خوشه کهکشانی

از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
فارسیEnglish
نوشتاری از مجموعه
کیهان‌شناسی فیزیکی
تصویر کل آسمان حاصل ۹ سال داده‌های دبلیومپ
جهان اولیه
زمینه‌ها
انبساط · آینده
اجزاء · ساختار
اجزاء
ساختار
آزمون‌ها
دانشمندان
تاریخچه موضوع

خوشه‌ی کهکشانی و تعدادی از گروه‌های شناخته‌شده‌ی آن‌ها، بزرگ‌ترین اجرام جهان هستند. یک خوشه‌ی کهکشانی از سه بخش تشکیل شده‌است؛ کهکشان‌هایی که دارای میلیاردها ستاره‌اند، گاز داغ میان کهکشان‌ها و ماده‌ی تاریک، ماده‌ای با هویتی مرموز که بیشترین جرم کهکشان را تشکیل می‌دهد.

اندازه[ویرایش]

اندازهٔ آن‌ها از ابعاد کوچک مانند خوشهٔ کهکشانی محلی با ۲۰ تا ۳۰ عضو آغاز می‌شود و تا خوشه‌های کهکشانی کروی شکل تا ده‌ها هزار عضو ادامه می‌یابد.[۱]

مادهٔ تاریک[ویرایش]

مقالهٔ اصلی: ماده تاریک

در بیشتر حالات محاسبات نشان می‌دهد که جرم یک خوشه بیشتر از مجموع جرم کهکشان‌های عضو است با بررسی محاسبات نتیجه گرفته شد بین کهکشان‌ها مادهٔ تاریک که احتمالاً گازهای داغ پراکنده، خرده‌سنگ، سیاهچاله یا اجرام ناشناخته تشکیل‌شده باشد، ساخته شده‌است.[۱]

طبقه‌بندی خوشه‌های کهکشانی[ویرایش]

خوشه‌های-cD: یک کهکشان cD غول‌پیکر در مرکز این نوع خوشه‌ها وجود دارد.

خوشه‌های-B: توسط یک جفت کهکشان cD تحت سلطه قرار دارند.

خوشه‌های-L: توسط یک آرایش خطی تقریبی از بزرگ‌ترین کهکشان‌ها در مرکز، مشخص می‌شوند.

خوشه‌های-C: دارای یک هستهٔ چگال و چند کهکشان بزرگ هستند.

خوشه‌های-F: این نوع از خوشه‌ها کهکشانی، تخت هستند. یعنی در مرکز آن‌ها تمرکزی وجود ندارد.

خوشه‌های-I: یک ساختار نامنظم دارند. مرکز آن‌ها را نمی‌توان به راحتی مشخص کرد یا آنکه ممکن است دارای چندین مرکز باشند.

نام چند خوشهٔ کهکشانی بزرگ[ویرایش]

منابع[ویرایش]

  1. ↑ ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ کتاب ساختار ستارگان و کهکشان‌ها نوشتهٔ پاول هاچ صفحهٔ ۱۹۹
  2. ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_galaxy_clusters
آیکون خرد

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Not to be confused with galactic cluster.
Composite image of five galaxies clustered together just 600 million years after the Universe's birth[1]

A galaxy cluster, or cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity[1] with typical masses ranging from 1014–1015 solar masses. They are the second largest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe after galaxy filaments and were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered.[2] One of the key features of clusters is the intracluster medium (ICM). The ICM consists of heated gas between the galaxies and has a peak temperature between 2–15 keV that is dependent on the total mass of the cluster. Galaxy clusters should not be confused with star clusters, such as galactic clusters—also known as open clusters—which are structures of stars within galaxies, or with globular clusters, which typically orbit galaxies. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. The galaxy groups and clusters can themselves cluster together to form superclusters.

