پرش به محتوا

معرفی دوباره گونه

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
رهاسازی عمدی یک گونه در طبیعت

معرفی دوباره گونه‌ها یا معرفی مجدد گونه‌ها (به انگلیسی: Species reintroduction)، رهاسازی عمدی یک گونه در طبیعت، از اسارت یا دیگر مناطقی است که جاندار زنده توانایی زنده ماندن را دارد.[۱] هدف از معرفی دوباره گونه‌ها، ایجاد یک جمعیت سالم، از نظر ژنتیکیمتنوع و خودپایا در منطقه‌ای است که از بین رفته‌است، یا برای افزایش جمعیت جاندار انجام می‌شود. گونه‌هایی که ممکن است دارای شرایط معرفی دوباره باشند، معمولاً در طبیعت در معرض تهدید یا در خطر انقراض هستند. با این حال، معرفی دوباره یک گونه نیز می‌تواند برای مهار آفت باشد. به عنوان مثال، گرگ‌ها دوباره به یک منطقه وحشی معرفی می‌شوند تا از جمعیت بیش از حد گوزن جلوگیری کنند. از آنجایی که معرفی دوباره ممکن است شامل بازگرداندن گونه‌های بومی به مناطقی باشد که در آنجا منقرض شده‌اند، برخی اصطلاح «پایه‌گذاری دوباره» (reestablishment) را ترجیح می‌دهند.[۱]

انسان‌ها هزاران سال است که گونه‌ها را برای غذا و کنترل آفت معرفی می‌کنند. با این حال، روش معرفی دوباره برای حفاظت، از قرن بیستم بسیار جوان‌تر است.[۲]

روش‌های تأمین منبع برای افراد

[ویرایش]

نگرش‌های ژنتیکی

[ویرایش]
  • شباهت بوم‌شناختی
  • سازگاری به اسارت
  • تبادل ژنتیکی

بهبود فناوری‌های پژوهشی

[ویرایش]
  • پایش ژنتیکی

برنامه‌های معرفی دوباره

[ویرایش]

آفریقا

[ویرایش]

آسیا

[ویرایش]

اروپا

[ویرایش]

خاورمیانه

[ویرایش]

آمریکای شمالی

[ویرایش]

اقیانوس‌ها و اقیانوسیه

[ویرایش]

آمریکای جنوبی

[ویرایش]

