فرزند در اسلام

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بخشی از مجموعه مقاله‌های: اسلام اصول توحید · نبوت · معاد خاص تشیع: امامت · عدل فروع نماز · روزه · زکات · حج · جهاد خاص تشیع: خمس · امر به معروف · نهی از منکر · تولی · تبری منابع اسلامی قرآن · عقل · سنت (حدیث) شخصیت‌ها محمد · علی · فاطمه · اهل بیت · خلفای راشدین · امامان شیعه · صحابهٔ محمد مذاهب تسنن · تشیع · تصوف علوم حدیث · تفسیر · فقه · کلام · فلسفه · عرفان تاریخ امویان · عباسیان · فاطمیان · مملوکان · عثمانیان · صفویان · آخرالزمان جغرافیا مکه · مدینه · بیت‌المقدس · کوفه · نجف · کربلا · سامرا · کاظمین · مشهد · قم · شیراز · دمشق · جهان اسلام(کشورهای اسلامی) · لباس های اسلامی حجاب اسلامی · چادر عربی · برقع · روبنده · دشداش · روسری · چادر · فرهنگ و جامعه درگاه اسلام    به فرزند در اسلام اهمیت بسیار زیادی داده شده است. فرزند در قرآن در قرآن برای اشاره به کودکان و فرزندان، چندین واژه عربی به کار رفته‌است (مانند ذریه، غلام، ولد، ولید، مولود، طفل و صغیر) که همگی به نابالغان اشاره دارد. قرآن، وظایف والدین نسبت به فرزندانشان و وظایف فرزندان نسبت به والدین را به تفصیل بیان نکرده‌است. در قرآن، زنده به گور کردن نوزادان ممنوع شده‌است. قرآن از کشتن نوزادان حتی در صورت بیم از تنگ‌دستی، نهی کرده‌است. دوران شیر دادن به کودک دو سال تعیین شده‌است. در اسلام، ازدواج و رابطه جنسی با فرزندان ممنوع زنای با محارم محسوب می‌شود. شوهر به تأمین هزینه کودکش ملزم شده‌است. قرآن، مهربانی و عدالت را با یتیمان توصیه می‌کند و بنا به قرآن، محمد خود یتیمی بود که از سوی خدا پناه داده شد. پدر نمونه در اسلام، لقمان است که پسرش را تعلیم می‌دهد. قرآن، فرزند را نشانه برکت الهی می‌داند و در شمار پاداش‌های موعود به صالحان، فرزند بسیار را ذکر می‌کند. در این حال، فرزند در کنار ثروت‌های دنیوی دیگر فتنه و وسیله آزمایش نام گرفته‌است که می‌توانند انسان را از یاد خدا غافل کنند. قرآن به مؤمنان یادآوری می‌کند که دل‌بستگی به فرزند و اموال، نباید آن‌ها را از جهاد بازدارد. منبع بهرام تاجانی. قانون مدنی. چاپ دوم. تهران: لاهیجی، ۱۳۸۵. ۱۸۹.  عبدالله حکیم. وضع حقوقی و قوانین زنان در اسلام. چاپ اول. تهران: جاویدان، ۱۳۴۱. ۲۶۹.

