فرهود (عراق)

*فرهود*
فرهود
بخشی از جنگ عراق و بریتانیا
	گور دسته جمعی قربانیان فرهود، ۱۹۴۶
موقعیت	بغداد، عراق
تاریخ	۱ و ۲ ژوئن ۱۹۴۱
هدف	یهودیان بغداد
گونه حمله	پوگروم، کشتار
کشته‌ها	۱۷۵ تا ۷۸۰ یهودی کشته شد
زخمی‌ها	۱۰۰۰ زخمی
مرتکبان	رشید عالی گیلانی، یونس السبعاوی, فتوه

فرهود به زبان عربی: الفرهود‎، اشاره به پوگروم یا آزار خشونت بار یهودی‌های بغداد در ۱ و ۲ ژوئن ۱۹۴۱ بی درنگ پس از پیروزی بریتانیا در نبرد عراق و انگلستان دارد. به دلیل سرنگونی دولت حامی آلمان رشید عالی گیلانی و ایجاد خلأ قدرت، شورش‌ها پدید آمد و شهر دچار ناپایداری شد.^[۳]^[۴]^[۵] در شهر چنان شایعه شده بود که یهودی‌ها به بریتانیا کمک کرده‌اند.^[۶]

بیش از ۱۸۰ یهودی کشته و ۱۰۰۰ تن زخمی شدند. همچنین نزدیک به ۳۰۰ تا ۴۰۰ غیر یهودی که تلاش کرده بودند رفتار خشونت بار پایان دهند کشته شدند.^[۷] همچنین در جریان این شورش، تلاش شد تا خانه‌های یهودیان غارت شود و نزدیک به ۹۰۰ خانهٔ آنها خراب شد.^[۱]

فرهود در جریان تعطیلات شاووعوت روی داد. گفته می‌شود که فرهود یک پوگروم و جزئی از یک هولوکاست است اما بر سر این مقایسه اختلاف نظر وجود دارد.^[۸]^[۹] همچنین به این رویداد «آغاز پایان دادن به جامعه یهودی در عراق» نیز گفته می‌شود.^[۱۰]

کوهن حییم گفته‌است که فرهود «تنها رویدادی (این چنینی) است که دست کم در صد سال اخیر برای یهودیان عراق اتفاق افتاده‌است.»^[۱۱]^[۱۲]

پاسخ پادشاهی عراق[ویرایش]

پس از یک هفته از شورش‌ها در ۷ ژوئن کمیتهٔ تحقیق از سوی پادشاهی تازهٔ عراق تشکیل شد تا رویداد را بررسی کند.^[۱۳] برپایهٔ گفته‌های پیتر وین، دولت جدید همهٔ تلاشش را کرد تا پیروان رشید علی را از حامیان نازیسم نشان دهد.^[۱۴]

پادشاهی تازه خیلی سریع عمل کرد و تلاش کرد تا به کار حامیان رشید علی پایان دهد. درنتیجه عراقیان زیادی تبعید شدند و صدها تن به زندان افتادند. هشت تن که در میان آنها از افراد نیروی زمینی عراق و پلیس بود نیز از سوی دولت تازهٔ حامی بریتانیا به مرگ محکوم شدند.^[۱۵]

یادبود[ویرایش]

تندیسی به نام دعاگو در رمت گن برای یادبود یهودیانی که در جریان فرهود در عراق کشته شدند در دههٔ ۱۹۶۰، نصب شد.^[۱۶] همچنین در یک ژوئن ۲۰۱۵ نخستین روز جهانی فرهود در سازمان ملل متحد، بزرگداشته شد.^[۱۷]^[۱۸]^[۱۹]

جستارهای وابسته[ویرایش]