Notable galaxy clusters in the relatively nearby Universe include the Virgo Cluster, Fornax Cluster, Hercules Cluster, and the Coma Cluster. A very large aggregation of galaxies known as the Great Attractor, dominated by the Norma Cluster, is massive enough to affect the local expansion of the Universe. Notable galaxy clusters in the distant, high-redshift Universe include SPT-CL J0546-5345 and SPT-CL J2106-5844, the most massive galaxy clusters found in the early Universe. In the last few decades, they are also found to be relevant sites of particle acceleration, a feature that has been discovered by observing non-thermal diffuse radio emissions, such as radio halos and radio relics. Using the Chandra X-ray Observatory, structures such as cold fronts and shock waves have also been found in many galaxy clusters.

Basic properties

Galaxy cluster IDCS J1426 is located 10 billion light-years from Earth and has the mass of almost 500 trillion suns (multi-wavelength image: X-rays in blue, visible light in green, and infrared light in red).[3]

Galaxy clusters typically have the following properties:

  • They contain 100 to 1,000 galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas and large amounts of dark matter.[4] Details are described in the "Composition" section.
  • The distribution of the three components is approximately the same in the cluster.
  • They have total masses of 1014 to 1015 solar masses.
  • They typically have a diameter from 1 to 5 Mpc (see 1023 m for distance comparisons).
  • The spread of velocities for the individual galaxies is about 800–1000 km/s.

Composition

There are three main components of a galaxy cluster. They are tabulated below:[citation needed]

Name of the components Mass fraction Description
Galaxies 1% In optical observations, only galaxies are visible
Intergalactic gas in intracluster medium 9% Plasma between the galaxies at high temperature and emit x-ray radiation by thermal bremsstrahlung
Dark matter 90% Most massive component but cannot be detected optically and is inferred through gravitational interactions

Classification

See also: Bautz-Morgan classification

Galaxy clusters are categorized as type I, II, or III based on morphology.[5][6]

Galaxy clusters as measuring instruments

Gravitational redshift

Galaxy clusters have been used by Radek Wojtak from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen to test predictions of general relativity: energy loss from light escaping a gravitational field. Photons emitted from the center of a galaxy cluster should lose more energy than photons coming from the edge of the cluster because gravity is stronger in the center. Light emitted from the center of a cluster has a longer wavelength than light coming from the edge. This effect is known as gravitational redshift. Using the data collected from 8000 galaxy clusters, Wojtak was able to study the properties of gravitational redshift for the distribution of galaxies in clusters. He found that the light from the clusters was redshifted in proportion to the distance from the center of the cluster as predicted by general relativity. The result also strongly supports the Lambda-Cold Dark Matter model of the Universe, according to which most of the cosmos is made up of Dark Matter that does not interact with matter.[7]

Gravitational lensing

Galaxy clusters are also used for their strong gravitational potential as gravitational lenses to boost the reach of their telescopes. The gravitational distortion of space-time occurs near massive galaxy clusters and bends the path of photons to create a cosmic magnifying glass. This can be done with photons of any wavelength from the optical to the X-ray band. The latter is more difficult, because galaxy clusters emit a lot of X-rays. However, X-ray emission may still be detected when combining X-ray data to optical data. One particular case is the use of the Phoenix galaxy cluster to observe a dwarf galaxy in its early high energy stages of star formation.[8]

List

The Laniakea supercluster with many galaxy clusters
Main article: List of galaxy groups and clusters
Notable clusters
Cluster Notes
Virgo Cluster The nearest massive galaxy cluster
Norma Cluster The cluster at the heart of the Great Attractor
Bullet Cluster A cluster merger with the first observed separation between dark matter and normal matter
This lists some of the most notable clusters; for more clusters, see the list article.

Gallery

Left: image taken by Hubble (2017) vs Right: the image taken by Webb (2022)[9]
Deep Field – Galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3-7327.[10][11][12][13][14][15]
Abell 2744 galaxy cluster – extremely distant galaxies revealed by gravitational lensing (16 October 2014).[16][17]

Images

Videos

  • Video: Formation of galaxy cluster MRC 1138-262 (artist's concept).