This article is part of a series on: Islam Beliefs Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms Pilgrimage Texts and laws Quran Sunnah Hadith Fiqh Sharia Kalam History and leaders Timeline Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahaba Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Denominations Sunni Shia Sufism Ibadi Ahmadiyya Quranism NOI (5 percenter) Liberal Culture and society Academics Animals Art Calendar Children Dawah Demographics Festivals Mosques Philosophy Politics Science Women Related topics Other religions Islamism Criticism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam, children's duties towards their parents, and parent's rights over their children, both biological and foster children. Also discussed are some of the differences regarding rights with respect to different schools of thought. In the Qur'an The Qur'an uses various terms for children (e.g. Arabic terms dhurriyya; ghulām; ibn; walad; walīd; mawlūd; ṣabī; tifl; saghir) but according to Avner Giladi, the context seldom makes it clear whether it is exclusively referring to non-mature children, or simply offspring. The Quranic statements about children, Giladi states, are mainly concerned with "infanticide, adoption, breast-feeding, and fatherless children." These statements were of a normative-ethical significance for later Muslim jurists who formed the foundations of Islamic legislation. Muhammad Muhammad established laws and examples (sunnah) in respect of which is obligatory for the Muslim community to follow. Muhammad's behavior towards children is demonstrably kind. Muhammad had seven children, three boys and four girls. All his sons, including Ibrahim ibn Muhammad, died in infancy. Because of this, his experience as a father is sometimes described as "sorrowful". Muhammad also had an adopted son, Zayd, who is said to be the object of Muhammad's parental affection. He also had two grandsons, Hassan and Hussein, and three granddaughters, Umm Kulthum, Zaynab and Umamah. In one Islamic tradition, Muhammad ran after Hussein in a game until he caught him. Muhammad used to let Umamah sit on his shoulders while he was praying. When Muhammad was chided for kissing his grandchild, he responded, "what can I do if God has deprived your heart of all human feeling?" Muhammad has been described as being very fond of children in general. Watt attributes this to Muhammad's yearning for children, as most of his own children died before him. He comforted a child whose pet nightingale had died. Muhammad played many games with children, joked with them and befriended them. Muhammad also showed love to children of other religions. Once he visited his Jewish neighbor's son when the child was sick. Once, Muhammad was sitting with a child in his lap, and the child urinated over Muhammad. Embarrassed, the father scolded the child. Muhammad restrained the father, and advised him: "This is not a big issue. My clothes can be washed. But be careful with how you treat the child. What can restore his self-esteem after you have dealt with him in public like this?" Breast-feeding Pre-Islamic Arabia In pre-Islamic Arabia, like the Jewish and Christian tradition, sexual relations between males and their milk-mothers or milk-sisters are looked upon as incest, also if they were adopted they couldn't breast feed. Advent of Islam The Quran forbade sexual relations between males and their milk-mothers or milk-sisters. According to Avner Giladi, verses 233 of sura 2 (Al-Baqara) and 6 of sura 65 (At-Talaq) aim at "protecting repudiated but still lactating women and their nurslings by guaranteeing them economic support from the father for at least two years and by sanctioning non-maternal nursing when needed." Fatherless children The Quran in 19 verses forbids harsh and oppressive treatment of orphaned children while urging kindness and justice towards them. Muhammad himself was an orphan and an early Quranic verse celebrates God's providence and care towards him. Other Quranic verses identify those who repulse the orphan as unbelievers, rebuke those who do not honor the orphans and encourage the unbelievers to feed the orphans. The Quran speaks of the reward waiting for those who feed orphans, poor and the prisoner for the love of God. It also warns those who wrongfully consume the property of orphans that they will be punished in the hereafter with "fire in their own bellies". The Quran also gives concrete instructions to guardians regarding the orphans, particularly on how to protect their wealth and property rights. Islamic scholar and prominent thinker Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei, who is given the titles Allamah and Sayyid, renowned for his Quranic exegesis explains that verses 57 to 59 of sura 16 (An-Nahl) indicate how God admonished pagan polytheistic tribes for their sexism: They used to assign girls to God and for themselves choose whatever they wanted, meaning that they would choose boys for themselves. For the same reason, they used to bury daughters alive. In conclusion, the things they did not prefer for themselves, they would prefer for God almighty. God admonishes them for this statement. Rights of children Children have the right to be fed, clothed, and protected until they reach adulthood. Children must have the respect, to enjoy love and affection from their parents. Children have the right to be treated equally, vis-a-vis their siblings in terms of financial gifts. A tradition reports: Prophet Muhammad was reported as