سالوادور دالی

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سالوادور دالی سالوادور فلیپه ژاسینتو دالی دومنک زادهٔ ۱۱ مه ۱۹۰۴ میلادی فیگوئرس، خرونا، اسپانیا درگذشت ۲۳ ژانویه ۱۹۸۹ میلادی فیگوئرس، خرونا، اسپانیا ملّیت اسپانیایی سبک کوبیسم، دادائیسم و سوررئالیسم آثار برجسته تداوم حافظه (۱۹۳۱) امضا سالوادور فلیپه ژاسینتو دالی دومنک (به اسپانیایی: Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí Domènech)‏ (۱۱ مه ۱۹۰۴ میلادی - ۲۳ ژانویه ۱۹۸۹ میلادی) نقاش فراواقع‌گرای اسپانیایی بود. دالی طراحی ماهر بود که بیشتر به خاطر خلق تصاویری گیرا و خیالی در آثار فراواقع‌گرایش به شهرت رسید. مهارت وی در نقاشی اغلب به تاثیر نقاشان رنسانس نسبت داده می‌شود. معروف‌ترین اثر سالوادور دالی به‌نام تداوم حافظه در سال ۱۹۳۱ خلق شد. وی همچنین در عکاسی، مجسمه‌سازی و فیلم‌سازی نیز فعالیت داشت. وی با والت دیسنی تهیه‌کننده و کارگردان شهیر آمریکایی در ساخت کارتن کوتاه و برنده جایزه اسکار «دستینو» که در سال ۲۰۰۳ و پس از مرگ وی منتشر شد، همکاری داشت. دالی همچنین با آلفرد هیچکاک در ساخت فیلم «طلسم شده» (۱۹۴۵ میلادی) همکاری کرد. دالی همواره بر «ریشه عرب» خود تاکید داشت و ادعا می‌کرد که اجدادش به نسل «مور»ها که جنوب اسپانیا را برای تقریبا ۸۰۰ سال در اختیار داشتند، باز می‌گردد. همچنین خانواده مادری دالی ریشه‌ای یهودی در بارسلونا داشتند. دالی که شدیدا فردی خیال‌پرداز بود، علاقه وافری به انجام کارهایی عجیب برای جلب توجه دیگران داشت. این قبیل کارها اغلب برای کسانی که به هنر وی علاقه داشتند خسته‌کننده بود و به همان اندازه برای منتقدین وی، آزاردهنده به شمار می‌رفت. این نوع رفتار غیرعادی دالی گاهگاهی توجه افکار عمومی را بیشتر از آثار هنری وی جلب می‌کرد و در نتیجه، این رسوایی و بدنامی تعمدی منجر به شناخت گسترده عامه مردم و تقاضا برای خرید آثار وی توسط طیف گسترده‌ای از مردم شد. سال‌های ابتدایی زندگی سالوادور فلیپه ژاسینتو دالی دومنک در ۱۱ مه سال ۱۹۰۴ میلادی در شهر فیگوئرس (به اسپانیایی: Figueras)‏ در منطقه کاتالونیای اسپانیا نزدیک به مرز فرانسه به دنیا آمد. برادر بزرگتر دالی به‌نام سالوادور (زادهٔ ۱۲ اکتبر سال ۱۹۰۱ میلادی)، ۹ ماه قبل از تولد وی به دلیل بیماری التهاب روده و معده در اول اوت ۱۹۰۳ از دنیا رفت. پدرش، «سالوادور دالی ای کاسی» وکیل و دفترداری از طبقه متوسط بود که قوانین و انضباط سخت‌گیرانه‌اش در خانه توسط همسرش ملایم شده بود و در حقیقت، «فلیپا دومنک فریس» مادر دالی تنها کسی بود که تلاش‌ها و زحمات هنری پسرش را تشویق می‌کرد. والدین دالی هنگامی که پسرشان پنج سال بیشتر نداشت وی را سر قبر برادرش بردند و به او گفتند که روح برادرش در جسم او حلول کرده‌است که وی آن را باور کرد. دالی در مورد برادرش گفته‌بود: «(ما) شبیه به یکدیگریم مانند دو قطره آب، اما بازتابی متفاوت داریم. او احتمالا اولین نسخه من بود اما بیش از حد در کمال تصور شد.» او همچنین خواهری به‌نام آنا ماریا داشت که ۳ سال از دالی کوچکتر بود. در سال ۱۹۴۹، او کتابی در مورد زندگی برادرش با نام «دالی از نگاه خواهرش» منتشر کرد. از دوستان کودکی سالوادور می‌توان به فوتبالیست‌های آینده باشگاه بارسلونا «ساگیباربا» و «جوزف سامیتیر» اشاره کرد. در ایام تعطیلات این سه نفر در پاتوقشان «کاداکس» (شهری بندری در استان خرونا در شرق اسپانیا) با هم فوتبال بازی می‌کردند. پس از شرکت دالی در مدرسه نقاشی، در سال ۱۹۱۶ و در جریان تعطیلات تابستانی و سفر به کاداکس با خانواده «رامون پیچوت»، وی برای اولین بار با نقاشی مدرن آشنا شد. پیچوت نقاشی محلی بود که مرتبا به پاریس سفر می‌کرد. یک سال بعد، پدر دالی نمایشگاهی از آثار نقاشی با ذغال پسرش در منزل خانوادگیشان بر پا کرد. سالوادور جوان اولین نمایش عمومی از آثارش را به سال ۱۹۱۹ در سالن تئاتر شهرداری فیگوئرس برگزار کرد. در فوریه ۱۹۲۱ و زمانی که دالی ۱۶ سال داشت، مادرش به دلیل سرطان سینه از دنیا رفت. او بعدها در مورد مرگ مادرش گفت: «بزرگترین ضربه‌ای بود که من در زندگیم تجربه کردم. من او را می‌پرستیدم ... نمی‌توانستم غم از دست دادن کسی را فراموش کنم که می‌پنداشتم ایرادات اجتناب‌ناپذیر ضمیرم را محو می‌کند.» پس از مرگ مادر، پدر دالی با خواهر همسر سابقش ازدواج کرد. دالی برخلاف باور عده‌ای، از این ازدواج به دلیل علاقه و احترامی که برای خاله‌اش قائل بود، اظهار رنجش نکرد. مادرید و پاریس در ۱۹۲۲، دالی به اقامتگاهی دانشجویی در مادرید نقل مکان کرد و در آنجا، در «آکادمی سن فرناندو» (مدرسه هنرهای زیبا) شروع به تحصیل کرد. دالی از همان بدو ورودش به عنوان جوانی خوش‌پوش، لاغر و قد بلند که مو و خط ریشی بلند داشت و کت، جورابی ساق بلند و شلواری که تا زانویش ادامه داشت و به سبک «آئستت‌های» قرن نوزدهم میلادی انگلستان می‌پوشید، توجه همگان را به خود جلب کرده‌بود. اما بیش از همه نقاشی‌هایش به دلیل تجربه وی از کوبیسم، بیشترین توجه را نسبت به دیگران دانش‌آموزان آکادمی به خود جلب می‌کرد. در کارهای ابتدایی کوبیسم‌اش، دالی احتمالا مفاهیم کلیدی جنبش را به طور کامل نمی‌شناخت چون که اطلاعات وی از هنر کوبیسم محدود به تعدادی مجله و کاتالوگ بود که توسط پیچوت به او داده شده‌بود و در آن زمان، هنرمند کوبیستی در مادرید نبود. در ۱۹۲۴ میلادی، دالی که هنوز هنرمندی ناشناخته بود صفحه‌آرایی یک کتاب را برعهده‌گرفت. این کتاب، مجموعه شعری کاتالانی به‌نام «افسانه‌های بازماندگان» (به اسپانیایی: Les bruixes de Llers)‏ اثر دوست هم‌شاگردیش «کارلس فگس دی کلمنت» بود. دالی همچنین به تجربه دادائیسم پرداخت که آثارش را در تمام عمر تحت تاثیر خود قرار داد. در طول اقامت دالی در آکادمی، وی طرح دوستی صمیمی با «خوزه پپین بلو»، «لوئیس بونوئل» و شاعر معروف «فدریکو گارسیا لورکا» ریخت. دوستی وی با لورکا براساس احساسات شدید دوطرفه پایه‌گذاری شده‌بود، اما دالی بیمناکانه این رابطه عشقی با شاعر جوان را رد کرد. سبد نان - ۱۹۲۶ میلادی دالی در سال ۱۹۲۶ اندکی پیش از امتحانات نهایی به دلیل اظهار نظر در مورد عدم شایستگی مسئولین در امتحان گرفتن از وی، از آکادمی اخراج شد. تسلط و مهارت وی بر هنر نقاشی در اثر واقع‌گرا و بی‌عیب «سبد نان» که در ۱۹۲۶ خلق شده، به خوبی نشان داده شده‌است. در همان سال دالی برای اولین بار به پاریس رفت و در آنجا با پابلو پیکاسو نقاش شهیر اسپانیایی که احترام خاصی دالی برای وی قائل بود، ملاقات کرد. پیکاسو پیش از این ملاقات از خوان میرو نقاش و مجسمه‌ساز اسپانیایی در مورد سالوادور دالی شنیده‌بود. در سال‌های آتی همزمان با پیشرفت سبک منحصر به فرد دالی در نقاشی، تعدادی از کارهای وی به شدت تحت تاثیر آثاری از پیکاسو و میرو قرار گرفت. بعضی از گرایشاتی که در سرتاسر عمر دالی ادامه پیدا کرد، در آثار وی در دهه ۱۹۲۰ کاملا مشهود است. دالی حریصانه سبک‌های گوناگون هنری را می‌بلعید و سپس آثارش را از آکادمیک‌ترین سبک‌های هنر کلاسیک که نمایانگر آشنایی وی با «رافائل»، «برانزینو» «فرانسیسکو زربرن»، «یوهانس ورمر» و «دیه‌گو ولاسکز» بودند تا پیشگامان هنر آوانگارد، گاه در آثاری مجزا و گاه در ترکیبی از آثار بسط می‌داد. نمایشگاه آثار دالی در بارسلونا توجه بسیاری را به خود جلب کرد و ترکیبی از تحسین و تحیر برای منتقدین هنری به همراه داشت. در همان دوره، دالی سبیلی منحصر به فرد با تاسی از نقاش اسپانیایی قرن هفدهم میلادی «دیه‌گو ولاسکز» گذاشت. ۱۹۲۹ تا جنگ جهانی دوم در سال ۱۹۲۹، دالی با کارگردان و فیلم‌ساز اسپانیایی لوئیس بونوئل در ساخت فیلم کوتاه «سگ اندلسی» همکاری کرد. او بیشتر در نوشتن فیلمنامه به بونوئل کمک کرد اما بعدها مدعی شد که در فیلم‌برداری پروژه نیز به شدت درگیر بوده‌است، ادعایی که هیچگاه با دلیل و مدرک ثابت نشد. همچنین در همان سال، دالی با همسر آینده‌اش «گالا» ملاقات کرد. «النا ایوانوونا دیاکونووا» یک مهاجر روس بود که تقریبا یازده سال از دالی بزرگتر بود و پیش از این، با شاعر سوررئالیست فرانسوی «پل الوارد» ازدواج کرده‌بود. در این سال، دالی چندین نمایشگاه مهم برگزار کرد و به طور رسمی به گروه سوررئالیست‌ها در محله مون پارناس پاریس پیوست. (اگرچه آثار دالی پیش از این برای تقریبا دو سال شدیدا تحت‌تاثیر سوررئالیسم بود.) سوررئالیست‌ها روشی که دالی آن را «شیوه انتقادی-توهمی» در دستیابی به ناخودآگاه برای خلاقیت هنری بیشتر می‌نامید را تشویق کردند. تداوم حافظه - ۱۹۳۱ میلادی در ۱۹۳۱، دالی یکی از مشهورترین آثارش به‌نام «تداوم حافظه» را خلق کرد. این اثر که ساعت‌های نرم یا ساعت‌هایی در حال ذوب شدن نیز نامیده می‌شود، تصویری فراواقع‌گرا از ساعت‌های جیبی معرفی می‌کند. به عنوان تعبیر کلی برای این اثر، نقاش سعی دارد با استفاده از ساعت‌های نرم فرضیه‌ای که زمان را صلب و قطعی می‌انگارد را کم ارزش جلوه دهد و این مفهوم توسط دیگر تصاویر در این کار تقویت می‌شود، مانند کاربرد دورنمای وسیع و مورچه‌ها و مگسی که ساعت‌ها را می‌بلعند. دالی و گالا که از سال ۱۹۲۹ با یکدیگر زندگی می‌کردند، سرانجام در سال ۱۹۳۴ میلادی رسما با یکدیگر ازدواج کردند. (آن‌ها در ۱۹۵۸ این ازدواج را این‌بار در مراسمی کاتولیک تکرار کردند.) دالی از طریق دلال آثار هنری «جولیان لوی» در سال ۱۹۳۴ به جامعه هنری آمریکا معرفی شد، و نمایش آثار وی در نیویورک که شامل تابلوی «تدوام حافظه» نیز بود خیلی زود تاثیر خود را گذاشت به نحوی که مسئولین لیست «ثبت اجتماعی» ورود نام وی را به این فهرست در مراسم ویژه «مجلس رقص دالی» جشن گرفتند. او در حالی در این مراسم حاضر شد که بر روی سینه‌اش، قابی شیشه‌ای حاوی یک سینه‌بند پوشیده بود. در سال ۱۹۳۶ میلادی، دالی در «نمایشگاه بین‌المللی فراواقع‌گرایی لندن» شرکت کرد. وی برای سخنرانی‌اش که «ارواح پارانویید قابل اعتماد» (به اسپانیایی: Fantomes paranoiaques authentiques)‏ نام داشت، لباس غواصی آب‌های عمیق به تن کرده‌بود. او در حالی پا به این مراسم گذاشت که چوب بیلیارد در دست داشت و یک جفت سگ از نژاد وولف‌هوند روسی همراهیش می‌کردند. دالی در میانه سخنرانی به دلیل پوشیدن کلاه سنگین غواصی بر سر در نفس کشیدن دچار مشکل شد و اگر کلاه غواصی به موقع باز نشده‌بود، احتمالا خفه می‌شد. او بعدها در مورد این سخنرانی گفته‌بود: فقط خواستم «شیرجه عمیق» رفتنم را در ذهن انسان نشان دهم. سالوادور دالی در پاریس، ۱۶ ژوئن ۱۹۳۴ بر طبق زندگی‌نامه شخصی لوئیس بونوئل، دالی و گالا در یک مهمانی بالماسکه در شیکاگو شرکت کردند در حالی که لباس پسربچهٔ لیندبرگ و بچه‌دزد را بر تن کرده‌بودند. «ماجرای بچه‌دزدی لیندبرگ» در سال ۱۹۳۲ و حوادث مرتبط با آن تا اعدام