پادشاهی گوگه
گوگه | |||||||||
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 Ruins of the Guge capital at Tsaparang
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| الگو:South Asia in 1000 Location of Guge and neighbouring polities in the early 1000s.[۱] | |||||||||
| پایتخت | Tsaparang | ||||||||
| دین(ها) | Tantric Hinduism, بودیسم تبتی، شمن‌باوری، بون (دین) | ||||||||
| حکومت | سلطنت | ||||||||
• ح. 910–ح. 930 | Kyide Nyimagon (first) | ||||||||
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| امروز بخشی از | چین; هند; نپال | ||||||||
گوگه (الفبای تبتی: གུ་གེ་, Wylie: gu ge; Chinese: 古格) یک دودمان باستانی در غرب تبت بود. قلمرو گوگه بر محوریت زاندا در ولایت نگاری امروزی در منطقه خودگردان تبت بود. پس از قرن دهم میلادی این قلمرو به هر سو گسترده‌تر شده بود. پایتخت سابق گوگه در تساپارانگ در درهٔ سُلتج نزدیک به کوه کایلاش و در فاصلهٔ ۱٬۲۰۰ مایل (۱٬۹۰۰ کیلومتر) غرب لهاسا بود.
فهرست فرمانروایان
[ویرایش]روبرتو ویتالی و لوسیانو پتک فهرستی از پادشاهی تبت را به صورت ذیل ثبت کرده‌اند:[۲]
A. نیای سلطنتی دودمان یارلونگ
- 'Od srungs (in Central Tibet 842–905) son of Glang Darma
- dPal 'Khor btsan (in Central Tibet 905–910) son
- Kyide Nyimagon (in Ngari Korsum, c. 912–?) son
- Palgyigon (received Ladakh, 10th century) son
- Detsukgon (received Zanskar, 10th century) brother
B. پادشاهی گوگه و پورانگ
- Trashigon (received Guge and Purang, fl. 947) brother
- Yeshe-Ö (?–988 or 959–1036) son
- Nagaraja (religious leader, d. 1023) son
- Devaraja (religious leader, d. 1026) brother
- Khor re (988–996) uncle
- Lha lde (996–1024) son
- 'Od lde btsan (1024–1037) son
- Byang chub 'Od (1037–1057) brother
- Zhi ba 'Od (religious leader, d. 1111) brother
- Che chen tsha rTse lde (1057–1088) son of Byang chub 'od
C. پادشاهی یا رتسه
- Naga lde (early 12th century)
- bTsan phyug lde (mid-12th century)
- bKra shis lde (12th century)
- Grags btsan lde (12th century) brother of bTsan phyug lde)
- Grags pa lde (Kradhicalla) (fl. 1225)
- A sog lde (Ashokacalla) (fl. 1255–1278) son
- 'Ji dar sMal (Jitarimalla) (fl. 1287–1293) son
- A nan sMal (Anandamalla) (late 13th century) brother
- Ri'u sMal (Ripumalla) (fl. 1312–1214) son
- San gha sMal (Sangramamalla) (early 14th century) son
- Ajitamalla (1321–1328) son of Jitarimalla
- Kalyanamalla (14th century)
- Pratapamalla (14th century)
- Pu ni sMal (Punyamalla) (fl. 1336–1339) of Purang royalty
- sPri ti sMal (Prthivimalla) (fl. 1354–1358) son
D. پادشاهی گوگه
- Bar lde (dBang lde) (1088 – c. 1095) nephew of Che chen tsha rTse lde
- bSod nams rtse (c. 1095 – early 12th century) son
- bKra shis rtse (before 1137) son
- Jo bo rGyal po (regent, mid-12th century) brother
- rTse 'bar btsan (12th century) son of bKra shis rtse
- sPyi lde btsan (12th century) son
- rNam lde btsan (12th/13th century) son
- Nyi ma lde (12th/13th century) son
- dGe 'bum (13th century) probably an outsider
- La ga (died c. 1260) of foreign origin
- Chos rgyal Grags pa (c. 1260–1265)
- Grags pa lde (c. 1265–1277) prince from Lho stod
- ناشناخته
- rNam rgyal lde (c. 1396 – 1424) son of a Guge ruler
- Nam mkha'i dBang po Phun tshogs lde (1424–1449) son
- rNam ri Sang rgyas lde (1449–?) son
- bLo bzang Rab brtan (died c. 1485) son
- sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha (c. 1485 – after 1499) son
- Shakya 'od (early 16th century) son
- Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde (fl. 1537–1555) son?
- Ngag gi dBang phyug (16th century) son
- Nam mkha dBang phyug (16th century) son
- Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug (late 16th century) son
- Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug (c. 1600) son
- Khri Nam rgyal Grags pa lde (fl. 1618) son
- Tashi Drakpa De (before 1622–1630) son
- تصرف توسط لاداخ (۱۶۳۰)
- تصرف توسط دالایی لاما پنجم (۱۶۷۹–۱۶۸۰)
منابع
[ویرایش]- ↑ Chandra, Satish (2004). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One (به انگلیسی). Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5.
- ↑ Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran (2003); R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
- Allen, Charles. (1999) The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: 2000 Abacus Books, London. شابک ۰-۳۴۹-۱۱۱۴۲-۱.
مطالعه بیشتر
[ویرایش]- Bellezza, John Vincent: Zhang Zhung. Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland. Denkschriften der phil. -hist. Klasse 368. Beitraege zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 61, Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2008.
- Hoffman, Helmut (1990), "Early and Medieval Tibet", in Denis Sinor; Sinor Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9
- Petech, Luciano (September 1947), "The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681-83", The Indian Historical Quarterly, 23 (3): 169– – via archive.org
- Petech, Luciano (1977), The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. (PDF), Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu[پیوند مرده]
- Petech, Luciano (2003), "Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran: A new study", in Alex McKay (ed.), History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850–1895, Routledge, pp. 33–52, ISBN 0-415-30843-7 – via archive.org
- Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden (1984) [1967], Tibet: A Political History, New York: Potala Publications, ISBN 0-9611474-0-7
- van Ham, Peter. (2017). Guge--Ages of Gold: The West Tibetan Masterpieces. Hirmer Verlag, 390 pages, شابک ۹۷۸–۳۷۷۷۴۲۶۶۸۶
- Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan." In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.
پیوند به بیرون
[ویرایش]- [۱] "Submerged in the Cosmos" by David Shulman, The New York Review of Books, February 24, 2017, retrieved March 2, 2017.
- "Unravelling the mysteries of Guge" by Xiong Lei, China Daily, May 8, 2003, retrieved November 24, 2005