منابع

[ویرایش]
  1. ↑ ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ Campbell-Palmer, R.; Rosell, F. (2010). "Conservation of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber: an olfactory perspective". Mammal Review. 40 (4): 293–312. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00165.x.
  2. ↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ Seddon; Armstrong, DP; Maloney, RF (2007). "Developing the Science of Reintroduction Biology". Conservation Biology. 21 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00627.x. PMID 17391180.
  3. ↑ "Critically endangered addax antelope to be reintroduced in Chad". Africa Geographic. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  4. ↑ "Elephants return to Samara". Samara Private Game Reserve. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  5. ↑ "First Ever African Wild Dog Introduction to Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique". Wildlife ACT. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  6. ↑ "The African Wild Dogs are back". Gorongosa National Park. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  7. ↑ "New Residents Settle In at Lekedi Park". Eramet. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  8. ↑ "Botswana Rhino Reintroduction Project". Wildness Safaris. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  9. ↑ "Rhino Conservation Botswana". Rhino Conservation Botswana. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  10. ↑ "Black rhinos return to Rwanda 10 years after disappearance". The Guardian. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  11. ↑ "Black rhino to be reintroduced in Chad | World news". The Guardian.
  12. ↑ "'It's a success': Pangolins return to a region where they were once extinct". MONGABAY. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  13. ↑ "andBeyond Donated Five Lionesses from Phinda to Rwanda". www.andbeyond.com (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  14. ↑ "Lions to bring 'East Africa experience' to Rwanda". The East African. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
  15. ↑ "Lions Reintroduced to Liwonde National Park in Malawi". African Parks. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  16. ↑ "Reintroducing lions into Malawi". Lion Recovery Fund. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  17. ↑ Peignot P, Charpentier MJ, Bout N, Bourry O, Massima U, Dosimont O, Terramorsi R, Wickings EJ (2008). "Learning from the first release project of captive-bred mandrills Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon". Oryx. 42. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000136.
  18. ↑ "Scimitar-horned Oryx Reintroduction Programme". Sahara Conservation Fund. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  19. ↑ "Reintroducing scimitar-horned oryx to Chad". The Zoological Society of London. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  20. ↑ "25 Scimitar-Horned Oryx to be Reintroduced to the Wild in Chad". Smithsonian Insider. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  21. ↑ Shreya Dasgupta (29 May 2017). "Cheetahs return to Malawi after decades". Mongabay. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  22. ↑ "Mozambique – hyenas reintroduced to Zinave". Africa Sustainable Conservation News. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "Reintroduction of the West African Giraffe". Save Giraffes Now. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "West African giraffe return to Gadabedji after 50 years of absence". Africa Geographic. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  25. ↑ "Plan for Amur leopard reintroduction approved". ZSL. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  26. ↑ "Amur Leopard Reintroduction". conservewildcats. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  27. ↑ "The Amur Leopard Reintroduction Program launched in Primorye". WWF. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  28. ↑ "Reintroduction of the Asiatic Black Bear to Jirisan National Park(JNP) South Korea". RLR Reintroduction Management. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  29. ↑ "Elephants Return to the Forest". AMNH. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  30. ↑ See Borneo Orangutan Survival
