مراقبت سلامت در آلمان

آلمان یک نظام مراقبت سلامت همگانی^[۱] چندپرداختگر است که هزینه آن را ترکیبی از بیمه‌های سلامت دولتی (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) بیمه‌های سلامت خصوصی (Private Krankenversicherung) می‌پردازند.^[۲]^[۳]^[۴]^[۵]^[۶]

گردش مالی بخش سلامت در حدود $۳۶۸٫۷۸ میلیارد دلار آمریکا (۲۸۷٫۳ میلیارد اویرو) در سال ۲۰۱۰ بوده، که معادل 11.6 p درصد از تولید ناخالص داخلی (جی دی پی) و در حدود ۴٬۵۰۵ دلار آمریکا (۳٬۵۱۰ اویرو) به‌طور سرانه بود.^[۷] بنا بر سازمان جهانی بهداشت، نظام سلامت آلمان ۷۷٪ از سوی دولت و - و ۲۳٪ به‌طور خصوصی به سال ۲۰۰۴ تأمین بودجه شده‌است.^[۸]

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ Bump, Jesse B. (October 19, 2010). "The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy" (PDF). Seattle: PATH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2013. Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck’s first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to growing benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered mainly by public and to a smaller extent by private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.
Carrin, Guy; James, Chris (January 2005). "Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage" (PDF). International Social Security Review. 58 (1): 45–64. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x. S2CID 154659524. Retrieved March 10, 2013. Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.⁶ It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.
Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries?" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 54 (10): 1559–1587. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X. PMID 12061488. Retrieved March 10, 2013. As Germany has the world’s oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses
↑ "Duden – Krankenkasse – Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme". duden.de.
↑ The use of the term "Krankenkasse" for both public and private health insurances is so widespread that Duden doesn't even label this usage as colloquial.
↑ "The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States". Cthealth.server101.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
↑ "German Health Care System – an Overview – Germany Health Insurance System". germanyhis.com.
↑ DiPiero, Albert (2004). "Universal Problems & Universal Healthcare: 6 COUNTRIES — 6 SYSTEMS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2006.
↑ A. J. W. Goldschmidt: Der 'Markt' Gesundheitswesen. In: M. Beck, A. J. W. Goldschmidt, A. Greulich, M. Kalbitzer, R. Schmidt, G. Thiele (Hrsg.): Management Handbuch DRGs, Hüthig / Economica, Heidelberg, 1. Auflage 2003 (شابک ‎۳−۸۷۰۸۱−۳۰۰−۸): S. C3720/1-24, with 3 revisions / additional deliveries until 2012
↑ «World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۲ آوریل ۲۰۰۹. دریافت‌شده در ۲۸ آوریل ۲۰۲۱.

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Healthcare in Germany». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۸ آوریل ۲۰۲۱.

پیوند به بیرون[ویرایش]

[Bump_2010-1] Bump, Jesse B. (October 19, 2010). "The long road to universal health coverage. A century of lessons for development strategy" (PDF). Seattle: PATH. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2013. Carrin and James have identified 1988—105 years after Bismarck’s first sickness fund laws—as the date Germany achieved universal health coverage through this series of extensions to growing benefit packages and expansions of the enrolled population. Bärnighausen and Sauerborn have quantified this long-term progressive increase in the proportion of the German population covered mainly by public and to a smaller extent by private insurance. Their graph is reproduced below as Figure 1: German Population Enrolled in Health Insurance (%) 1885–1995.
Carrin, Guy; James, Chris (January 2005). "Social health insurance: Key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage" (PDF). International Social Security Review. 58 (1): 45–64. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x. S2CID 154659524. Retrieved March 10, 2013. Initially the health insurance law of 1883 covered blue-collar workers in selected industries, craftspeople and other selected professionals.⁶ It is estimated that this law brought health insurance coverage up from 5 to 10 per cent of the total population.
Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low income countries?" (PDF). Social Science & Medicine. 54 (10): 1559–1587. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X. PMID 12061488. Retrieved March 10, 2013. As Germany has the world’s oldest SHI [social health insurance] system, it naturally lends itself to historical analyses

[2] "Duden – Krankenkasse – Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme". duden.de.

[3] The use of the term "Krankenkasse" for both public and private health insurances is so widespread that Duden doesn't even label this usage as colloquial.

[4] "The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States". Cthealth.server101.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2011-08-06.

[5] "German Health Care System – an Overview – Germany Health Insurance System". germanyhis.com.

[6] DiPiero, Albert (2004). "Universal Problems & Universal Healthcare: 6 COUNTRIES — 6 SYSTEMS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2006.

[ReferenceA-7] A. J. W. Goldschmidt: Der 'Markt' Gesundheitswesen. In: M. Beck, A. J. W. Goldschmidt, A. Greulich, M. Kalbitzer, R. Schmidt, G. Thiele (Hrsg.): Management Handbuch DRGs, Hüthig / Economica, Heidelberg, 1. Auflage 2003 (شابک ‎۳−۸۷۰۸۱−۳۰۰−۸): S. C3720/1-24, with 3 revisions / additional deliveries until 2012

[WHOSIS-8] «World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators». بایگانی‌شده از اصلی در ۲۲ آوریل ۲۰۰۹. دریافت‌شده در ۲۸ آوریل ۲۰۲۱.

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