میخک صدپر
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میخک صدپر (Clove) نوعی از گیاهان دارویی، درخت این گیاه در تمام طول سال سبز است.گلهای این گیاه دارای بوی معطرقوی میباشد و ارتفاع درخت ۱۰ تا ۱۲ متر است و گاهی تا ۲۰ متر هم رشد میکند و دارای برگهایی بزرگ و با گلهایی سرخ میباشد. جوانههای گل در ابتدا کم رنگ هستند و به تدریج تبدیل به سبز و پس از ان به رنگ قرمز تبدیل میشود، در این هنگام میوههای درخت اماده برداشت هستند. و به عنوان ادویه در ترشیجات استفاده میشود و از دانههای به عنوان داروهای پزشکی نیز استفاده میشود.میخک صدپر در حال حاضر در درجه اول در کشورهای هند، اندونزی، ماداگاسکار، زنگبار، پاکستان، ویتنام و سری لانکا برداشت میشود. از جمله اقدامات سلطان بوسعید جد اعلای سلطان سعید پادشاه عمان زمانی که زنگبار را به عنوان پایتخت عمان اختیار نمود، این است که در شهر زنگبار کشت میخک را رواج داد و سپس با وجود میخک فراوان در این شهر، کارخانه روغن میخک ایجاد گردید. اکنون از جمله سوغات های این شهر روغن میخک است که از مرغوبیت خوبی برخوردار است.
موارد استفاده [ویرایش]خوراکی [ویرایش]میخک صدپر را میتوان در پختوپز استفاده کرد، هندیها در طول تاریخ از این گیاه در غذاهای خود استفاده میکردهاند و به عنوان ادویه معطر به برنج اضافه میکردند. میخک صدپر کمتر دز غذاهای روزمره استفاده میشود و بیشتر خواص طبی دارد و موجب افزایش حرارت بدن میشود. میخک صدپر خشک نیز در بعضی از مناطق هند به عنوان عطر چایی استقاده میشود به ویژه منظقه گجرات. در غذاهای مکزیکی به همراه زیره و دارچین در خوراک استفاده میشود. همچنین در پنیر به همراه زیره سبز و خورشها نیز استفاده میشود. مصرف بیش از حد ان موجب بیهوشی میشود. غیر خوراکی [ویرایش]از نوع صورتی ان برای دفع ادرار و درمان عفونت های ادراری و سوزش آن، ضدعفونی کننده معده و التیام زخم وسردرد و ضدعفونی و تسکین دندان درد استفاده میشود. همچنین در چین و ژاپن برای بخوردادن استفاده میشود واسانس ان در بسیاری از عطرها استفاده میشود. در اندوزی در سیگار هم استفاده میشود، سال ۲۰۰۹ در ایالات متحده امریکا این نوع سیگارغیرقانونی اعلام شد. به دلیل خواص ضدعفونی کننده، در چین برای درمان سکسکه استفاده میشدهاست از انجا که این گیاه بسیار گرم کنندهاست مورد استفاده برای افرادی که ناتوانی جنسی داشته اندو جلوگیری از انزال زودرس نیز استفاده میشده، از روغن گل میخک صدپر برای درمان اکنه، جوش، کاهش حساسیتهای پوستی و همچنین درمان سوختگیهای شدید استفاده میشود. همچنین داری خواص دیگری از جمله، دفع پشه، کاهش تب، وکاهش سطح قند خون نیز میباشد. اطلاعات غذایی [ویرایش]در هر قاشق غذاخوری از میخک صدپر (۶٫۶ گرم)
تاریخچه [ویرایش]تا قبل از دوران مدرن غرب میخک صدپر مورد استفاده شرقها بودهاست و با ورود غربیها به شرق با این گیاه اشنا شدند و از ان استفاده کردند، میخک صدپر به همراه جوز و فلفل در روم باستان به شدت با ارزش بودهاند و در قرون وسطی به عنوان یک کالای با ارزش در اقیانوس هند در تجارتها استفاده میشدهاست ارزش یک کیلوگرم میخک صد پر در ان زمان برابر با ۷ گرم طلا بود است. در اواخر قرن پانزدهم پرتغال مقادیر زیادی از این گیاه را به اروپا اورد. به علت ارزش بالای ان اسپانیا در فکر تجارت این گیاه در اقیانوس هند شد و بعدها موفق به گرفتن این تجارت از پرتغالیها شدند. در قرن هفدهم تجارت ان تحت سلطه هلندیها در امد. منابع [ویرایش]مشارکتکنندگان ویکیپدیا، «Clove»، ویکیپدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۱۳ اگوست ۲۰۱۱). |
This article is about the spice. For other uses, see Clove (disambiguation).
Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. Cloves are native to the Maluku islands in Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisines all over the world. Cloves are harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. They have a numbing effect on mouth tissues. The clove tree is an evergreen that grows to a height ranging from 8–12 m, having large leaves and sanguine flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. The flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. Cloves are harvested when 1.5–2 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the center.