  31. ↑ "Bukhara deer reintroduced in Kazakhstan". WWF. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  32. ↑ "Bukhara deer to be reintroduced in Central Asia". Eco News. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  33. ↑ "Feasibility study: reintroducing Chinese alligator to Yancheng". Conservation Leadership Program. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  34. ↑ "Endangered bird returns to South Korea 40 years after extinction". INDEPENDENT. 22 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  35. ↑ "Bringing back the crested ibis". The Japan Times. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  36. ↑ "Reintroducing the Japanese Crested Ibis in Sado, Japan (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  37. ↑ "Reintroduction of Gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus) in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (PDF)" (PDF). The Wildlife Institute of India. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  38. ↑ "Gharials get back into the Ganges". WWF. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  39. ↑ "GHARIALS ON THE GANGA (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  40. ↑ "Reintroduction of Greater Indian Rhinoceros into Dudhwa National Park (PDF)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  41. ↑ "One-horned rhino to be reintroduced in Corbett". The Times of India. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  42. ↑ "Foxes released into wild on Sobaeksan". The korean Herald. November 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  43. ↑ Osterberg, P.; Samphanthamit, P.; Maprang, O.; Punnadee, S.; Brockelman, W. Y. (2015). "Gibbon (Hylobates lar) reintroduction success in Phuket, Thailand, and its conservation benefits". American Journal of Primatology. pubmed.ncbi.gov. 77 (5): 492–501. doi:10.1002/ajp.22367. PMID 25597291. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  44. ↑ Cheong, Seokwan; Sung, Ha-Cheol; Park, Shi-Ryong (2012). "A Population Viability Analysis (PVA) for Re-introduction of the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) in Korea". Environmental Biology Research. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology. 30 (4): 307–313. doi:10.11626/KJEB.2012.30.4.307. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  45. ↑ "Reintroduction of Pileated Gibbons at the Angkor World Heritage Site". Foundation Segre. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  46. ↑ "Successful reintroduction of world's smallest hog". Mongabay. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  47. ↑ ACAP Breeding Site No. 65. Torishima, where Short-tailed Albatrosses have survived both feather collectors and an active volcano
  48. ↑ "Siamese crocodile". Fauna & Flora International. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  49. ↑ "Siamese crocodiles re-introduced in Cat Tien National Park". WWF. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  50. ↑ "Big Cat Swap Raises Questions". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  51. ↑ "The efforts to re-establish the Chinese water deer population in Shanghai, China". Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  52. ↑ Dhungel G.; Thanet D.R. (2019). "Investigating Habitat Suitability and Conservation Issues of Re-introduced Wild Water Buffalo in Chitwan National Park, Nepal". Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal. 16 (16): 1–13. doi:10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28350.
  53. ↑ "Wild buffalo to be reintroduced in Kanha Natl Park". Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  54. ↑ J. Herrero; J. Canut; D. Garcia-Ferre; R. Garcia Gonzalez; R. Hidalgo (1992). "The alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) in the Spanish Pyrenees" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 57 (4): 211–215. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-01. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  55. ↑ Haye, M. J. J. La; Reiners, T. E.; Raedts, R.; Verbist, V.; Koelewijn, H. P. (2017-08-01). "Genetic monitoring to evaluate reintroduction attempts of a highly endangered rodent". Conservation Genetics (به انگلیسی). 18 (4): 877–892. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0940-z. ISSN 1566-0621.
  56. ↑ "VIDEO: Butterfly extinct for 42 years reintroduced to England".
  57. ↑ Groff C. , Bragalanti N. , Rizzoli R. , Zanghellini P. (editors), "2012 Bear Report, Forestry and Wildlife Department of the Autonomous Province of Trento", 2013.
  58. ↑ Monbiot, George (2013-10-18). "Why are Britain's conservation groups so lacking in ambition?". The Guardian (به انگلیسی). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-04-17.
  59. ↑ "Ladybird Spider- Eresus cinnaberinus". 2011-08-11.
  60. ↑ Andersen, Anne; Simcox, David J.; Thomas, Jeremy A.; Nash, David R. (2014). "Assessing reintroduction schemes by comparing genetic diversity of reintroduced and source populations: A case study of the globally threatened large blue butterfly (Maculinea arion)" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 175: 34–41. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.04.009. ISSN 0006-3207.