شورش ۱۹۴۷ عدن

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ Martin Gilbert. The atlas of Jewish history, William Morrow and Company, 1993. pg. 114. شابک ‎۰−۶۸۸−۱۲۲۶۴−۷.
↑ "BBC News - Farhud memories: Baghdad's 1941 slaughter of the Jews". BBC News. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
↑ Tsimhoni D. (2001) The Pogrom (Farhud) against the Jews of Baghdad in 1941. In: Roth J.K. , Maxwell E. , Levy M. , Whitworth W. (eds) Remembering for the Future. Palgrave Macmillan, London
↑ https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1941-pogrom-sends-iraq-s-jews-fleeing-1.5272284
↑ https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007277
↑ Bashkin 2012, p. 115:"The quick defeat of Rashid ‘Ali, after a short period of national euphoria, and the allegations that the Jews had aided the British, made for a volatile situation, which exploded violently on the first and second days of June."
↑ Kaplan, Robert. D. "In Defense of Empire." The Atlantic Apr. 2014: 13-15. Print.
↑ Bashkin 2012, p. 102: "As is to be expected, both Arab and Zionist national memories have silenced important aspects of the Farhud.... Zionist historiography... has highlighted the Farhud as a watershed in the history of the Iraqi-Jewish community. From the Zionist standpoint, the Farhud was the outcome of the anti-Semitism and Iraqi nationalist rhetoric in the 1930s. It was also viewed as having galvanized the Zionist movement in Iraq and ultimately as causing Iraq's Jews to recognize that their country had rejected their attempts at integration and assimilation. In some Zionist circles, the event came to be understood as an extension of the European Holocaust into the Middle East. This connection is made manifest today by the archiving of certain documents relating to the Farhud in Yad Va-Shem, the Israeli Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem."
↑ Wien 2014:"The presence of German troops on the war scene, however, gave way to interpretations of the pogrom as a racial anti-Semitic endeavor "in the fringes of the Shoah, the Jewish Holocaust." While this is surely an exaggeration in its comparative perspective, the apologetic approach of several Arab authors is insufficient as well. According to them, the outbreak of violence resulted from the anti-Zionist zeal of the public..."
↑ Remembering the Farhud بایگانی‌شده در ۳ مه ۲۰۱۴ توسط Wayback Machine, Abraham H. Miller, FrontPageMagazine.com, June 01, 2006
↑ Cohen, Hayyim (October 1966), "The Anti-Jewish "Farhūd" in Baghdad, 1941", Middle Eastern Studies, Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 3 (1): 2–17, doi:10.1080/00263206608700059, JSTOR 4282184
↑ Shenhav 2002, p. 29: "In 1941 a two-day pogrom (known as the farhud) was perpetrated in Baghdad. It was the only pogrom in the history of Iraqi Jews and it did not spread to other cities: it was confined to Baghdad alone. Historians agree that this was an exceptional event in the history of Jewish-Muslim relations in Iraq (see Cohen 1996)."
↑ Gat 1997.
↑ Tejel 2012, p. 108: "This is not surprising if we consider that the Old Regime, once reinstalled after the war of May 1941, made every effort to present the followers of the Rashid 'Ali movement as proxies of Nazism."
↑ Gat 1997, p. 29: "The government – particularly after Nuri as-Said came to power in October 1941 – took swift action to suppress pro-Nazi elements and other supporters of Rashid Ali. They were placed on trial, many of them were exiled, hundreds were incarcerated in concentration camps and a very small minority were even executed. In parallel, the government acted swiftly to defend Jewish quarters and was resolved to prevent any similar events from occurring in the future. On the decision of the Iraqi government, a committee of enquiry was set up on 7 June a few days after the pogrom, to examine the facts and find who was culpable."
↑ Sokol, Sam. "At UN, Jewish organizations mark seminal Iraqi pogrom - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
↑ "Farhud Day marks 'forgotten pogrom' of Jews in Arab lands | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
↑ Rambam Mesivta (2015-06-11). "Rambam students join Farhud Day at U.N." The Jewish Star. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
↑ "International Farhud Day Declared at the United Nations on June 1, 2015". Standwithus.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

الگو:قتل‌عام یا تظاهرات علیه یهودیان

[gilbert-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ Martin Gilbert. The atlas of Jewish history, William Morrow and Company, 1993. pg. 114. شابک ‎۰−۶۸۸−۱۲۲۶۴−۷.