متهم در سال ۱۹۳۶ میلادی، همواره در صدر خبرهای آن روزها بود و به‌وسیله میلیون‌ها نفر دنبال می‌شد. انتقادات در جراید از این عمل دالی و همسرش به حدی بود که وی مجبور به عذرخواهی شد و هنگامی که به پاریس بازگشت، سوررئالیست‌ها او را به دلیل عذرخواهی از یک عمل سوررئال مورد بازخواست قرار دادند. آندره برتون شاعر و نویسنده سوررئالیست فرانسوی، دالی را متهم به جانبداری از «پدیده هیتلر» با کاربرد کلماتی نظیر «جدید» و «نامعمول» کرد. اتهامی که نقاش خیلی سریع آن را رد کرد و در پاسخ چنین گفت: «من نه در واقعیت و نه در خیال هیتلری هستم.» با این حال، هنگامی که فرانکو پس از جنگ داخلی اسپانیا به قدرت رسید، دالی به طرفداری از رژیم جدید پرداخت. این طرفداری سرانجام باعث اخراج وی از گروه سوررئالیست‌ها شد. پس از این واقعه، دالی با گفتن «من خود سوررئالیسم هستم» پاسخ داد. آندره برتون آناگرامی به‌نام «اویدا دالارز» (برای سالوادور دالی) ابداع کرد که کم و بیش به معنای «حریص برای دلار» بود و آن را به دالی بعد از اخراجش نسبت داد. از آن به بعد سوررئالیست‌ها در مورد دالی با افعال زمان گذشته طوری که وی مرده‌بود، صحبت می‌کردند. در این دوران حامی اصلی دالی، شاعر متمول انگلیسی «ادوارد جیمز» بود. جنبش فراواقع‌گرایی و اعضای مختلف آن (مانند «تد جونز» شاعر، ترومپت‌نواز و نقاش آمریکایی) سیاست انتقادی و به‌شدت سختگیرانه‌ای را در قبال دالی تا زمان مرگش و حتی پس از آن در پیش گرفتند. سالوادور دالی - ۱۹۳۹ میلادی ادوارد جیمز با خرید بسیاری از آثار و حمایت مالی برای تقریبا دو سال از دالی جوان به پدیدار شدن نام وی در دنیای هنر کمک کرد. آن‌ها دوستان خوبی شدند و تصویری از جیمز در نقاشی دالی به‌نام «قوها انعکاس فیل‌ها» نیز نشان داده شده‌است. آن‌ها همچنین در خلق تعدادی از بادوام‌ترین نمادهای جنبش فراواقع‌گرایی مانند «تلفن خرچنگی» و «مبل لب‌های مائی وست» همکاری کردند. در طول این دوران، دالی هیچ‌گاه دست از نوشتن برنمی‌داشت. در ۱۹۴۱، وی برای هنرپیشه سرشناس فرانسوی «ژان گابین» فیلمنامه‌ای با نام «جزر و مد مهتاب» نوشت. وی همچنین کاتالوگ‌هایی برای نمایشگاه‌هایش نوشت که از آن جمله می‌توان به «نگارخانه نودلر» در نیویورک به سال ۱۹۴۳ میلادی اشاره‌کرد، جایی که وی به تفصیل شرح داد: سوررئالیسم حداقل کمک خواهد کرد در اثبات تجربی مجموع نازایی و تلاش‌ها در اتوماسیون که به بیراهه رفته‌است و منتج به نظام حکومت خودکامه می‌شود ... امروزه تنبلی و کمبود تکنیک به سقف تشنج خود در مفهوم روانشناسی آن در استفاده متداول از کالج رسیده‌است. وی همچنین رمانی در مورد سالن مد برای اتومبیل‌ها نوشت که در سال ۱۹۴۴ منتشر شد. «ادوین کاکس» کاریکاتوری از وی در حالی که اتومبیلی را به عنوان لباس شب پوشیده‌است، کشید که در روزنامه «هرالد میامی» چاپ شد. در سال ۱۹۴۰ میلادی و با گسترش آتش جنگ جهانی دوم در اروپا، دالی و گالا به آمریکا رفته و به مدت ۸ سال در آنجا زندگی کردند. پس از این جابجایی، دالی مجددا به ممارست در کاتولیسیزم پرداخت. در ۱۹۴۲، وی زندگی‌نامه‌ای به قلم خود با نام «زندگی اسرارآمیز سالوادور دالی» منتشر کرد. در سال ۱۹۴۷، راهبی ایتالیایی به نام «گابریل ماریا براردی» مدعی شد که در خلال اقامت دالی در فرانسه در آن سال، نقش «جن‌گیر» را برای وی ایفا کرده‌است. راهب برای اثبات ادعای خود، مجسمه‌ای از مسیح بر روی صلیب داشت که دالی برای برای تشکر از جن‌گیرش به وی داده‌بود. این مجسمه در سال ۲۰۰۵ میلادی پیدا شد و متخصصین اسپانیایی در سوررئالیسم تاکید کردند که شواهد و قرائن کافی در سبک‌شناسی برای اثبات این که این مجسمه توسط دالی ساخته شده‌است، وجود دارد. سال‌های پایانی در کاتالونیا دالی در سال ۱۹۴۹ تصمیم گرفت تا بقیه عمر خود را در کاتالونیای محبوبش زندگی کند. این تصمیم او در انتخاب اسپانیا به عنوان محل زندگی در زمانی که تحت سلطه فرانکو دیکتاتور اسپانیا بود، نکوهش‌های گسترده‌ای در میان منتقدین هنری ایجاد کرد. این انتقادات به حدی بود که موجب کنار گذاشتن بعضی از آثار دالی از نمایشگاه‌های معتبر احتمالا نه به دلیل ارزیابی ارزش هنری آن‌ها بلکه مسائل سیاسی شد. در ۱۹۵۹، آندره برتون نمایشگاهی با نام «بیعت با سوررئالیسم» به مناسبت تجلیل از چهلمین سالگرد سوررئالیسم تدارک دید که در آن آثاری از سالوادور دالی، خوان میرو، انریکی تابارا و یوگنیو گرانل به نمایش گذاشته شده‌بود. یک سال بعد، برتون به شدت به انتقاد از ورود تابلوی «مریم مقدس سیستین» دالی به نمایشگاه بین‌المللی فراواقع‌گرایی در نیویورک پرداخت. مصلوب کردن (تنه تسرکت) - ۱۹۵۴ میلادی دالی در سال‌های پایانی زندگی حرفه‌ایش، خود را محدود به نقاشی نکرد و بسیاری از کارها و اعمال رسانه‌ایی جدید و غیرمنتظره را تجربه کرد. او آثاری در بولتیسم به‌وجود آورد و در زمره پیشگامان استفاده از تمام‌نگاری به شیوه‌ای هنری بود. او در تعدادی از کارهایش از خطای دید نیز استفاده کرد. در سال‌های پایانی عمر دالی، هنرمندان جوانی نظیر اندی وارهول به تقدیر از تاثیر آثار وی بر پاپ آرت پرداختند. دالی همچنین علاقه زیادی به علوم طبیعی و ریاضیات داشت. این علاقه در تعدادی از کارهای دالی به وضوح قابل مشاهده‌است، به‌ویژه آثاری که در دهه ۱۹۵۰ میلادی با کاربرد شاخ کرگدن در آن‌ها کشیده شده‌اند که اشاره به هندسه ایزدی در خلقت (شاخ کرگدن بر طبق مارپیچی لگاریتمی رشد می‌کند) و نجابت (دالی کرگدن را به مریم باکره مرتبط کرده‌بود) داشت. دالی علاوه‌براین به‌شدت مجذوب دی‌ان‌ای و تسرکت (همتای چهاربعدی یک مکعب) بود. به عنوان نمونه یک تسرکت تانشده در نگاره «مصلوب کردن» ثبت شده‌است. دوره پس از جنگ جهانی دوم برای دالی همراه با نشان‌هایی از استعداد سرشار هنری و علاقه وی به مباحثی در خطای دید، علم و مذهب بود. او این دوران را با الهام از واقعه هیروشیما و آموزه‌های کاتولیک، «عرفان هسته‌ای» نامید. در نگاره‌هایی مانند «مریم مقدس پورت لیگات» (نسخه اول) به سال ۱۹۴۹ و «مصلوب کردن» به سال ۱۹۵۴، دالی سعی در ترکیب پیکرنگاری مسیحی با تصاویری از تجزیه مادی با الهام از فیزیک هسته‌ای داشت. «عرفان هسته‌ای» در آثاری مانند «گاره دی پرپینان» به سال ۱۹۶۵ و «گاوباز توهم‌زا» که در خلال سال‌های ۱۹۶۸-۱۹۷۰ میلادی خلق شد، کار شده‌است. در سال ۱۹۶۰، دالی شروع به کار بر روی «موزه و تئاتر دالی» در شهر زادگاهش فیگوئرس کرد؛ این بزرگترین پروژه مستقل دالی بود که تمرکز اصلی وی را تا سال ۱۹۷۴ به خود جلب کرد. او همچنان تا میانه‌های دهه ۱۹۸۰ بر افزونه‌هایی برای این مجموعه کرد. در ۱۹۶۸، دالی تبلیغی تلویزیونی برای شکلات لانوین ساخت و در ۱۹۶۹ برای یک شرکت آب‌نبات‌سازی اسپانیایی، لوگو طراحی کرد. همچنین، در این سال دالی مسئول تبلیغات مسابقه آواز یوروویژن بود و مجسمه‌ای فلزی عظیمی ساخت که بر روی صحنه کنسرت در مادرید قرار داده‌شد. در برنامه‌ای تلویزیونی با نام «دالی کثیف: یک نظر شخصی» که در تاریخ ۳ ژوئن ۲۰۰۷ از شبکه ۴ تلویزیون انگلستان پخش شد، منتقد هنری بریان سول به شرح آشنایی‌اش با دالی در اواخر دهه ۱۹۶۰ میلادی پرداخت که شامل خوابیدن در حالت جنینی بدون شلوار در بغل مجسمه‌ای از مسیح و در حال خودارضایی برای دالی بود که خود را مشغول عکسبردای نشان می‌داد در حالی که با دست شلوار خود را لمس می‌کرد. در ۱۹۸۰ وضعیت سلامت دالی به وخامت گرائید. همسر سالخورده‌اش گالا به او شربتی خطرناک از داروهایی بدون نسخه می‌خوراند که به سیستم عصبی دالی آسیب رساند که نهایتا پایانی غیرمنتظره بر توانایی‌های هنریش بود. دالی که تا سن ۷۶ سالگی در سلامتی کامل بود، این اتفاق کاملا شکسته‌اش کرد و دست راستش مانند بیماری پارکینسون به رعشه دچار شد. موزه و تئاتر دالی در فیگوئرس در سال ۱۹۸۲، خوان کارلوس اول پادشاه اسپانیا به دالی لقب مارکز شهر پبول در خرونا را اعطا کرد، پس از آن که پادشاه وی را در بستر بیماری ملاقات کرد و دالی به وی تابلوی «سر اروپا» (که آخرین تابلو در دوران حیاتش بود) را بخشید. گالا در ۱۰ ژوئن ۱۹۸۲ میلادی از دنیا رفت. پس از مرگ وی، دالی انگیزهٔ خود برای ادامه حیات را از دست داد. او از فیگوئرس به پبول و قصری که در آنجا برای گالا خریده‌بود، نقل‌مکان کرد تا در جایی که گالا از دنیا رفته‌بود، سال‌های باقیمانده از عمرش را سپری کند. در ۱۹۸۴ قسمتی از قصر و اتاق‌خواب دالی به علتی نامشخص (تلاش برای خودکشی توسط دالی یا غفلت خدمه) آتش گرفت. دالی از این حادثه جان سالم به در برد و به فیگوئرس بازگشت، جایی که گروهی از دوستان، حامیان و هنرمندان تصمیم گرفتند تا وی در موزه و تئاتر خود سال‌های پایانی زندگیش را بگذراند. سرداب موزه و تئاتر دالی ادعاهایی در مورد مجبور کردن دالی توسط پرستارانش به امضا کردن بوم‌های سفید وجود دارد. این بوم‌ها درآینده (حتی پس از مرگ نقاش) مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و به عنوان آثار اصلی به فروش رفت. در نتیجه، دلالان آثار هنری در رابطه با آثار سال‌های پایانی زندگی دالی بسیار محتاط عمل می‌کنند. در نوامبر ۱۹۸۸، دالی به علته عارضه قلبی در بیمارستان بستری شد و در تاریخ ۵ دسامبر ۱۹۸۸ «خوان کارلوس اول» پادشاه اسپانیا که خود را همیشه از مریدان سرسخت دالی برمی‌شمرد، از وی عیادت کرد. در ۲۳ ژانویه سال ۱۹۸۹، هنگامی که قطعهٔ محبوبش از اپرای «تریستن و ایزولده» اجرا می‌شد، سالوادور دالی به علت عارضه قلبی در سن ۸۴ سالگی در فیگوئرس از دنیا رفت. وی در سرداب موزه و تئاتر خود به خاک سپرده‌شد. مراسم تدفین وی در کلیسای سنت پره جایی که وی در آن غسل تعمید داده و در نزدیکی خانه‌ای که در آنجا متولد شده‌بود، برگزار شد. پانویس منابع مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا، «Salvador Dalí»، ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، دانشنامهٔ آزاد (بازیابی در ۲۱ ژوئن ۲۰۰۸). Carré d'Art (Salvador Dali), Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme, ژان-پیر تیوله 2008. ISBN 2-35035-189-6 در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ سالوادور دالی موجود است.