  61. ↑ Rich, T.C.; Gibson, C.; Marsden, M. (1999). "Re-establishment of the extinct native plant Filago gallica L.(Asteraceae), narrow-leaved cudweed, in Britain". Biological Conservation. 91 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(99)00046-4.
  62. ↑ WWF (2009). "Flying Turkmen leopards to bring species back to Caucasus". WWF.
  63. ↑ Druzhinin, A. (2010). "Iranian leopards make themselves at home in Russia's Sochi". RIA Novosti.
  64. ↑ "TWO LEOPARDS FROM SWEDEN ARRIVED TO RUSSIA". WWF Russia. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  65. ↑ "'First' Welsh born and bred pine marten". BBC News. 2017-06-09.
  66. ↑ News - Department of the Environment, Heritage & Local Government بایگانی‌شده در ۲۰۰۸-۱۱-۲۱ توسط Wayback Machine
  67. ↑ Red squirrel conservation, squirrel ecology and grey squirrel management
  68. ↑ "White Storks".
  69. ↑ Barkham, Patrick (17 January 2020). "Young sea eagle takes up residence among Oxfordshire's red kites". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 January 2020.
  70. ↑ Arabian Oryx.gov.sa, [Monitoring of Arabian oryx at reintroduction sites "Monitoring of Arabian oryx at reintroduction sites"].
  71. ↑ Haaretz,"Jerusalem Zoo Oryx Moving to the Arava", 1 March 2007.
  72. ↑ Sharifi M.. Vaissi S.. 2014. Captive breeding and trial reintroduction of the Endangered yellow-spotted mountain newt Neurergus microspilotus in western Iran (pdf). Endanger Species Res 23. Vol. 23: pp.159–166. doi: 10.3354/esr00552. Retrieved on March 31, 2017
  73. ↑ Teva.org.il, "Nubian Ibex".
  74. ↑ The Ynetnews Environment - Near-extinct fish reintroduced to Yarkon River
  75. ↑ "REINTRODUCTION OF AMERICAN BISON". cemexnature. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  76. ↑ Rurik List, Jesus Pacheco, Eduardo Ponce, Rodrigo Sierra-Corona, Gerardo Ceballos (August 2010). "The Janos Biosphere Reserve, Northern Mexico". The Journal of International Wilderness. 16. Retrieved July 28, 2019.{{cite journal}}: نگهداری یادکرد:نام‌های متعدد:فهرست نویسندگان (link)
  77. ↑ "Banff National Park Bison Reintroduction Project". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  78. ↑ "British Virgin Islands: Flamingo Reintroduction to Anegada - The Conservation Agency". The Conservation Agency (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  79. ↑ "How the Puffin Returned to Eastern Egg Rock". Smithonian Ocean. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  80. ↑ "Bringing Puffins Back to Maine - With Stephen Kress". BirdNote. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  81. ↑ Black-Footed Ferret, "Reintroduction" بایگانی‌شده در ۳ اکتبر ۲۰۲۲ توسط Wayback Machine.
  82. ↑ ۸۲٫۰ ۸۲٫۱ ۸۲٫۲ ۸۲٫۳ ۸۲٫۴ ۸۲٫۵ ۸۲٫۶ ۸۲٫۷ ۸۲٫۸ "9 Wildlife Success Stories". NPCA. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  83. ↑ "Blanding's Turtle Headstart Reintroduction".
  84. ↑ "Canada Lynx - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
  85. ↑ Olson, Zachary H; Whittaker, Donald G; Rhodes, Olin E (2012). "Evaluation of experimental genetic management in reintroduced bighorn sheep". Ecology and Evolution. 2 (2): 429–443. doi:10.1002/ece3.97. PMC 3298953. PMID 22423334.
  86. ↑ AZGFD. "AZGFD" (به انگلیسی). Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
  87. ↑ "Threatened and Endangered Species in Washington: 2012 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-29.
  88. ↑ Yellowstone National Park, "Wolf Reintroduction Changes Ecosystem", 21 June 2011.
  89. ↑ "Herman 'Duff' Holbrook: Benefactor of S.C. wildlife". The Post and Courier. 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  90. ↑ McKean, Andrew (2015-07-27). "A Farewell to Herman "Duff" Holbrook, the Father of Wild Turkey Rocket-Netting". Outdoor Life. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
  91. ↑ Maschinski, Joyce; Duquesnel, Janice (2007). "Successful reintroductions of the endangered long-lived Sargent's cherry palm, Pseudophoenix sargentii, in the Florida Keys". Biological Conservation. 134 (1): 122–129. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.012.
  92. ↑ Maunder, Michael (1992-03-01). "Plant reintroduction: an overview". Biodiversity & Conservation (به انگلیسی). 1 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1007/bf00700250. ISSN 0960-3115.
  93. ↑ Helenurm, Kaius; Parsons, Lorraine S. (1997-09-01). "Genetic Variation and the Reproduction of Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus to Sweetwater Marsh, California". Restoration Ecology (به انگلیسی). 5 (3): 236–244. doi:10.1046/j.1526-100x.1997.09728.x. ISSN 1526-100X.
