهار سنتز اسيد آراشيدونيك و متابوليتهايش مي باشد. اسيد فنوليك سنتز لكوترين B4 را نيز مهار مي كند. امروزه خواص ضد آلرژي گياه گزنه ثابت شده است. به گونه اي كه اين گياه اثر مهاري بر آنزيمهاي ليپواكسيژنازو سيكلواكسيژناز دارد. اين دو انزيم مسئول تبديل اسيد آراشيدونيك به پروستا گلاندينها و لكوترينها مي باشد. استفاده از اين گياه در رينيت آلرژيك بسيار موثر بوده است. قسمت‌های مورد استفاده برگها، سرشاخه‌های گلداروریشه گزنه مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. اخیراً حلقه‌های پپتیدی ای از عرق گزنه جدا سازی شده است که نام اختصاری گزلین دارند ( ترکیبی از گزنه+انسولین) این حلقه‌ها که اثر ضد دیابت رابه آن‌ها نسبت می دهند قادرند با روی هم قرار گرفتن ایجاد منفذ(pore) نموده و گلوکز را به درون سلول انتقال دهند. تحقیق فوق در دانشگاه‌های تهران و تورنتو کانادا صورت پذیرفته.(۱) گزنه جستارهای وابسته فهرست گیاهان منابع نوشتاری از بهمن فصیحی، برگرفته از وب‌گاه مغان ارس (برداشت آزاد با ذکر منبع) برگرفته از کتاب شناسایی گیاهان دارویی و صنعتی جنگلی ومرتعی(جلد اول) 1- Insulin mimetics in Urtica dioica: structural and computational analyses of Urtica dioica extracts Masoud Shabani Domola et at

nettle Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Urticaceae Genus: Urtica L. Species See text Urtica is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. Many species have stinging hairs and may be called nettles or stinging nettles, although the latter name applies particularly to Urtica dioica. Urtica species are food for the caterpillars of numerous Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), such as the tortrix moth Syricoris lacunana and several Nymphalidae, such as Vanessa atalanta, one of the red admiral butterflies. Description Urtica species grow as annuals or perennial herbaceous plants, rarely shrubs. They can reach, depending on the type, location and nutrient status, a height of 10–300 cm. The perennial species have underground rhizomes. The green parts have stinging hairs. Their often quadrangular stems are unbranched or branched, erect, ascending or spreading. Most leaves and stalks are arranged across opposite sides of the stem. The leaf blades are elliptic, lanceolate, ovate or circular. The leaf blades usually have three to five, rarely up to seven veins. The leaf margin is usually serrate to more or less coarsely toothed. The often-lasting bracts are free or fused to each other. The cystoliths are extended to more or less rounded. Species Detail of a male flowering stinging nettle. Detail of female flowering stinging nettle. A large number of species included within the genus in the older literature are now recognized as synonyms of Urtica dioica. Some of these taxa are still recognized as subspecies. Species in the genus Urtica, and their primary natural ranges, include: Urtica angustifolia Fisch. ex Hornem. China, Japan, Korea Urtica ardens China Urtica aspera Petrie South Island, New Zealand Urtica atrichocaulis Himalaya, southwestern China Urtica atrovirens western Mediterranean region Urtica australis Hook.f. South Island, New Zealand and surrounding subantarctic islands Urtica cannabina L., Western Asia from Siberia to Iran Urtica chamaedryoides (heartleaf nettle), southeastern North America Urtica dioica L. 1753 (stinging nettle or bull nettle), Europe, Asia, North America Urtica dioica subsp. galeopsifolia Wierzb. ex Opiz (fen nettle or stingless nettle), Europe. (Sometimes treated as a separate species Urtica galeopsifolia.) Urtica dubia (large-leaved nettle), Canada Urtica ferox G.Forst. (ongaonga or tree nettle), New Zealand Urtica fissa China Urtica gracilenta (mountain nettle), Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas, northern Mexico Urtica hyperborea Himalaya from Pakistan to Bhutan, Mongolia and Tibet, high altitudes Urtica incisa Poir (scrub nettle), Australia, New Zealand Urtica kioviensis Rogow. eastern Europe Urtica laetivirens Maxim. Japan, Northeast China Urtica linearifolia' (Hook.f.) Cockayne (creeping or swamp nettle), New Zealand Urtica mairei Himalaya, southwestern China, northeastern India, Myanmar Urtica massaica Africa Urtica membranacea Mediterranean region, Azores Urtica morifolia Canary Islands (endemic) Urtica parviflora Himalaya (lower altitudes) Urtica peruviana D.Getltman Perú Urtica pseudomagellanica D.Geltman Bolivia Urtica pilulifera (Roman nettle), southern Europe Urtica platyphylla Wedd. China, Japan Urtica procera Mühlenberg (tall nettle), North America Urtica pubescens Ledeb. Southwestern Russia