جنگ داخلی ایتالیا

جنگ داخلی ایتالیا
	بخشی از نبرد ایتالیا جنگ جهانی دوم
	Clockwise from top left: جنبش مقاومت ایتالیا in Ossola; National Republican Army troops inspected by Kurt Mälzer; Royal Italian parachutists en route to the drop zone of Operation Herring; the مرگ بنیتو موسولینی of Benito Mussolini, Claretta Petacci and other executed fascists on display in Milan.
تاریخ	۸ سپتامبر ۱۹۴۳ – ۲ مه ۱۹۴۵; (۱ سال، ۷ ماه، ۳ هفته و ۳ روز)
موقعیت	پادشاهی ایتالیا
نتایج	پیروزی مقاومت سلطنتی ایتالیا و ایتالیا آزادی ایتالیا از فاشیسم; سقوط از جمهوری اجتماعی ایتالیا; ارتش آلمان در ایتالیا نبرد بهار ۱۹۴۵ در ایتالیا; مرگ بنیتو موسولینی;
طرف‌های درگیر
جنبش مقاومت ایتالیا; پادشاهی ایتالیا بریتانیا; ایالات متحده آمریکا	جمهوری اجتماعی ایتالیا آلمان نازی
فرماندهان و رهبران
ایوانو بونومی; آلچیده د گاسپری; Luigi Longo; فروچو پاری; Alfredo Pizzoni; Raffaele Cadorna Jr.; ویکتور امانوئل سوم; اومبرتوی دوم; مارشال پیترو بادولیو; Giovanni Messe	بنیتو موسولینی ; رودولفو گراتزیانی; Alessandro Pavolini ; Renato Ricci; یونیو والریو بورگزه
قوا
CLN / CLNAI:; 300,000–350,000; Co-belligerent Army:; 190,000–244,000; مجموع: ~۵۴۵٬۰۰۰	520,000[کدام صفحه؟]
تلفات و خسارات
CLN / CLNAI:; 35,828 killed; 21,168 seriously wounded; unknown captured or lightly injured; Co-Belligerent Army:; 5,927 killed; unknown wounded, captured, and missing	RSI: 34,770 killed 13,170 regular military; 21,600 anti-partisan National Guards and paramilitaries; unknown wounded, captured, and missing
	~80,506 civilians killed

جنگ داخلی ایتالیا (انگلیسی: Italian Civil War) یک جنگ داخلی در پادشاهی ایتالیا بود که توسط جنبش مقاومت ایتالیا و ارتش هم جنگ ایتالیایی طرفدار آن، علیه فاشیست‌های ایتالیا و جمهوری اجتماعی ایتالیا طرفدار آلمان در طول جنگ جهانی دوم انجام شد.

پادداشت‌ها[ویرایش]

↑ In 2010, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro recorded 13,021 RSI soldiers killed; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the Black Brigades، 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,900 X MAS personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (excluding the above-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti", 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani, 550 members of the Italian SS, and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment.

منابع[ویرایش]

↑ Gianni Oliva, I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945: storia di due anni, Mondadori, 1994.
↑ Bocca 2001, p. 493.
↑ "Le Divisioni Ausiliarie". Associazione Nazionale Combattenti Forze Armate Regolari Guerra di Liberazione. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
↑ Gianni Oliva, I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945: storia di due anni, Mondadori, 1994.
↑ De Felice 1997.
↑ Giuseppe Fioravanzo, La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto, p. 433. In 2010, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence recorded 15,197 partisans killed; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.
↑ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986 (in Italian)
↑ Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica. Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45 Rome, 1957. Total number of violent civilian deaths was 153,147, including 123,119 post armistice. Air raids were responsible for 61,432 deaths, of which 42,613 were post armistice.

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Italian Civil War». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۱۰ ژانویه ۲۰۲۲.

پیوند به بیرون[ویرایش]

[8] In 2010, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro recorded 13,021 RSI soldiers killed; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the Black Brigades، 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,900 X MAS personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (excluding the above-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti", 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani, 550 members of the Italian SS, and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment.

[1] Gianni Oliva, I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945: storia di due anni, Mondadori, 1994.

[FOOTNOTEBocca2001493-2] Bocca 2001, p. 493.

[3] "Le Divisioni Ausiliarie". Associazione Nazionale Combattenti Forze Armate Regolari Guerra di Liberazione. Retrieved 6 December 2014.

[4] Gianni Oliva, I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945: storia di due anni, Mondadori, 1994.

[FOOTNOTEDe_Felice1997-5] De Felice 1997.

[6] Giuseppe Fioravanzo, La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto, p. 433. In 2010, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence recorded 15,197 partisans killed; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.

[7] Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986 (in Italian)

[9] Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica. Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45 Rome, 1957. Total number of violent civilian deaths was 153,147, including 123,119 post armistice. Air raids were responsible for 61,432 deaths, of which 42,613 were post armistice.

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