[farhudmemories-2] "BBC News - Farhud memories: Baghdad's 1941 slaughter of the Jews". BBC News. Retrieved 19 January 2015.

[3] Tsimhoni D. (2001) The Pogrom (Farhud) against the Jews of Baghdad in 1941. In: Roth J.K. , Maxwell E. , Levy M. , Whitworth W. (eds) Remembering for the Future. Palgrave Macmillan, London

[4] ttps://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1941-pogrom-sends-iraq-s-jews-fleeing-1.5272284

[5] ttps://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007277

[6] Bashkin 2012, p. 115:"The quick defeat of Rashid ‘Ali, after a short period of national euphoria, and the allegations that the Jews had aided the British, made for a volatile situation, which exploded violently on the first and second days of June."

[7] Kaplan, Robert. D. "In Defense of Empire." The Atlantic Apr. 2014: 13-15. Print.

[8] Bashkin 2012, p. 102: "As is to be expected, both Arab and Zionist national memories have silenced important aspects of the Farhud.... Zionist historiography... has highlighted the Farhud as a watershed in the history of the Iraqi-Jewish community. From the Zionist standpoint, the Farhud was the outcome of the anti-Semitism and Iraqi nationalist rhetoric in the 1930s. It was also viewed as having galvanized the Zionist movement in Iraq and ultimately as causing Iraq's Jews to recognize that their country had rejected their attempts at integration and assimilation. In some Zionist circles, the event came to be understood as an extension of the European Holocaust into the Middle East. This connection is made manifest today by the archiving of certain documents relating to the Farhud in Yad Va-Shem, the Israeli Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem."

[9] Wien 2014:"The presence of German troops on the war scene, however, gave way to interpretations of the pogrom as a racial anti-Semitic endeavor "in the fringes of the Shoah, the Jewish Holocaust." While this is surely an exaggeration in its comparative perspective, the apologetic approach of several Arab authors is insufficient as well. According to them, the outbreak of violence resulted from the anti-Zionist zeal of the public..."

[10] Remembering the Farhud بایگانی‌شده در ۳ مه ۲۰۱۴ توسط Wayback Machine, Abraham H. Miller, FrontPageMagazine.com, June 01, 2006

[11] Cohen, Hayyim (October 1966), "The Anti-Jewish "Farhūd" in Baghdad, 1941", Middle Eastern Studies, Taylor & Francis, Ltd., 3 (1): 2–17, doi:10.1080/00263206608700059, JSTOR 4282184

[FOOTNOTEShenhav200229-12] Shenhav 2002, p. 29: "In 1941 a two-day pogrom (known as the farhud) was perpetrated in Baghdad. It was the only pogrom in the history of Iraqi Jews and it did not spread to other cities: it was confined to Baghdad alone. Historians agree that this was an exceptional event in the history of Jewish-Muslim relations in Iraq (see Cohen 1996)."

[13] Gat 1997.

[14] Tejel 2012, p. 108: "This is not surprising if we consider that the Old Regime, once reinstalled after the war of May 1941, made every effort to present the followers of the Rashid 'Ali movement as proxies of Nazism."

[15] Gat 1997, p. 29: "The government – particularly after Nuri as-Said came to power in October 1941 – took swift action to suppress pro-Nazi elements and other supporters of Rashid Ali. They were placed on trial, many of them were exiled, hundreds were incarcerated in concentration camps and a very small minority were even executed. In parallel, the government acted swiftly to defend Jewish quarters and was resolved to prevent any similar events from occurring in the future. On the decision of the Iraqi government, a committee of enquiry was set up on 7 June a few days after the pogrom, to examine the facts and find who was culpable."

[16] Sokol, Sam. "At UN, Jewish organizations mark seminal Iraqi pogrom - Diaspora - Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

[17] "Farhud Day marks 'forgotten pogrom' of Jews in Arab lands | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California". Jweekly.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

[18] Rambam Mesivta (2015-06-11). "Rambam students join Farhud Day at U.N." The Jewish Star. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

[19] "International Farhud Day Declared at the United Nations on June 1, 2015". Standwithus.com. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

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