This is a Catalan name. The first family name is Dalí and the second is Domènech. Salvador Dalí Salvador Dalí photographed by Carl Van Vechten on November 29, 1939 Birth name Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech Born (1904-05-11)May 11, 1904 Figueres, Spain Died January 23, 1989(1989-01-23) (aged 84) Figueres, Catalonia, Spain Spouse Gala Dalí (Elena Ivanovna Diakonova) Nationality Spanish Field Painting, Drawing, Photography, Sculpture, Writing, Film Training San Fernando School of Fine Arts, Madrid Movement Cubism, Dada, Surrealism Works The Persistence of Memory (1931) Face of Mae West Which May Be Used as an Apartment, (1935) Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) (1936) Swans Reflecting Elephants (1937) Ballerina in a Death's Head (1939) Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (1944) The Temptation of St. Anthony (1946) Galatea of the Spheres (1952) Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) (1954) Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marqués de Dalí de Pubol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989), known as Salvador Dalí (Catalan pronunciation: [səɫβəˈðo ðəˈɫi]), was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres, in the Catalonia region of Spain. Dalí was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters. His best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in 1931. Dalí's expansive artistic repertoire included film, sculpture, and photography, in collaboration with a range of artists in a variety of media. Dalí attributed his "love of everything that is gilded and excessive, my passion for luxury and my love of oriental clothes" to an "Arab lineage", claiming that his ancestors were descended from the Moors. Dalí was highly imaginative, and also enjoyed indulging in unusual and grandiose behavior. His eccentric manner and attention-grabbing public actions sometimes drew more attention than his artwork, to the dismay of those who held his work in high esteem, and to the irritation of his critics. Biography Early life The Dalí family in 1910: from the upper left, aunt Maria Teresa, mother, father, Salvador Dalí, aunt Catherine (later became second wife of father), sister Ana Maria and grandmother Ana. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech was born on May 11, 1904, at 8:45 am GMT in the town of Figueres, in the Empordà region, close to the French border in Catalonia, Spain. Dalí's older brother, also named Salvador (born October 12, 1901), had died of gastroenteritis nine months earlier, on August 1, 1903. His father, Salvador Dalí i Cusí, was a middle-class lawyer and notary whose strict disciplinary approach was tempered by his wife, Felipa Domenech Ferrés, who encouraged her son's artistic endeavors. When he was five, Dalí was taken to his brother's grave and told by his parents that he was his brother's reincarnation, a concept which he came to believe. Of his brother, Dalí said, "...[we] resembled each other like two drops of water, but we had different reflections." He "was probably a first version of myself but conceived too much in the absolute." Images of his long-dead brother would reappear embedded in his later works, including Portrait of My Dead Brother (1963). Dalí also had a sister, Ana María, who was three years younger. In 1949, she published a book about her brother, Dalí As Seen By His Sister. His childhood friends included future FC Barcelona footballers Sagibarba and Josep Samitier. During holidays at the Catalan resort of Cadaqués, the trio played football together. Dalí attended drawing school. In 1916, Dalí also discovered modern painting on a summer vacation trip to Cadaqués with the family of Ramon Pichot, a local artist who made regular trips to Paris. The next year, Dalí's father organized an exhibition of his charcoal drawings in their family home. He had his first public exhibition at the Municipal Theater in Figueres in 1919. In February 1921, Dalí's mother died of breast cancer. Dalí was 16 years old; he later said his mother's death "was the greatest blow I had experienced in my life. I worshipped her... I could not resign myself to the loss of a being on whom I counted to make invisible the unavoidable blemishes of my soul." After her death, Dalí's father married his deceased wife's sister. Dalí did not resent this marriage, because he had a great love and respect for his aunt. Madrid and Paris Wild-eyed antics of Dalí (left) and fellow surrealist artist Man Ray in Paris on June 16, 1934. In 1922, Dalí moved into the Residencia de Estudiantes (Students' Residence) in Madrid and studied at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. A lean 1.72 m (5 ft. 7¾ in.) tall, Dalí already drew attention as an eccentric and dandy. He had long hair and sideburns, coat, stockings, and knee-breeches in the style of English aesthetes of the late 19th century. At the Residencia, he became close friends with (among others) Pepín Bello, Luis Buñuel, and Federico García Lorca. The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion, but Dalí rejected the poet's sexual advances. However it was his paintings, in which he experimented with Cubism, that earned him the most attention from his fellow students. At the time of these early works, Dalí probably did not completely understand the Cubist movement. His only information on Cubist art came from magazine articles and a catalog given to him by Pichot, since there were no Cubist artists in Madrid at the time. In 1924, the still-unknown Salvador Dalí illustrated a book for the first time. It was a publication of the Catalan poem Les bruixes de Llers ("The Witches of Llers") by his friend and schoolmate, poet Carles Fages de Climent. Dalí also experimented with Dada, which influenced his work throughout his life. Dalí was expelled from the Academia in 1926, shortly before his final exams when he was accused of starting an unrest. His mastery of painting skills was evidenced by his realistic The Basket of Bread, painted in 1926. That same year, he made his first visit to Paris, where he met Pablo Picasso, whom the young Dalí revered. Picasso had already heard favorable reports about Dalí from Joan Miró. As he developed his own style over the next few years, Dalí made a number of works heavily influenced by Picasso and Miró. Some trends in Dalí's work that would continue throughout his life were already evident in the 1920s. Dalí devoured influences from many styles of art, ranging from the most academically classic, to the most cutting-edge avant garde. His classical influences included Raphael, Bronzino, Francisco de Zurbarán, Vermeer, and Velázquez. He used both classical and modernist techniques, sometimes in separate works, and sometimes combined. Exhibitions of his works in Barcelona attracted much attention along with mixtures of praise and puzzled debate from critics. Dalí grew a flamboyant moustache, influenced by 17th-century Spanish master painter Diego Velázquez. The moustache became an iconic trademark of his appearance for the rest of his life. 1929 to World War II In 1929, Dalí collaborated with surrealist film director Luis Buñuel on the short film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). His main contribution was to help Buñuel write the script for the film. Dalí later claimed to have also played a significant role in the filming of the project, but this is not substantiated by contemporary accounts. Also, in August 1929, Dalí met his lifelong and primary muse, inspiration, and future wife Gala, born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova. She was a Russian immigrant ten years his senior, who at that time was married to surrealist poet Paul Éluard. In the same year, Dalí had important professional exhibitions and officially joined the Surrealist group in the Montparnasse quarter of Paris. His work had already been heavily influenced by surrealism for two years. The Surrealists hailed what Dalí called his paranoiac-critical method of accessing the subconscious for greater artistic creativity. Meanwhile, Dalí's relationship with his father was close to rupture. Don Salvador Dalí y Cusi strongly disapproved of his son's romance with Gala, and saw his connection to the Surrealists as a bad influence on his morals. The final straw was when Don Salvador read in a Barcelona newspaper that his son had recently exhibited in Paris a drawing of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ, with a provocative inscription: "Sometimes, I spit for fun on my mother's portrait". Outraged, Don Salvador demanded that his son recant publicly. Dalí refused, perhaps out of fear of expulsion from the Surrealist group, and was violently thrown out of his paternal home on December 28, 1929. His father told him that he would be disinherited, and that he should never set foot in Cadaqués again. The following summer, Dalí and Gala rented a small fisherman's cabin in a nearby bay at Port Lligat. He bought the place, and over the years enlarged it, gradually building his much beloved villa by the sea. Dalí's father would eventually relent and come to accept his son's companion. The Persistence of Memory In 1931, Dalí painted one of his most famous works, The Persistence of Memory, which introduced a surrealistic image of soft, melting pocket watches. The general interpretation of the work is that the soft watches are a rejection of the assumption that time is rigid or deterministic. This idea