برهنگی در اماکن عمومی

برهنگی در اماکن عمومی (انگلیسی: Public nudity) که با اختصار به آن «NIP» هم می‌گویند، به نوعی برهنگی گفته می‌شود که فرد در اماکن و انظار عمومی به صورت برهنه ظاهر شود یا این آمادگی ذهنی/ روحی را دارد که در اماکن عمومی برهنه شود. برهنگی در مکان‌هایی که مالکیت آن‌ها شخصی است اما عموم مردم در آن رفت‌وآمد دارند (همچون محوطهٔ اصلی استخرهای شنا، مراکز خرید، مکان‌های حمل‌ونقل عمومی) هم به‌نوعی «برهنگی در اماکن عمومی» محسوب می‌شود. برهنه شدن در فضای شخصی و محوطه‌های خصوصی (مثلاً حیاط منزل) و همچنین ملک‌های خصوصی که برهنه شدن به صورت معمول و عرف در آنجا رایج است (مثلاً در رخت‌کن‌های ورزشگاه‌ها و استخرها و همچنین سونا) از این دسته حساب نمی‌شود.

نگرش‌ها نسبت به برهنگی عمومی از ممنوعیت کامل در کشورهای اسلامی تا پذیرش گسترده آن، به‌ویژه در کشورهای اسکاندیناوی و آلمان، متغیر است؛ در این کشورها، برهنگی در فعالیت‌های تفریحی و رویدادهای خاص پذیرفته شده است. چنین رویدادهایی را می‌توان ادامه‌ای از مفهوم تاریخی کارناوال دانست؛ زمانی که رفتارهایی که معمولاً ناپذیرفتنی هستند، در شرایط خاص مجاز می‌شوند — از جمله برهنگی عمومی. از جمله نمونه‌های این‌گونه رویدادها می‌توان به شنای انقلاب تابستانی در تاسمانی (بخشی از جشنواره Dark Mofo) و مراسم جهانی دوچرخه‌سواری لخت اشاره کرد.

افراد برهنه در رژه انقلاب تابستانی فریمانت سال ۲۰۰۷ در سیاتل، واشینگتن

تاریخچه

همچنین ببینید: تفریحات برهنه

شرکت‌کنندگان در جنبش‌های پادفرهنگ دهه ۱۹۶۰، برهنگی را به‌عنوان بخشی از سبک زندگی روزمره خود پذیرفتند و از آن برای تأکید بر رد هرگونه رفتار و ظاهر مصنوعی استفاده می‌کردند. برهنگی در پادفرهنگ با برهنه‌گرایی کلاسیک متفاوت بود؛ بدین معنا که این گروه، برهنگی را امری طبیعی و لذت‌بخش می‌دانستند، اما هم‌زمان می‌پذیرفتند که می‌تواند بار جنسی نیز داشته باشد، در حالی که با بهره‌کشی جنسی از زنان مخالف بودند. برهنگی همچنین به شکل نوعی اعتراض در برابر خشونت و سرکوب جلوه می‌کرد؛ چرا که هیپی‌ها دریافتند برهنگی می‌تواند روند معمول اعمال قدرت از سوی نیروهای مدنی را مختل کند.

در جریان فرهنگی غالب، «دایانا وریلند در مجله وگ در سال ۱۹۷۰ نوشت که پوشیدن تنها شورت بیکینی (بدون پوشاندن بالاتنه) در سواحل، از سنت تروپه فرانسه تا ساردینیای ایتالیا، به مُدی رایج میان زنان جوان تبدیل شده است. در سال ۱۹۷۴، روزنامه نیویورک تایمز از افزایش مدارای آمریکایی‌ها نسبت به برهنگی، چه در خانه و چه در مکان‌های عمومی، سخن گفت و اشاره کرد که این سطح از پذیرش به استانداردهای اروپایی نزدیک شده است. با این حال تا سال ۱۹۹۸، هرچند نگرش‌های آمریکایی نسبت به مسائل جنسی نسبت به دهه‌های پیش لیبرال‌تر شده بود، اما واکنش عمومی به برهنگی کامل در مکان‌های عمومی همچنان عمدتاً منفی باقی مانده بود. با این وجود، برخی عناصر پادفرهنگ، از جمله برهنگی، در رویدادهایی همچون برنینگ من ادامه یافت.

آلمان به‌خاطر میزان بالای مدارایش با برهنگی عمومی در شرایط گوناگون شناخته‌شده است. در یک نظرسنجی در سال ۲۰۱۴ میلادی، ۲۸ درصد از اتریشی‌ها و آلمانی‌ها اعلام کردند که در ساحل، «برهنه» آفتاب گرفته‌اند. این رقم در میان نروژی‌ها ۱۸ درصد، اسپانیایی‌ها و استرالیایی‌ها هرکدام ۱۷ درصد، و نیوزیلندی‌ها ۱۶ درصد بود. کمترین درصد مربوط به ژاپنی‌ها بود که تنها ۲ درصد اعلام کرده بودند چنین تجربه‌ای داشته‌اند.

در ایالات متحده آمریکا، در سال ۲۰۱۲ شورای شهر سان فرانسیسکو در ایالت کالیفرنیا، برهنگی در نواحی مرکزی شهر را ممنوع کرد. این اقدام در ابتدا با مخالفت‌هایی روبه‌رو شد، زیرا این شهر به‌خاطر فرهنگ لیبرال خود و سابقه‌اش در مدارای با برهنگی عمومی شناخته می‌شد. به‌طور مشابه، در سال ۲۰۱۰، مأموران پارک شروع به جریمه کردن افراد برهنه در پلاژ سن اونوفره کردند — ساحلی که پیشینه‌ای طولانی در پذیرش برهنگی عمومی داشت.

جستارهای وابسته

• سکس در ملأ عام
• برهنه‌گرایی

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