Taxonomy and nomenclature [edit]The scientific name of clove is Syzygium aromaticum. It belongs to the genus Syzygium, tribe Syzygieae, and subfamily Myrtoideae of the family Myrtaceae. It is classified in the order of Myrtales, which belong to superorder Rosids, under Eudicots of Dicotyledonae. Clove is an Angiospermic plant and belongs to division of Magnoliophyta in the kingdom Plantae.[1] The English name derives from Latin clavus 'nail' (also the origin of French clou and Spanish clavo, 'nail') as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. The Clove was once one of the world's most valuable and expensive commodities. The clove was to provide an impetus for the Dutch colonialisation of Indonesia. Uses [edit]
Cloves are often used in Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cooking in adding flavor to meats, curries, and meat marinades. They are also used to create sweet dishes, such as with fruits like apples, pears, or rhubarb.[2] In Mexican cuisine, cloves are best known as clavos de olor, and often used together with cumin and cinnamon.[3] Considered a very strong spice due to the eugenol chemical that makes up most of the clove's taste (85 percent), the quantity of clove used in recipes is usually small.[4] It pairs well with cinnamon, allspice, vanilla, red wine, and basil, as well as with uncommon combinations like onion, citrus peel, star anise or peppercorns.[4] Non-culinary uses [edit]The spice is used in a type of cigarette called kretek in Indonesia.[1] Kreteks have been smoked throughout Europe, Asia and the United States. In 2009, clove cigarettes (as well as fruit and candy flavored cigarettes) were outlawed in the US. Cigarettes containing clove are now classified as Cigars when sold in the US [5] Clove also works as an ant repellant.[6] Traditional medicinal uses [edit]Cloves are used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, Chinese medicine, and western herbalism and dentistry where the essential oil is used as an anodyne (painkiller) for dental emergencies. Cloves are used as a carminative, to increase hydrochloric acid in the stomach and to improve peristalsis. Cloves are also said to be a natural anthelmintic.[7] The essential oil is used in aromatherapy when stimulation and warming are needed, especially for digestive problems. Topical application over the stomach or abdomen are said to warm the digestive tract. Clove oil, applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth, also relieves toothache.[8] In Chinese medicine cloves or ding xiang are considered acrid, warm and aromatic, entering the kidney, spleen and stomach meridians, and are notable in their ability to warm the middle, direct stomach qi downward, to treat hiccough and to fortify the kidney yang.[9] Because the herb is so warming it is contraindicated in any persons with fire symptoms and according to classical sources should not be used for anything except cold from yang deficiency. As such it is used in formulas for impotence or clear vaginal discharge from yang deficiency, for morning sickness together with ginseng and patchouli, or for vomiting and diarrhea due to spleen and stomach coldness.[9] Cloves may be used internally as a tea and topically as an oil for hypotonic muscles, including for multiple sclerosis.[citation needed] This is also found in Tibetan medicine.[10] Some recommend avoiding more than occasional use of cloves internally in the presence of pitta inflammation such as is found in acute flares of autoimmune diseases.[11] Modern medicinal uses and pharmaceutical preparations [edit]
Western studies have supported the use of cloves and clove oil for dental pain.[citation needed] However, studies to determine its effectiveness for fever reduction, as a mosquito repellent and to prevent premature ejaculation have been inconclusive.[citation needed] Clove may reduce blood sugar levels.[12] Tellimagrandin II is an ellagitannin found in S. aromaticum with anti-herpesvirus properties.[13] The buds have anti-oxidant properties.[14] Clove oil can be used to anesthetize fish, and prolonged exposure to higher doses (the recommended dose is 400 mg/l) is considered a humane means of euthanasia.[15] In addition, clove oil is used in preparation of some toothpastes, laxative pills and Clovacaine solution which is a local anesthetic and used in oral ulceration and anti-inflammations. Eugenol (or clove oil generally) is mixed with Zinc oxide to be a temporary filling.[16] Adulteration [edit]Clove Stalks: They are slender stems of the inflorescence axis which show opposite decussate branching. Externally, they are brownish, rough and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture. Mother Cloves (Anthophylli): There are the ripe fruits of cloves which are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and one-seeded. This can be detected by the presence of much starch in the seeds. Brown Cloves: Expanded flowers from which both corolla and stamens have been detached. Exhausted Cloves: Cloves from which almost or all of the oil has been removed by distillation. They yield no oil and are darker in color.[17] History [edit]Until modern times, cloves grew only on a few islands in the Maluku Islands (historically called the Spice Islands), including Bacan, Makian, Moti, Ternate, and Tidore.[18] In fact, it is believed that the oldest clove tree in the world, named "Afo," is found on Ternate—the tree being between 350 and 400 years old.[19] Seedlings from this Afo tree were stolen by a Frenchman named Poivre in 1770, transferred to France, and then later to Zanzibar which is today the world's largest producer of cloves.[19] Until cloves were grown outside of the Maluku Islands, they were traded like oil, with a forced limit on exportation.[19] As the Dutch East India Company consolidated its control of the spice trade in the 17th century they sought to gain a monopoly in cloves as they had in nutmeg. However, "unlike nutmeg and mace, which were limited to the minute Bandas, clove trees grew all over the Moluccas, and the trade in cloves was way beyond the limited policing powers of the corporation."[20] In the 3rd century BC, a Chinese leader in the Han Dynasty required those who addressed him to chew cloves so as to freshen their breath.[21] Cloves were traded by Muslim sailors and merchants during the Middle Ages in the profitable Indian Ocean trade, the clove trade is also mentioned by Ibn Battuta and even famous One Thousand and One Nights characters such Sinbad the Sailor is known to have bought and sold cloves.[22] Archeologists have also found cloves within a ceramic vessel in Syria along with evidence dating the find to within a few years of 1721 BC.[18] Active compounds [edit]
Eugenol comprises 72-90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, and is the compound most responsible for the cloves' aroma. Other important essential oil constituents of clove oil include acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin,[23] gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate (painkiller), the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, triterpenoids like oleanolic acid, stigmasterol and campesterol and several sesquiterpenes.[24][25] Eugenol can be toxic in relatively small quantities—as low as 5 ml.[26] See also [edit]
References [edit]
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