is supported by other images in the work, such as the wide expanding landscape, and other limp watches shown being devoured by ants. Dalí and Gala, having lived together since 1929, were married in 1934 in a semi-secret civil ceremony. They later remarried in a Catholic ceremony in 1958. In addition to inspiring many artworks throughout her life, Gala would act as Dalí's business manager, supporting their extravagant lifestyle while adeptly steering clear of insolvency. Gala seemed to tolerate Dalí's dalliances with younger muses, secure in her own position as his primary relationship. Dali continued to paint her as they both aged, producing sympathetic and adoring images of his muse. The "tense, complex and ambiguous relationship" lasting over 50 years would later become the subject of an opera Jo, Dalí (I, Dalí) by Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel. Dalí was introduced to America by art dealer Julien Levy in 1934. The exhibition in New York of Dalí's works, including Persistence of Memory, created an immediate sensation. Social Register listees feted him at a specially organized "Dalí Ball". He showed up wearing a glass case on his chest, which contained a brassiere. In that year, Dalí and Gala also attended a masquerade party in New York, hosted for them by heiress Caresse Crosby. For their costumes, they dressed as the Lindbergh baby and his kidnapper. The resulting uproar in the press was so great that Dalí apologized. When he returned to Paris, the Surrealists confronted him about his apology for a surrealist act. While the majority of the Surrealist artists had become increasingly associated with leftist politics, Dalí maintained an ambiguous position on the subject of the proper relationship between politics and art. Leading surrealist André Breton accused Dalí of defending the "new" and "irrational" in "the Hitler phenomenon", but Dalí quickly rejected this claim, saying, "I am Hitlerian neither in fact nor intention". Dalí insisted that surrealism could exist in an apolitical context and refused to explicitly denounce fascism.[citation needed] Among other factors, this had landed him in trouble with his colleagues. Later in 1934, Dalí was subjected to a "trial", in which he was formally expelled from the Surrealist group. To this, Dalí retorted, "I myself am surrealism". In 1936, Dalí took part in the London International Surrealist Exhibition. His lecture, titled Fantômes paranoiaques authentiques, was delivered while wearing a deep-sea diving suit and helmet. He had arrived carrying a billiard cue and leading a pair of Russian wolfhounds, and had to have the helmet unscrewed as he gasped for breath. He commented that "I just wanted to show that I was 'plunging deeply' into the human mind." Also in 1936, at the premiere screening of Joseph Cornell's film Rose Hobart at Julien Levy's gallery in New York City, Dalí became famous for another incident. Levy's program of short surrealist films was timed to take place at the same time as the first surrealism exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, featuring Dalí's work. Dalí was in the audience at the screening, but halfway through the film, he knocked over the projector in a rage. "My idea for a film is exactly that, and I was going to propose it to someone who would pay to have it made," he said. "I never wrote it down or told anyone, but it is as if he had stolen it". Other versions of Dalí's accusation tend to the more poetic: "He stole it from my subconscious!" or even "He stole my dreams!" In this period, Dalí's main patron in London was the very wealthy Edward James. He had helped Dalí emerge into the art world by purchasing many works and by supporting him financially for two years. They also collaborated on two of the most enduring icons of the Surrealist movement: the Lobster Telephone and the Mae West Lips Sofa.[citation needed] Meanwhile, Spain was going through a civil war (1936-1939), with many artists taking a side or going into exile. In 1938, Dalí met Sigmund Freud thanks to Stefan Zweig. Later, in September 1938, Salvador Dalí was invited by Gabrielle Coco Chanel to her house "La Pausa" in Roquebrune on the French Riviera. There he painted numerous paintings he later exhibited at Julien Levy Gallery in New York. At the end of the 20th century, "La Pausa" was partially replicated at the Dallas Museum of Art to welcome the Reeves collection and part of Chanel's original furniture for the house. Also in 1938, Dali unveiled Rainy Taxi, a three-dimensional artwork, consisting of an actual automobile with two mannequin occupants. The piece was first displayed at the Galerie Beaux-Arts in Paris at the Exposition Internationale du Surréalisme, organised by André Breton and Paul Eluard. The Exposition was designed by artist Marcel Duchamp, who also served as host. At the 1939 New York World's Fair, Dalí debuted his Dream of Venus surrealist pavilion, located in the Amusements Area of the exposition. It featured bizarre sculptures, statues, and live nude models in "costumes" made of fresh seafood, an event photographed by Horst P. Horst and George Platt Lynes. Like most attractions in the Amusements Area, an admission fee was charged. In 1939, André Breton coined the derogatory nickname "Avida Dollars", an anagram for "Salvador Dalí", which may be more or less translated as "eager for dollars". This was a derisive reference to the increasing commercialization of Dalí's work, and the perception that Dalí sought self-aggrandizement through fame and fortune. Some surrealists henceforth spoke of Dalí in the past tense, as if he were dead.[citation needed] The Surrealist movement and various members thereof (such as Ted Joans) would continue to issue extremely harsh polemics against Dalí until the time of his death, and beyond. World War II In 1940, as World War II tore through Europe, Dalí and Gala retreated to the United States, where they lived for eight years. They were able to escape because on June 20, 1940, they were issued visas by Aristides de Sousa Mendes, Portuguese consul in Bordeaux, France. Salvador and Gala Dalí crossed into Portugal and subsequently sailed on the Excambion from Lisbon to New York in August 1940. Dali’s arrival in New York was one of the catalysts in the development of that city as a world art center in the post-War years. After the move, Dalí returned to the practice of Catholicism. "During this period, Dalí never stopped writing", wrote Robert and Nicolas Descharnes. In 1941, Dalí drafted a film scenario for Jean Gabin called Moontide. In 1942, he published his autobiography, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí. He wrote catalogs for his exhibitions, such as that at the Knoedler Gallery in New York in 1943. Therein he attacked some often-used surrealist techniques by proclaiming, "Surrealism will at least have served to give experimental proof that total sterility and attempts at automatizations have gone too far and have led to a totalitarian system. ... Today's laziness and the total lack of technique have reached their paroxysm in the psychological signification of the current use of the college" (collage). He also wrote a novel, published in 1944, about a fashion salon for automobiles. This resulted in a drawing by Edwin Cox in The Miami Herald, depicting Dalí dressing an automobile in an evening gown. Also, in The Secret Life Dalí suggested that he had split with Luis Buñuel because the latter was a Communist and an atheist. Buñuel was fired (or resigned) from his position at the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), supposedly after Cardinal Spellman of New York went to see Iris Barry, head of the film department at MOMA. Buñuel then went back to Hollywood where he worked in the dubbing department of Warner Brothers from 1942 to 1946. In his 1982 autobiography Mon Dernier soupir (My Last Sigh, 1983), Buñuel wrote that, over the years, he had rejected Dalí's attempts at reconciliation. An Italian friar, Gabriele Maria Berardi, claimed to have performed an exorcism on Dalí while he was in France in 1947. In 2005, a sculpture of Christ on the Cross was discovered in the friar's estate. It had been claimed that Dalí gave this work to his exorcist out of gratitude, and two Spanish art experts confirmed that there were adequate stylistic reasons to believe the sculpture was made by Dalí. Later years in Spain Dalí in 1972. From 1949 onwards, Dalí spent his remaining years back in Spain. His acceptance and embracing of Franco's dictatorship were strongly disapproved of by other Spanish artists and intellectuals who stayed in exile. In 1959, André Breton organized an exhibit called Homage to Surrealism, celebrating the fortieth anniversary of Surrealism, which contained works by Dalí, Joan Miró, Enrique Tábara, and Eugenio Granell. Breton vehemently fought against the inclusion of Dalí's Sistine Madonna in the International Surrealism Exhibition in New York the