saying: "Be fair and just in terms of the gifts you offer your children. If I was to give preference to any (gender over the other) I would have preferred females over males (in terms of giving gifts)." —Abdulrahman Al-Sheha, Women In the Shade of Islam Children have the right to education. A saying attributed to Muhammad relates: "A father gives his child nothing better than a good education." —Hadith collected by Tirmidhi and Al-Bayhaqi Parents are recommended to provide adequately for children in inheritance. Umar in a Sunni tradition summed up some of the rights of children in the following anecdote: One day a man came to Umar ibn al-Khattab to complain of a disobedient son. So Umar had brought the boy to him and he blamed him for his disobedience. Then the boy addressed Umar by saying "O Commander of the faithful: Are there no rights for a boy against his father?". Umar said "Yes". Then the boy said "What are these rights O Commander of the Faithful?" Umar said, "To choose a good mother for him, to select a good name to him and to teach him the Quran" Then the boy said: "O Commander of the faithful; my father has not accomplished any of these rights. As for my mother, she was a black slave for a Magian; As for my name, he has named me Jual (beetle); and he has not taught me even one letter from the Quran". Then Umar turned round to the man and said "You came to me complaining disobedience on the part of your son, whereas you have not given him his rights. So you have made mistakes against him before he has made mistakes against you". —Abd-Allah Nasih Ulwan, Child Education in Islam Rights of parents With regard to Islam, some of the prerogatives of parents with respect to children, and countervailing rights of children are: The first and foremost right of the parents is to be obeyed and respected by their children. Narrated Abu Bakr The Prophet said thrice, "Should I inform you out the greatest of the great sins?" They said, "Yes, O Allah's Apostle!" He said, "To join others in worship with Allah and to be undutiful to one's parents." The Prophet then sat up after he had been reclining (on a pillow) and said, "And I warn you against giving a false witness, and he kept on saying that warning till we thought he would not stop. (See Hadith No. 7, Vol. 8) —Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari The mother has the right to receive the best treatment than accorded to any other person, in addition the mother has the right of custody of the child in general circumstances, at least until she remarries. Narrated Abu Huraira: A man came to Allah's Apostle and said, "O Allah's Apostle! Who is more entitled to be treated with the best companionship by me?" The Prophet said, "Your mother." The man said. "Who is next?" The Prophet said, "Your mother." The man further said, "Who is next?" The Prophet said, "Your mother." The man asked for the fourth time, "Who is next?" The Prophet said, "Your father. " —Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari Parents have the right to be looked after by their children, and to receive physical or financial help as necessary, especially in their old age. Marriage Consent All Sunni schools of thought agree that forced marriages are strictly forbidden in Islam, as Islamic marriages are contracts between two consenting parties referred to as mithaq. It has been quoted from Muhammad: "The widow and the divorced woman shall not be married until their order is obtained, and the virgin shall not be married until her consent is obtained." In addition, Muhammad gave women the power to annul their marriages if it was found that they had been married against their consent. "When a man gives his daughter in marriage and she dislikes it, the marriage shall be annulled." Once a virgin girl came to the Prophet and said that her father had married her to a man against her wishes. The Prophet gave her the right to repudiate the marriage. In Islam, marriage is essentially a contract. However, the distinction between sacred and secular was never explicit in Islam. Any action or transaction in Islam has religious implications. It is not quite accurate, therefore, to designate marriage in Islam simply as a secular contract. For a valid marriage, the following conditions must be satisfied, this is in accordance with all schools of thought: There must be a clear proposal. There must be a clear acceptance, but silence is taken as acceptance as well. There must be at least two competent witnesses. This is necessary to exclude illicit sex and to safeguard legitimacy of progeny. It is recommended that marriage should be widely publicized. There must be a marriage gift, little or more, by the bridegroom to the bride. The Maliki school of thought gives the right of Ijbar to the guardian. Ijbar is defined as the annulment of marriage due to objection by male guardian. According to Malik ibn Anas, children due to their immaturity may choose an unsuitable partner for themselves, hence, the power of Ijbar has been given to the guardian so that he may overrule the child to marry someone he thinks is unsuitable for her. This is the legal right given to the guardian for girls by Maliki school of thought. In addition, Islam requires that parents be followed in almost every circumstances, hence parents may ask their children to divorce a certain person, but this cannot be upheld in an Islamic court of law and is not a legal right of the parent. Age of marriage No age limits have been fixed by Islam for marriage according to