  94. ↑ Mowry, R. A.; Schneider, T. M.; Latch, E. K.; Gompper, M. E.; Beringer, J.; Eggert, L. S. (2014-08-06). "Genetics and the successful reintroduction of the Missouri river otter". Animal Conservation (به انگلیسی). 18 (2): 196–206. doi:10.1111/acv.12159. ISSN 1367-9430.
  95. ↑ Roberts, Brandon. "Elk could be saving grace in coal country". Spectrumnews1.com. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  96. ↑ "Reintroducing Elk to the Great Smoky Mountains". American Forests. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  97. ↑ "Wood bison reintroduced in Southwest Alaska see another year of loss, but with a silver lining". Alaska Republic Media. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  98. ↑ Estrada, Alejandro (2014). "Reintroduction of the Scarlet Macaw (Ara Macao Cyanoptera) in the Tropical Rainforests of Palenque, Mexico: Project Design and First Year Progress". Tropical Conservation Science. journals.sagepub.com. 7 (3): 342–364. doi:10.1177/194008291400700301.
  99. ↑ "Into the wild: reintroduction of spider monkeys in Guatemala". LIFETIME PROJECT. 5 April 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  100. ↑ Moseby, K. E.; O'Donnell, E.O. (2003). "Reintroduction of the greater bilby, Macrotis lagotis (Reid) (Marsupialia: Thylacomyidae), to northern South Australia: survival, ecology and notes on reintroduction protocols". Wildlife Research. 30: 15–27. doi:10.1071/WR02012.
  101. ↑ Cochrane, J. A.; Crawford, A. D.; Monks, L. T. (2007). "The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants". Australian Journal of Botany. 55 (3): 356–361. doi:10.1071/bt06173.
  102. ↑ Gilfedder, Louise; Kirkpatrick, J. B.; Wells, Susan (1997-09-01). "The endangered Tunbridge buttercup (Ranunculus prasinus): Ecology, conservation status and introduction to the Township Lagoon Nature Reserve, Tasmania". Australian Journal of Ecology (به انگلیسی). 22 (3): 347–351. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00681.x. ISSN 1442-9993.
  103. ↑ Morgan, John W. (2000-06-01). "Reproductive Success in Reestablished versus Natural Populations of a Threatened Grassland Daisy (Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides)". Conservation Biology (به انگلیسی). 14 (3): 780–785. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98516.x. ISSN 1523-1739.
  104. ↑ "Rewilding the eastern quoll | Rewilding Australia". rewildingaustralia.org.au. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
  105. ↑ "Eastern quoll reintroduced to mainland Australia". BBC News. 15 March 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  106. ↑ "Where to see Numbats?". numbat.org.au.
  107. ↑ "Reintroduction of North Island robins Petroica austalis longipes to Tiritiri Matangi, Auckland, New Zealand". Conservation Evidence.
  108. ↑ "After 3,000 years, Tasmanian devils are returning to Australian mainland". CNN. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  109. ↑ "Tasmanian devils return to mainland Australia for first time in 3,000 years". National Geographic. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  110. ↑ "Tasmanian Devils Are Reintroduced to Australia's Mainland". EcoWatch. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  111. ↑ "Birth of Tassie devils could be first step to having them back on mainland after 3,000 years". www.abc.net.au (به انگلیسی). 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
  112. ↑ Maunder, Mike; Culham, Alastair; Alden, Bjorn; Zizka, Georg; Orliac, Cathérine; Lobin, Wolfram; Bordeu, Alberto; Ramirez, Jose M.; Glissmann-Gough, Sabine (2000-10-18). "Conservation of the Toromiro Tree: Case Study in the Management of a Plant Extinct in the Wild". Conservation Biology (به انگلیسی). 14 (5): 1341–1350. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98520.x. ISSN 1523-1739.
  113. ↑ "The reintroduction of the Andean condor". Conservation Evidence. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  114. ↑ "Iberá Project-The Giant Anteater". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  115. ↑ "Iberá Project-Giant Otter". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  116. ↑ "Rewilding in Argentina: the giant river otter returns to Iberá park". UN environment program. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  117. ↑ "The giant river otter has returned to Argentina". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  118. ↑ "Reintroducing endangered South American deer to Patagonian wilds". MultiBrief. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
  119. ↑ "Iberá Project-Green-Winged Macaw". Proyecto Iberá. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
برگرفته از «https://fa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=معرفی_دوباره_گونه&oldid=40706211»