following year. Late in his career, Dalí did not confine himself to painting, but experimented with many unusual or novel media and processes: he made bulletist works. Many of his works incorporated optical illusions, negative space, visual puns, and trompe l'oeil visual effects. He also experimented with pointillism, enlarged half-tone dot grids (which Roy Lichtenstein would later use), and stereoscopic images. He was among the first artists to employ holography in an artistic manner. In his later years, young artists such as Andy Warhol proclaimed Dalí an important influence on pop art. Dalí also had a keen interest in natural science and mathematics. This is manifested in several of his paintings, notably from the 1950s, in which he painted his subjects as composed of rhinoceros horn shapes. According to Dalí, the rhinoceros horn signifies divine geometry because it grows in a logarithmic spiral. He also linked the rhinoceros to themes of chastity and to the Virgin Mary. Dalí was also fascinated by DNA and the tesseract (a 4-dimensional cube); an unfolding of a hypercube is featured in the painting Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus). At some point, Dalí had a glass floor installed in a room near his studio. He made extensive use of it to study foreshortening, both from above and from below, incorporating dramatic perspectives of figures and objects into his paintings. He also delighted in using the room for entertaining guests and visitors to his house and studio. Dalí's post–World War II period bore the hallmarks of technical virtuosity and an intensifying interest in optical effects, science, and religion. He became an increasingly devout Catholic, while at the same time he had been inspired by the shock of Hiroshima and the dawning of the "atomic age". Therefore Dalí labeled this period "Nuclear Mysticism." In paintings such as The Madonna of Port Lligat (first version) (1949) and Corpus Hypercubus (1954), Dalí sought to synthesize Christian iconography with images of material disintegration inspired by nuclear physics. His Nuclear Mysticism works included such notable pieces as La Gare de Perpignan (1965) and The Hallucinogenic Toreador (1968–70). In 1960, Dalí began work on his Teatro Museo (Dalí Theatre and Museum) in his home town of Figueres; it was his largest single project and the main focus of his energy through 1974. He continued to make additions through the mid-1980s.[citation needed] In 1968, Dalí filmed a humorous television advertisement for Lanvin chocolates. In this, he proclaims in French "Je suis fou du chocolat Lanvin!" ('I'm crazy about Lanvin chocolate') while biting a morsel causing him to become crosseyed and his moustache to swivel upwards. In 1969, he designed the Chupa Chups logo in addition to facilitating the design of the advertising campaign for the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest and creating a large on-stage metal sculpture that stood at the Teatro Real in Madrid. In the television programme Dirty Dalí: A Private View broadcast on Channel 4 on June 3, 2007, art critic Brian Sewell described his acquaintance with Dalí in the late 1960s, which included lying down in the fetal position without trousers in the armpit of a figure of Christ and masturbating for Dalí, who pretended to take photos while fumbling in his own trousers. Final years Sant Pere in Figueres, scene of Dalí's Baptism, First Communion, and funeral Dalí's crypt at the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres, stating his title In 1980, Dalí's health took a catastrophic turn. His near-senile wife, Gala Dalí, allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system, thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity. At 76 years old, Dalí was a wreck, and his right hand trembled terribly, with Parkinson-like symptoms. In 1982, King Juan Carlos bestowed on Dalí the title of Marqués de Dalí de Púbol (Marquis of Dalí de Púbol) in the nobility of Spain, hereby referring to Púbol, the place where he lived. The title was in first instance hereditary, but on request of Dalí changed for life only in 1983. To show his gratitude for this, Dalí later gave the king a drawing (Head of Europa, which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing) after the king visited him on his deathbed. Gala died on June 10, 1982, at the age of 87. After Gala's death, Dalí lost much of his will to live. He deliberately dehydrated himself, possibly as a suicide attempt, or perhaps in an attempt to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do. He moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, which he had bought for Gala and was the site of her death.[citation needed] In 1984, a fire broke out in his bedroom under unclear circumstances. It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dalí, or possibly simple negligence by his staff. In any case, Dalí was rescued and returned to Figueres, where a group of his friends, patrons, and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater-Museum in his final years. There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later, even after his death, be used in forgeries and sold as originals. As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dalí.[citation needed] In November 1988, Dalí entered the hospital with heart failure; a pacemaker had already been implanted previously. On December 5, 1988, he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí. On January 23, 1989, while his favorite record of Tristan and Isolde played, he died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84. Coming full circle, he is buried in the crypt of his Teatro Museo in Figueres. The location is across the street from the church of Sant Pere, where he had his baptism, first communion, and funeral, and is three blocks from the house where he was born. The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation currently serves as his official estate. The US copyright representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the Artists Rights Society. In 2002, the Society made the news when they asked Google to remove a customized version of its logo put up to commemorate Dalí, alleging that portions of specific artworks under their protection had been used without permission. Google complied with the request, but denied that there was any copyright violation.[citation needed] Symbolism Dalí employed extensive symbolism in his work. For instance, the hallmark "melting watches" that first appear in The Persistence of Memory suggest Einstein's theory that time is relative and not fixed. The idea for clocks functioning symbolically in this way came to Dalí when he was staring at a runny piece of Camembert cheese on a hot August day. The elephant is also a recurring image in Dalí's works. It first appeared in his 1944 work Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening. The elephants, inspired by Gian Lorenzo Bernini's sculpture base in Rome of an elephant carrying an ancient obelisk, are portrayed "with long, multijointed, almost invisible legs of desire" along with obelisks on their backs. Coupled with the image of their brittle legs, these encumbrances, noted for their phallic overtones, create a sense of phantom reality. "The elephant is a distortion in space", one analysis explains, "its spindly legs contrasting the idea of weightlessness with structure." "I am painting pictures which make me die for joy, I am creating with an absolute naturalness, without the slightest aesthetic concern, I am making things that inspire me with a profound emotion and I am trying to paint them honestly." —Salvador Dalí, in Dawn Ades, Dalí and Surrealism. The egg is another common Dalíesque image. He connects the egg to the prenatal and intrauterine, thus using it to symbolize hope and love; it appears in The Great Masturbator and The Metamorphosis of Narcissus. The Metamorphosis of Narcissus also symbolized death and petrification. Various other animals appear throughout his work as well: ants point to death, decay, and immense sexual desire; the snail is connected to the human head (he saw a snail on a bicycle outside Freud's house when he first met Sigmund Freud); and locusts are a symbol of waste and fear. Science References to Dalí in the context of science are made in terms of his fascination with the paradigm shift that accompanied the birth of quantum mechanics in the twentieth century. Inspired by Werner Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, in 1958 he wrote in his "Anti-Matter Manifesto": "In the Surrealist period, I wanted to create the iconography of the interior world and the world of the marvelous, of my father Freud. Today, the exterior world and that of physics has transcended the one of psychology. My father today is Dr. Heisenberg." In this respect, The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory, which appeared in 1954, in hearkening back to The Persistence