Reuben Levy, and "quite young children may be legally married". The girl may not live with the husband however until she is fit for marital sexual relations. The Hanafi madhhab of Islamic fiqh maintains that a wife must not be taken to her husband's house until she reaches the condition of fitness for sexual relations. Levy adds: "In case of a dispute on the matter between the husband and the bride's wali (her nearest male kinsman and her guardian), the judge (qadi) is to be informed and he is to appoint two matrons to examine the girl and report on her physical preparedness for marriage. If they decide she is too young, she must return to her father's house until she is judged fit. Betrothal may take place at any age. Actual marriage is later, but the age for it varies in different lands." —Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam In Islamic legal terminology, Baligh refers to a person who has reached maturity, puberty or adulthood and has full responsibility under Islamic law. Legal theorists assign different ages and criteria for reaching this state for both males and females. In marriage baligh is related to the Arabic legal expression, hatta tutiqa'l-rijal, which means that the wedding may not take place until the girl is physically fit to engage in sexual intercourse. In comparison, baligh or balaghat concerns the reaching of sexual maturity which becomes manifest by the menses. The age related to these two concepts can, but need not necessarily, coincide. Only after a separate condition called rushd, or intellectual maturity to handle one's own property, is reached can a girl receive her bridewealth. Adoption and fostering Islam highly recommends the "fostering" of children, defined as "assuming partial or complete responsibility of a child in lieu of the biological parents". However, Islam forbids naming the child as one's own, or creating any "fictive relationships". Islamic adoption is sometimes called "fostering" or "partial adoption" and is similar to "open adoption". Traditionally Islam has viewed legal adoption as a source of potential problems, such as accidentally marrying one's sibling or when distributing inheritance. If a child is adopted he or she does not become a son or daughter, but rather a ward of the adopting caretaker(s). The child’s family name is not changed to that of the adopting parent(s) and his or her guardians are publicly known as such. Legally, this is close to other nations' systems for foster care. Other common rules governing adoption in Islamic culture address inheritance, marriage regulations, and the fact that adoptive parents are considered trustees of another individual's child rather than the child's new parents. Usually an adopted child inherits from his or her biological parents, not automatically from the adoptive parents. If the child is below the age of consent at the time of inheritance (from the biological family), his or her adoptive parents serve as trustees over the child's wealth, but may not intermingle with it. Adoption was a common practice in pre-Islamic Arabia. According to this custom, the adopted son would take the name of his adoptive parent, and would be assimilated into the family in a "legal sense". Islam viewed this practice as "erasure of natal identity". This practice was sometimes done for emotional reasons, such as pity, but adoption was also a means through which slaves were stripped of their identities and given the name of their slavemaster. The Quran replaced the pre-Islamic custom of adoption by the recommendation that "believers treat children of unknown origin as their brothers in the faith". From verses 4 and 5 in sura 33 (Al-Ahzab) in the Quran, Muhammad instructed adoptive parents to refer to their adoptive children by the names of their biological parents, if known: ...nor has He made your adopted sons your sons. Such is (only) your (manner of) speech by your mouths. But Allah tells (you) the Truth, and He shows the (right) Way. Call them by (the names of) their fathers: that is juster in the sight of Allah. But if ye know not their father's (names, call them) your Brothers in faith, or your maulas. But there is no blame on you if ye make a mistake therein: (what counts is) the intention of your hearts: and Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. —Quran See also Islamic views on slavery Islamic family relations Women in Islam Religion and children Notes References Juynboll (1910). Handbuch des Islamischen Gesetzes. Leyden.  Khalil bin Ishaq. Mukhtasar tr.Ignazio Guidi and David Santillana (Milan, 1919).  Levy, Reuben (1969). The Social Structure of Islam. UK: Cambridge University Press.  Phipps, William E (1999).Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings. Continuum International Publishing Group. Sachau (1897). Muhammedanisches Recht. Berlin, Germany.  Stewart, P.J (1994). Unfolding Islam. UK: Garnet & Ithaca Press. Watt, William Montgomery (1974). Muhammad Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. Yust, Karen-Marie (2006).Nurturing Child And Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. General Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ed. P. Bearman et al., Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005. Esposito, John (2004). The Oxford dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.  Suad Joseph, Afsaneh Najmabadi, ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Family, law, and politics. BRILL.  External links The Rights of Children In Islam Marriage in Islam