زمستان آتش‌فشانی ۵۳۶ میلادی

شرایط حاد آب و هوایی ۵۳۵-۵۳۶ شدیدترین و دنباله‌دارترین دوره کوتاه مدت سردی آب و هوا در نیمکره شمالی بود در ۲۰۰۰ سال گذشته بوده است.^[۱] گمان می رود این پدیده در اثر گرد و غبار گسترده جوی، احتمالاً در اثر فوران آتشفشانی بزرگی در مناطق استوایی و یا ایسلند، به‌وجود آمده باشد.^[۲]^[۳] تاثیراتش گسترده بود و باعث آب و هوای غیر عادی، کمبود محصولات کشاورزی و قحطی جهانی شد.^[۴]

شواهد مستند[ویرایش]

تاریخ‌نگار بیزانسی پروکوپیوس در ۵۳۶ میلادی گزارش خود از جنگ با وندالها را ثبت کرده است: "در طی این سال وحشتناکترین نشانه ها اتفاق افتاد. زیرا خورشید نور خود را بدون هیچ گونه درخششی می تاباند .... تاحد زیادی اینطور به نظر می رسید که انگار خورشید در حال کسوف است چون پرتوهایی که می تابید آشکار نبود."^[۵]^[۶]

در ۵۳۸ میلادی دولتمرد رومی کاسیودوروس هم گفته که نور خورشید ضعیف بود و محصولی به بار نیامد.^[۷]

میکائیل سریانی (۱۱۲۶-۱۱۹۹) پاتریارک کلیسای ارتدوکس سریانی ثبت کرده که در دروان ژوستینین دوم، خورشید برای یکسال و نیم به سردی می تابید.^[۸]

سالنامه گالیکی ایرلندی وقایع زیر را ثبت کرده^[۹]^[۱۰]^[۱۱]:

کمبود نان در سال ۵۳۶ میلادی - سالنامه اولستر
کمبود نان در سالهای ۵۳۶-۵۳۹- سالنامه اینسفالن

پدیده های بیشتری هم در شماری از منابع مستقل گزارش شده است:

دمای پایین حتی در میانه تابستان (گزارش شده که در ماه اوت در چین برف باریده که باعث تاخیر در برداشت محصول شده است.)
خرابی گسترده محصولات
مه ای غلیظ و خشک در خاور میانه، چین و اروپا
خشکسالی در پرو که فرهنگ موچه را تحت تاثیر قرارداد.

منابع دیگری هم در مورد وقایع این دوران موجود است.^[۱۲]^[۱۳]^[۱۴]^[۱۵]

پانویس[ویرایش]

↑ Abbott, D. H.; Biscaye, P.; Cole-Dai, J.; Breger, D. (December 2008). "Magnetite and Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 41: 41B–1454. Bibcode:2008AGUFMPP41B1454A. Abstract #PP41B-1454. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |book-title= ignored (help)
↑ Ochoa, George; Jennifer Hoffman; Tina Tin (2005). Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-288-5., gives this quote as "The Sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse".
↑ Cassiodorus; Hodgkin, Thomas, trans. (1886). The Letters of Cassiodorus. London, England: Henry Frowde. pp. 518–520. See: "25. Senator, Praetorian Praefect, to his deputy Ambrosius, an Illustris."
↑ Procopius; Dewing, Henry Bronson, trans. (1916). Procopius. Vol. vol. 2: History of the [Vandalic] Wars, Books III and IV. London, England: William Heinemann. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-99054-8. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
↑ Procopius; Dewing, Henry Bronson, trans. (1916). Procopius. Vol. vol. 2: History of the [Vandalic] Wars, Books III and IV. London, England: William Heinemann. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-99054-8. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
↑ Ochoa, George; Jennifer Hoffman; Tina Tin (2005). Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-288-5., gives this quote as "The Sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse".
↑ Cassiodorus; Hodgkin, Thomas, trans. (1886). The Letters of Cassiodorus. London, England: Henry Frowde. pp. 518–520. See: "25. Senator, Praetorian Praefect, to his deputy Ambrosius, an Illustris."
↑ Michel le Syrien; Chabot, J.-B., trans. (1901). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antoche [Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, Jacobite Patriarch of Syria] (به فرانسوی). Vol. 2nd vol. Paris, France: Leroux. pp. 220–221. From pp. 220–221: "Or, un peu auparavant, en l'an 848, il y eut un signe dans le soleil. … , et le vin avait le goût de celui qui provient de raisins acides." (However, a little earlier, in the year 848 [according to the Greek calendar; 536/537 AD according to the Christian calendar], there was a sign in the sun. One had never seen it [before] and nowhere is it written that such [an event] had happened [previously] in the world. If it were not [true] that we found it recorded in most proven and credible writings, and confirmed by men worthy of belief, we would not have written it [here]; for it's difficult to conceive. So it is said that the sun was darkened, and that its eclipse lasted a year and a half, that is, eighteen months. Every day it shone for about four hours and yet this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that it would not return to the state of its original light. Fruits didn't ripen, and wine had the taste of what comes from sour grapes.)
↑ Gaelic Irish Annals translations
↑ Documents of Ireland
↑ The Annals of the Four Masters
↑ Stothers, R.B.; Rampino, M.R. (1983). "Volcanic eruptions in the Mediterranean before AD 630 from written and archaeological sources". Journal of Geophysical Research. 88: 6357–6471. doi:10.1029/JB088iB08p06357.
↑ Stothers, R.B. (16 January 1984). "Mystery cloud of AD 536". Nature. 307 (5949): 344–345. doi:10.1038/307344a0. S2CID 4233649.
↑ Rampino, M.R.; Self, S.; Stothers, R.B. (1988). "Volcanic winters". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 16: 73–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.000445.
↑ Arjava, Antti (2005). "The mystery cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean sources". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 59: 73–94. doi:10.2307/4128751. JSTOR 4128751.