of Memory, and in portraying that painting in fragmentation and disintegration summarizes Dalí's acknowledgment of the new science. Endeavors outside painting Dalí was a versatile artist. Some of his more popular works are sculptures and other objects, and he is also noted for his contributions to theatre, fashion, and photography, among other areas. Sculptures and other objects Homage to Newton (1985). Signed and numbered cast no. 5/8. Bronze with dark patina. Size: 388 x 210 x 133cm. UOB Plaza, Singapore. Dalí's homage to Isaac Newton, with an open torso and suspended heart to indicate "open-heartedness," and an open head indicating "open-mindedness"—the two very qualities important for science discovery and successful human endeavors. Two of the most popular objects of the surrealist movement were Lobster Telephone and Mae West Lips Sofa, completed by Dalí in 1936 and 1937, respectively. Surrealist artist and patron Edward James commissioned both of these pieces from Dalí; James inherited a large English estate in West Dean, West Sussex when he was five and was one of the foremost supporters of the surrealists in the 1930s. "Lobsters and telephones had strong sexual connotations for [Dalí]", according to the display caption for the Lobster Telephone at the Tate Gallery, "and he drew a close analogy between food and sex." The telephone was functional, and James purchased four of them from Dalí to replace the phones in his retreat home. One now appears at the Tate Gallery; the second can be found at the German Telephone Museum in Frankfurt; the third belongs to the Edward James Foundation; and the fourth is at the National Gallery of Australia. The wood and satin Mae West Lips Sofa was shaped after the lips of actress Mae West, whom Dalí apparently found fascinating. West was previously the subject of Dalí's 1935 painting The Face of Mae West. Mae West Lips Sofa currently resides at the Brighton and Hove Museum in England. Between 1941 and 1970, Dalí created an ensemble of 39 jewels. The jewels are intricate, and some contain moving parts. The most famous jewel, "The Royal Heart", is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies, 42 diamonds, and four emeralds and is created in such a way that the center "beats" much like a real heart. Dalí himself commented that "Without an audience, without the presence of spectators, these jewels would not fulfill the function for which they came into being. The viewer, then, is the ultimate artist." The "Dalí – Joies" ("The Jewels of Dalí") collection can be seen at the Dalí Theater Museum in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, where it is on permanent exhibition. Dalí took a stab at industrial design in the 1970s with a 500-piece run of the upscale Suomi tableware by Timo Sarpaneva that Dalí decorated for the German Rosenthal porcelain maker's Studio Linie. Theatre and film In theatre, Dalí constructed the scenery for Federico García Lorca's 1927 romantic play Mariana Pineda. For Bacchanale (1939), a ballet based on and set to the music of Richard Wagner's 1845 opera Tannhäuser, Dalí provided both the set design and the libretto. Bacchanale was followed by set designs for Labyrinth in 1941 and The Three-Cornered Hat in 1949. Dalí became intensely interested in film when he was young, going to the theatre most Sundays. He was part of the era where silent films were being viewed and drawing on the medium of film became popular. He believed there were two dimensions to the theories of film and cinema: "things themselves", the facts that are presented in the world of the camera; and "photographic imagination", the way the camera shows the picture and how creative or imaginative it looks. Dalí was active in front of and behind the scenes in the film world. He is credited as co-creator of Luis Buñuel's surrealist film Un Chien Andalou, a 17-minute French art film co-written with Luis Buñuel that is widely remembered for its graphic opening scene simulating the slashing of a human eyeball with a razor. This film is what Dalí is known for in the independent film world. Un Chien Andalou was Dalí's way of creating his dreamlike qualities in the real world. Images would change and scenes would switch, leading the viewer in a completely different direction from the one they were previously viewing. The second film he produced with Buñuel was entitled L'Age d'Or, and it was performed at Studio 28 in Paris in 1930. L'Age d'Or was "banned for years after fascist and anti-Semitic groups staged a stink bomb and ink-throwing riot in the Paris theater where it was shown". Although negative aspects of society were being thrown into the life of Dalí which affected the commercial success of his artwork, it did not hold him back from expressing his own ideas and beliefs in his art. Both of these films, Un Chien Andalou and L'Age d'Or, have had a tremendous impact on the independent surrealist film movement. "If Un Chien Andalou stands as the supreme record of Surrealism's adventures into the realm of the unconscious, then L'Âge d'Or is perhaps the most trenchant and implacable expression of its revolutionary intent". Dalí worked with other famous filmmakers, such as Alfred Hitchcock. The most well-known of his film projects is probably the dream sequence in Hitchcock's Spellbound, which heavily delves into themes of psychoanalysis. Hitchcock needed a dreamlike quality to his film, which dealt with the idea that a repressed experience can directly trigger a neurosis, and he knew that Dalí's work would help create the atmosphere he wanted in his film. He also worked on a documentary called Chaos and Creation, which has a lot of artistic references thrown into it to help one see what Dalí's vision of art really is. Dalí also worked with Walt Disney on the short film production Destino. Completed in 2003 by Baker Bloodworth and Walt's nephew Roy E. Disney, it contains dreamlike images of strange figures flying and walking about. It is based on Mexican songwriter Armando Dominguez' song "Destino". When Disney hired Dalí to help produce the film in 1946, they were not prepared for the quantity of work that lay ahead. For eight months, they worked on it continuously, until their efforts had to stop when they realized they were in financial trouble. However, it was eventually finished 48 years later, and shown in various film festivals. The film consists of Dalí's artwork interacting with Disney's character animation. Dalí completed only one other film in his lifetime, Impressions of Upper Mongolia (1975), in which he narrated a story about an expedition in search of giant hallucinogenic mushrooms. The imagery was based on microscopic uric acid stains on the brass band of a ballpoint pen on which Dalí had been urinating for several weeks. Fashion and photography The Dali Atomicus, photo by Philippe Halsman (1948), shown before its supporting wires were removed from the image. Dalí built a repertoire in the fashion and photography businesses as well. His cooperation with Italian fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli was well-known, when Dalí was commissioned to produce a white dress with a lobster print. Other designs Dalí made for her include a shoe-shaped hat, and a pink belt with lips for a buckle. He was also involved in creating textile designs and perfume bottles. In 1950, Dalí created a special "costume for the year 2045" with Christian Dior. Photographers with whom he collaborated include Man Ray, Brassaï, Cecil Beaton, and Philippe Halsman. With Man Ray and Brassaï, Dalí photographed nature; with the others, he explored a range of obscure topics, including (with Halsman) the Dalí Atomica series (1948) — inspired by his painting Leda Atomica — which in one photograph depicts "a painter's easel, three cats, a bucket of water, and Dalí himself floating in the air." One of Dalí's most unorthodox artistic creations may have been an entire persona, in addition to his own. At a French nightclub in 1965, Dalí met Amanda Lear, a fashion model then known as Peki D'Oslo. Lear became his protégée and muse, later writing about their affair in her authorized biography My Life With Dalí (1986). Transfixed by the mannish, larger-than-life Lear, Dalí masterminded her successful transition from modeling to the music world, advising her on self-presentation and helping spin mysterious stories about her origin as she took the disco-art scene by storm. According to Lear, she and Dalí were united in a "spiritual marriage" on a deserted mountaintop. She was referred to as Dalí's "Frankenstein," and some observers believed Lear's assumed name was a pun on the French phrase "L'Amant Dalí", or "Lover of Dalí". Lear took the place of an earlier muse, Ultra Violet (Isabelle Collin Dufresne), who had left Dalí's side to join The Factory of Andy Warhol. Both former apprentices would go on to successfully promote their own careers in the arts. On April 10, 2005, they joined a panel discussion "Reminiscences of Dalí: A Conversation with Friends of the Artist" as part of a symposium "The Dalí Renaissance" for a major retrospective Dalí show at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Their conversation is recorded in the 236-page exhibition catalog The Dalí Renaissance: New Perspectives on His Life and Art after 1940. Architecture Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres, also where Dalí is buried Architectural achievements include his Port Lligat house near Cadaqués, as well as his Teatro Museo in Figueres. A major work outside of Spain was the temporary Dream of Venus surrealist pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, which contained within it a number of unusual sculptures and statues, including live performers posing as statues. Literary works Under the encouragement of poet Federico García Lorca, Dalí attempted an approach to a literary career through the means of the "pure novel". In his literary production Hidden Faces (1944), Dalí describes, in vividly visual terms, the intrigues and love affairs of a group of dazzling, eccentric aristocrats who, with their luxurious and extravagant lifestyle, symbolize the decadence of the 1930s. The Comte de Grainsalles and Solange de Cléda pursue an awkward love affair, but property transactions, interwar political turmoil, the French Resistance, his marriage to another woman and her responsibilities as a landowner and businesswoman drive them apart. It is variously set in Paris, rural France, Casablanca in North Africa and Palm Springs in the United States. Secondary characters include ageing widow Barbara Rogers, her bisexual daughter Veronica, Veronica's sometime female lover Betka, and Baba, a disfigured US fighter pilot. The novel concludes at the end of the Second World War, with Solange dying before Grainsalles can return to his former property and reunite with her His other, nonfictional literary works include The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí (1942), Diary of a Genius (1952–63), and Oui: The Paranoid-Critical Revolution (1927–33). Graphic arts The artist worked extensively in the graphic arts, producing many etchings and lithographs. While his early work in printmaking is equal in quality to his important paintings, as he grew older he would sell the rights to images but not be involved in the print production itself. In addition, a large number of fakes were produced in the 1980s and 1990s, thus further confusing the Dalí print market. Publicity After his arrival in the United States, Dali engaged in heavy self-promotion.[citation needed] While many of his stunts were seen as antics by art critics, they were later interpreted as performances. His status as an extravagant artist was put to use in several publicity campaigns for Lanvin chocolates, "If you got it, flaunt it!" for Braniff International Airlines (1968), and Iberia Airlines. Politics and personality Dalí in the 1960s sporting the flamboyant moustache style he popularized. Photographed holding his pet ocelot. Salvador Dalí's politics played a significant role in his emergence as an artist. In his youth, he embraced both anarchism and Communism, though his writings tell anecdotes of making radical political statements more to shock listeners than from any deep conviction. This was in keeping with Dalí's allegiance to the Dada movement. As he grew older his political allegiances changed, especially as the Surrealist movement went through transformations under the leadership of the Trotskyist writer André Breton, who is said to have called Dalí in for questioning on his politics. In his 1970 book Dalí by Dalí, Dalí declared himself to be both an anarchist and monarchist. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Dalí fled from the fighting and refused to align himself with any group. He did the same during World War II (1939–1945), for which he was heavily criticized; George Orwell accused him of "scuttling off like a rat as soon as France is in danger" after Dalí had prospered in France during the pre-war years. "When the European War approaches he has one preoccupation only: how to find a place which has good cookery and from which he can make a quick bolt if danger comes too near", Orwell observed. In a notable 1944 review of Dalí's autobiography, Orwell wrote, "One ought to be able to hold in one's head simultaneously the two facts that Dalí is a good draughtsman and a disgusting human being". After his return to Catalonia post World War II, Dalí moved closer to the authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco. Some of Dalí's statements were supportive, congratulating Franco for his actions aimed "at clearing Spain of destructive forces". Dalí, having returned to the Catholic faith and becoming increasingly religious as time went on, may have been referring to the Republican atrocities during the Spanish Civil War. Dalí sent telegrams to Franco, praising him for signing death warrants for prisoners. He even met Franco personally, and painted a portrait of Franco's granddaughter. He also once sent a telegram praising the Conducător, Romanian Communist leader Nicolae Ceauşescu, for his adoption of a scepter as part of his regalia. The Romanian daily newspaper Scînteia published it, without suspecting its mocking aspect. One of Dalí's few possible bits of open disobedience was his continued praise of Federico García Lorca even in the years when Lorca's works were banned. Dalí, a colorful and imposing presence with his ever–present long cape, walking stick, haughty expression, and upturned waxed moustache, was famous for having said that "every morning upon awakening, I experience a supreme pleasure: that of being Salvador Dalí". The entertainer Cher and her husband Sonny Bono, when young, came to a party at Dalí's expensive residence in New York's Plaza Hotel and were startled when Cher sat down on an oddly shaped sexual vibrator left in an easy chair.[citation needed] In the 1960s, he gave the actress Mia Farrow a dead mouse in a bottle, hand-painted, which her mother, actress Maureen O'Sullivan, demanded be removed from her house. In his later years, while still remaining a Roman Catholic, Dalí also claimed to be an agnostic as well. When signing autographs for fans, Dalí would always keep their pens.[citation needed] Salvador Dalí frequently traveled with his pet ocelot Babou, even bringing it aboard the luxury ocean liner SS France. He was also known to avoid paying tabs at restaurants by drawing on the checks he wrote. His theory was the restaurant would never want to cash such a valuable piece of art, and he was usually correct. Besides visual puns, Dalí shared in the surrealist delight in verbal puns, obscure allusions, and word games. He often spoke in a bizarre combination of French, Spanish, Catalan, and English which was sometimes amusing as well as arcane. His copious writings freely mixed words from different languages with terms entirely of his own devising.[citation needed] When interviewed by Mike Wallace on his 60 Minutes television show, Dalí kept referring to himself in the third person, and told the startled Wallace matter-of-factly that he did not believe in his death. During another television appearance, on The Tonight Show, Dalí carried with him a leather rhinoceros and refused to sit upon anything else.[citation needed] In a late 1950s appearance on the panel show What's My Line?, he was a mystery guest, and signed the chalkboard with thick white paint. Legacy Salvador Dalí has been cited as major inspiration from many modern artists, such as Damien Hirst, Noel Fielding, Jeff Koons and most other modern surrealists. Salvador Dalí's manic expression and famous moustache have made him something of a cultural icon for the bizarre and surreal. He has been portrayed on film by Robert Pattinson in Little Ashes, and Adrien Brody in Midnight in Paris. He was also parodied in a series of painting skits on Captain Kangaroo as "Salvador Silly" (played by Cosmo Allegretti) and in a Sesame Street muppet skit as "Salvador Dada" (an orange gold AM performed by Jim Henson). Listing of selected works Main article: List of works by Salvador Dalí Dalí produced over 1,500 paintings in his career in addition to producing illustrations for books, lithographs, designs for theatre sets and costumes, a great number of drawings, dozens of sculptures, and various other projects, including an animated short film for Disney. He also collaborated with director Jack Bond in 1965, creating a movie titled Dalí in New York. Below is a chronological sample of important and representative work, as well as some notes on what Dalí did in particular years. In Carlos Lozano's biography, Sex, Surrealism, Dalí, and Me, produced with the collaboration of Clifford Thurlow, Lozano makes it clear that Dalí never stopped being a surrealist. As Dalí said of himself: "the only difference between me and the surrealists is that I am a surrealist." 