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galaxy clusters.

References

  1. ^ a b "Hubble Pinpoints Furthest Protocluster of Galaxies Ever Seen". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  2. ^ Kravtsov, A. V.; Borgani, S. (2012). "Formation of Galaxy Clusters". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50: 353–409. arXiv:1205.5556. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..353K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125502. S2CID 119115331.
  3. ^ "Galaxy cluster IDCS J1426". Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  4. ^ "Chandra :: Field Guide to X-ray Sources :: Groups & Clusters of Galaxies".
  5. ^ Bautz, L. P.; Morgan, W. W. (December 1970). "On the Classification of the Forms of Clusters of Galaxies" (PDF). Astrophysical Journal. 162: L149. Bibcode:1970ApJ...162L.149B. doi:10.1086/180643. A&AA ID. AAA004.160.015. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  6. ^ Bautz, Laura P.; Morgan, W. W. (September 1970). "Preliminary Classification of Clusters of Galaxies" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 2: 294. Bibcode:1970BAAS....2R.294B. A&AA ID. AAA004.160.006. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  7. ^ Yudhijit, Bhattacharjee. "Galaxy Clusters Back Up Einstein's Theory of Relativity". Wired. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  8. ^ Chu, Jennifer. "Astronomers use giant galaxy cluster as X-ray magnifying lens". MIT News. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  9. ^ Chow, Denise; Wu, Jiachuan (12 July 2022). "Photos: How pictures from the Webb telescope compare to Hubble's - NASA's $10 billion telescope peers deeper into space than ever, revealing previously undetectable details in the cosmos". NBC News. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  10. ^ Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  11. ^ Overbye, Dennis; Chang, Kenneth; Tankersley, Jim (11 July 2022). "Biden and NASA Share First Webb Space Telescope Image – From the White House on Monday, humanity got its first glimpse of what the observatory in space has been seeing: a cluster of early galaxies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  12. ^ Pacucci, Fabio (15 July 2022). "How Taking Pictures of 'Nothing' Changed Astronomy - Deep-field images of "empty" regions of the sky from Webb and other space telescopes are revealing more of the universe than we ever thought possible". Scientific American. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  13. ^ Deliso, Meredith; Longo, Meredith; Rothenberg, Nicolas (14 July 2022). "Hubble vs. James Webb telescope images: See the difference". ABC News. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  14. ^ Kooser, Amanda (13 July 2012). "Hubble and James Webb Space Telescope Images Compared: See the Difference - The James Webb Space Telescope builds on Hubble's legacy with stunning new views of the cosmos". CNET. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  15. ^ Atkinson, Nancy (2 May 2022). "Now, We can Finally Compare Webb to Other Infrared Observatories". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  16. ^ a b Clavin, Whitney; Jenkins, Ann; Villard, Ray (7 January 2014). "NASA's Hubble and Spitzer Team up to Probe Faraway Galaxies". NASA. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  17. ^ Chou, Felecia; Weaver, Donna (16 October 2014). "RELEASE 14-283 – NASA's Hubble Finds Extremely Distant Galaxy through Cosmic Magnifying Glass". NASA. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  18. ^ "Distant and ancient". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  19. ^ "Strings of homeless stars". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  20. ^ "From toddlers to babies". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  21. ^ "Approaching the Universe's origins". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  22. ^ "HAWK-I and Hubble Explore a Cluster with the Mass of two Quadrillion Suns". www.eso.org. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  23. ^ "Streaks and stripes". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  24. ^ "Cosmic RELICS". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  25. ^ "Cosmic archaeology". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  26. ^ "Hubble pushed beyond limits to spot clumps of new stars in distant galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  27. ^ Loff, Sarah; Dunbar, Brian (10 February 2015). "Hubble Sees A Smiling Lens". NASA. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Image of the galaxy cluster SpARCS1049". Retrieved 11 September 2015.
  29. ^ "Magnifying the distant Universe". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
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