منابع[ویرایش]

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Extreme weather events of 535–536». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۵ ژانویه ۲۰۲۱.

[Abbott08-1] Abbott, D. H.; Biscaye, P.; Cole-Dai, J.; Breger, D. (December 2008). "Magnetite and Silicate Spherules from the GISP2 Core at the 536 A.D. Horizon". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 41: 41B–1454. Bibcode:2008AGUFMPP41B1454A. Abstract #PP41B-1454. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |book-title= ignored (help)

[Larsen-2] Ochoa, George; Jennifer Hoffman; Tina Tin (2005). Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-288-5., gives this quote as "The Sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse".

[Gibbons18-3] Cassiodorus; Hodgkin, Thomas, trans. (1886). The Letters of Cassiodorus. London, England: Henry Frowde. pp. 518–520. See: "25. Senator, Praetorian Praefect, to his deputy Ambrosius, an Illustris."

[Than-4] Procopius; Dewing, Henry Bronson, trans. (1916). Procopius. Vol. vol. 2: History of the [Vandalic] Wars, Books III and IV. London, England: William Heinemann. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-99054-8. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[5] Procopius; Dewing, Henry Bronson, trans. (1916). Procopius. Vol. vol. 2: History of the [Vandalic] Wars, Books III and IV. London, England: William Heinemann. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-99054-8. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)

[6] Ochoa, George; Jennifer Hoffman; Tina Tin (2005). Climate: the force that shapes our world and the future of life on earth. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. ISBN 978-1-59486-288-5., gives this quote as "The Sun gave forth its light without brightness, like the moon during this whole year, and it seemed exceedingly like the Sun in eclipse".

[7] Cassiodorus; Hodgkin, Thomas, trans. (1886). The Letters of Cassiodorus. London, England: Henry Frowde. pp. 518–520. See: "25. Senator, Praetorian Praefect, to his deputy Ambrosius, an Illustris."

[8] Michel le Syrien; Chabot, J.-B., trans. (1901). Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antoche [Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, Jacobite Patriarch of Syria] (به فرانسوی). Vol. 2nd vol. Paris, France: Leroux. pp. 220–221. From pp. 220–221: "Or, un peu auparavant, en l'an 848, il y eut un signe dans le soleil. … , et le vin avait le goût de celui qui provient de raisins acides." (However, a little earlier, in the year 848 [according to the Greek calendar; 536/537 AD according to the Christian calendar], there was a sign in the sun. One had never seen it [before] and nowhere is it written that such [an event] had happened [previously] in the world. If it were not [true] that we found it recorded in most proven and credible writings, and confirmed by men worthy of belief, we would not have written it [here]; for it's difficult to conceive. So it is said that the sun was darkened, and that its eclipse lasted a year and a half, that is, eighteen months. Every day it shone for about four hours and yet this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that it would not return to the state of its original light. Fruits didn't ripen, and wine had the taste of what comes from sour grapes.)

[9] Gaelic Irish Annals translations

[10] Documents of Ireland

[11] The Annals of the Four Masters

[12] Stothers, R.B.; Rampino, M.R. (1983). "Volcanic eruptions in the Mediterranean before AD 630 from written and archaeological sources". Journal of Geophysical Research. 88: 6357–6471. doi:10.1029/JB088iB08p06357.

[13] Stothers, R.B. (16 January 1984). "Mystery cloud of AD 536". Nature. 307 (5949): 344–345. doi:10.1038/307344a0. S2CID 4233649.

[14] Rampino, M.R.; Self, S.; Stothers, R.B. (1988). "Volcanic winters". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 16: 73–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.000445.

[15] Arjava, Antti (2005). "The mystery cloud of 536 CE in the Mediterranean sources". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 59: 73–94. doi:10.2307/4128751. JSTOR 4128751.

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]

[۴]

[۵]

[۶]

[۷]

[۸]

[۹]

[۱۰]

[۱۱]

[۱۲]

[۱۳]

[۱۴]

[۱۵]