1910 Landscape Near Figueras 1913 Vilabertin 1916 Fiesta in Figueras (begun 1914) 1917 View of Cadaqués with Shadow of Mount Pani 1918 Crepuscular Old Man (begun 1917) 1919 Port of Cadaqués (Night) (begun 1918) and Self-portrait in the Studio 1920 The Artist's Father at Llane Beach and View of Portdogué (Port Aluger) 1921 The Garden of Llaner (Cadaqués) (begun 1920) and Self-portrait 1922 Cabaret Scene and Night Walking Dreams 1923 Self Portrait with L'Humanite and Cubist Self Portrait with La Publicitat 1924 Still Life (Syphon and Bottle of Rum) (for García Lorca) and Portrait of Luis Buñuel 1925 Large Harlequin and Small Bottle of Rum and a series of fine portraits of his sister Anna Maria, most notably Figure at a Window 1926 The Basket of Bread and Girl from Figueres 1927 Composition with Three Figures (Neo-Cubist Academy) and Honey is Sweeter than Blood (his first important surrealist work) 1929 Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog) film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel, The Lugubrious Game, The Great Masturbator, The First Days of Spring, and The Profanation of the Host 1930 L'Age d'Or (The Golden Age) film in collaboration with Luis Buñuel 1931 The Persistence of Memory (his most famous work, featuring the "melting clocks"), The Old Age of William Tell, and William Tell and Gradiva 1932 The Spectre of Sex Appeal, The Birth of Liquid Desires, Anthropomorphic Bread, and Fried Eggs on the Plate without the Plate. The Invisible Man (begun 1929) completed (although not to Dalí's own satisfaction) 1933 Retrospective Bust of a Woman (mixed media sculpture collage) and Portrait of Gala With Two Lamb Chops Balanced on Her Shoulder, Gala in the Window 1934 The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table and A Sense of Speed 1935 Archaeological Reminiscence of Millet's Angelus and The Face of Mae West 1936 Autumn Cannibalism, Lobster Telephone, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War) and two works titled Morphological Echo (the first of which began in 1934) 1937 Metamorphosis of Narcissus, Swans Reflecting Elephants, The Burning Giraffe, Sleep, The Enigma of Hitler, Mae West Lips Sofa and Cannibalism in Autumn 1938 The Sublime Moment and Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach 1939 Shirley Temple, The Youngest, Most Sacred Monster of the Cinema in Her Time 1940 Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire, The Face of War 1941 Honey is Sweeter than Blood 1943 The Poetry of America and Geopoliticus Child Watching the Birth of the New Man 1944 Galarina and Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening 1944–48 Hidden Faces, a novel 1945, Basket of Bread—Rather Death than Shame and Fountain of Milk Flowing Uselessly on Three Shoes; also this year, Dalí collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock on a dream sequence to the film Spellbound, to mutual dissatisfaction 1946 The Temptation of St. Anthony by Salvador Dali 1948 Les Elephants 1949 Leda Atomica and The Madonna of Port Lligat. Dalí returned to Catalonia this year 1951 Christ of Saint John of the Cross and Exploding Raphaelesque Head 1951 Katharine Cornell, a portrait of the famed actress 1952 Galatea of the Spheres 1954 The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory (begun in 1952), Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) and Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity 1955 The Sacrament of the Last Supper, Lonesome Echo, record album cover for Jackie Gleason 1956 Still Life Moving Fast, Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas 1957 Santiago el Grande oil on canvas on permanent display at Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton, NB, Canada 1958 The Meditative Rose 1959 The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus 1960 Composición Numérica (de fond préparatoire inachevé)] 1960 Dalí began work on the Teatro-Museo Gala Salvador Dalí and Portrait of Juan de Pareja, the Assistant to Velázquez 1963–1964 They Will All Come from Saba a work in water color depicting the Magi at St. Petersburg's Dali Museum 1965 Dalí donates a gouache, ink and pencil drawing of the Crucifixion to the Rikers Island jail in New York City. The drawing hung in the inmate dining room from 1965 to 1981 1965 Dalí in New York 1967 Tuna Fishing 1969 Chupa Chups logo 1969 Improvisation on a Sunday Afternoon, television collaboration with the British progressive rock group Nirvana[citation needed] 1970 The Hallucinogenic Toreador, acquired in 1969 by A. Reynolds Morse & Eleanor R. Morse before it was completed[citation needed] 1972 La Toile Daligram, Helena Devulina Diakanoff – dit., GALA 1973 "Le Diners De Gala", an ornately illustrated cook book 1976 Gala Contemplating the Mediterranean Sea 1977 Dalí's Hand Drawing Back the Golden Fleece in the Form of a Cloud to Show Gala Completely Nude, Very Far Away Behind the Sun (stereoscopical pair of paintings) 1983 Dalí completes his final painting, The Swallow's Tail Posthumous 2003 Destino, an animated short film originally a collaboration between Dalí and Walt Disney, is released. Production on Destino began in 1945 The largest collections of Dalí's work are at the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, followed by the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, which contains the collection of A. Reynolds Morse & Eleanor R. Morse. It holds over 1,500 works from Dalí. Other particularly significant collections include the Reina Sofia Museum in Madrid and the Salvador Dalí Gallery in Pacific Palisades, California. Espace Dalí in Montmartre, Paris, France, as well as the Dalí Universe in London, England, contain a large collection of his drawings and sculptures. The unlikeliest venue for Dalí's work was the Rikers Island jail in New York City; a sketch of the Crucifixion he donated to the jail hung in the inmate dining room for 16 years before it was moved to the prison lobby for safekeeping. Ironically, the drawing was stolen from that location in March 2003 and has not been recovered. Dalí museums and permanent exhibitions Dalí Theatre and Museum – in Figueres, Catalonia Salvador Dalí House-Museum - in Port Lligat, Catalonia Gala Dalí House-Museum - Púbol, Catalonia Salvador Dali Museum – in St Petersburg, Florida, USA Dalí Universe – in Venice, Italy Espace Dalí – in Paris, France Dalí, a permanent exhibition - in Berlin, Germany Major temporary exhibitions The Dalí Renaissance: New Perspectives on His Life and Art after 1940 (2005) Philadelphia Museum of Art Gallery Gala in the Window (1933) Marbella. The Rainbow (1972), M.T. Abraham Foundation Rinoceronte vestido con puntillas (1956) Puerto José Banús. Plaza de Dalí (Dalí Square), Madrid Perseo (Perseus) Marbella. Children at Dalí exhibition in Sakıp Sabancı Museum, Istanbul See also Little Ashes A list of Salvador Dali Images on the Web Notes References Linde Sabler. "Dalí". London: Haus Publishing, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 978-1-904341-75-8). Salvador Dali interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview April 19, 1958 External links Biographies and news Dalí's surreal wind-powered organ lacks only a rhinoceros UbuWeb: Salvador Dalí—Interview and bank advertisement. Salvador Dalí in the INA Archives – A collection of interviews and footage of Dalí in the French television [Sex, Surrealism, Dali and Me, biography of Carlos Lozano, Muse and lover of Salvador Dali, by Clifford Thurlow.] Other links Literary news about Salvador Dalí in Lletra, Catalan literature online at the Open University of Catalonia. The Image Library of prints by Salvador Dali Robert Whitaker, Photographer, took many great images of Dali Salvador Dalí at the Museum of Modern Art Article on Dalí's religious faith The Salvador Dalí photo library 60.000 photos Article on Dalí's opera poem Être Dieu: opéra-poème, audiovisuel et cathare en six parties (Being God: a Cathar Audiovisual Opera-Poem in Six Parts) Watch Un Chien Andalou at LikeTelevision Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation English language site St. Petersburg Dalí Museum Kurutz, Steven, "Hello, Dali: Surrealist Museum Becomes a Reality", The Wall Street Journal Speakeasy blog, January 11, 2011, 4:46 pm ET. Interview with St. Petersburg (FL) museum director Dr. Hank Hine about new building. "The shameful life of Salvador Dalí" (the witches of Llers)". Dalí and Fages: "that intelligent and most cordial of collaborations" "El Triomf I el Rodoli de la Gala I en Dali" "Not by Dali -- blog post by art appraiser and Dali expert Bernard Ewell" Exhibitions Espace Dalí—The unique permanent exhibition in France (Museum & Dalí Fine Art Galleries) Dalí & Film – Tate Modern, London Museum-Gallery Xpo: Salvador Dalí, Marquis de Púbol in Bruges Museum of Modern Art Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for Salvador Dalí. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California.