east to central Asia Urtica rupestris Sicily (endemic) Urtica sondenii (Simmons) Avrorin ex Geltman northeastern Europe, northern Asia Urtica taiwaniana Taiwan Urtica thunbergiana Japan, Taiwan Urtica triangularisa Urtica urens L. (small nettle or annual nettle), Europe, North America Ecology Thanks to the stinging hairs, Urtica species are rarely eaten by herbivores, so they provide long-term shelter for insects, such as aphids, caterpillars, and moths. The insects, in turn, provide food for small birds, such as tits. Uses See also: Urtica dioica Much historical evidence of use of Urtica species (or nettles in general) in medicine, folk remedies, cooking and fibre production relate to one species - Urtica dioica, but a fair amount also refers to the use of Urtica urens, the small nettle, which is preferred because it has more stinging hairs per leaf area than the more common species. It may be inappropriate and probably inaccurate to assume that all nettles exhibit similar properties in all cases, but where an action can be attributed to principles found in the species, such as histamine, choline, formic acid and silica, a rational basis for their use is still available. However, the fact that a medical action can be attributed to a single constituent does not imply that the entire plant will have the same action. Arthritic joints were traditionally treated by whipping the joint with a branch of stinging nettles. Various studies support the effectiveness of this treatment. Species of Urtica have been studied for their effects on prostate hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, rheumatic disease, hypertension, gastrointestinal symptoms, osteoarthritis, diarrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammation, pain, constipation, gastrointestinal disease, headache, nausea, common cold, arthritis, asthma, bleeding, respiratory tract disease, allergic rhinitis, kidney disease, prostate cancer, skin disease and urinary tract disease. In terms of allergies, nettle contains properties of an antihistamine to be used for treating reactions associated with the respiratory system. Nettles can also be used to make an herbal tea known as nettle tea. Prehistoric use Fabric woven of nettle fibre has been found in burial sites dating back to the Bronze Age. In folklore Nettles have many folklore traditions associated with them. The folklore mainly relates to the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), but the similar non-stinging Lamium may be involved in some traditions. Myths about health and wealth Handmade soap with the extract of stinging nettle Nettles in a pocket will keep a person safe from lightning and bestow courage. Nettles kept in a room will protect anyone inside. Nettles are reputed to enhance fertility in men, and fever could be dispelled by plucking a nettle up by its roots while reciting the names of the sick man and his family. Literature Asian Milarepa, the great Tibetan ascetic and saint, was reputed to have survived his decades of solitary meditation by subsisting on nothing but nettles; his hair and skin turned green and he lived to the age of 83. Caribbean The Caribbean trickster figure Anansi appears in a story about nettles, in which he has to chop down a huge nettle patch in order to win the hand of the king's daughter. European An old Scots rhyme about the nettle: "Gin ye be for lang kail coo the nettle, stoo the nettle Gin ye be for lang kail coo the nettle early Coo it laich, coo it sune, coo it in the month o' June Stoo it ere it's in the bloom, coo the nettle early Coo it by the auld wa's, coo it where the sun ne'er fa's Stoo it when the day daws, coo the nettle early." (Old Wives Lore for Gardeners, M & B Boland) Coo, cow, and stoo are all Scottish for cut back or crop (although, curiously, another meaning of "stoo" is to throb or ache), while "laich" means short or low to the ground. Given the repetition of "early," presumably this is advice to harvest nettles first thing in the morning and to cut them back hard [which seems to contradict the advice of the Royal Horticultural Society]. A well-known English rhyme about the stinging nettle is: Tender-handed, stroke a nettle, And it stings you for your pains. Grasp it like a man of mettle, And it soft as silk remains. In Hans Christian Andersen's fairy-tale "The Wild Swans," the princess had to weave coats of nettles to break the spell on her brothers. References