زمان گذشته ساده در زبان انگلیسی
زمان گذشته ساده در زبان انگلیسی برای بیان اتفاقاتی است که در زمان گذشته رخ داده است و کاملا" به پایان رسیده است. فعل انگلیسی اگر با قاعده باشد پس از اضافه شدن ed به انتهایش، تبدیل به حالت گذشته می شود و اگر بی قاعده باشد شکل فعل به صورت بی اساس و بی قاعده تغییر می کند.
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- مثال:
- We invited them to our party but they decided not to come.
- She passed her examination because she studied very hard.
- I came home at 6 o'clock.
- We walked to school every day.
- Charles entered the hall, looked around, took off his coat and put it on a chair.
- they weren't able to come because they were so busy.
- Nobody knew about end of his life.
- ما آنها را به مهمانی مان دعوت کردیم اما آنها تصمیم گرفتند که نیایند.
- او در امتحان قبول شد زیرا زیاد درس خوانده بود.
- من ساعت 6 به خانه آمدم.
- ما هر روز قدم زنان به مدرسه می رفتیم.
- چارلز وارد سالن شد، به اطراف نگاهی انداخت، کتش را در آورد و آنرا روی صندلی گذاشت.
- آنها نمی توانستند بیایند زیرا سرشان خیلی شلوغ بود.
- هیچکس راجع به سرنوشت او چیزی نمی دانست.
برخی افعال در انگلیسی بی قاعده هستند و برای تبدیل شدن به حالت گذشته فرمشان تغییر می کند.
- مثال:
to blow → blew
to bring → brought
to break → broke
to build → built
to burn → burned/burnt
to buy → bought
to catch → caught
to come → came
to cost → cost
to draw → drew
to dream → dreamed/dreamt
to drink → drank
to drive → drove
to eat → ate
to feel → felt
to find → found
to fly → flew
to forget → forgot
to get → got
to give → gave
to go → went
to grow → grew
to have → had
to hear → heard
to hide → hid
to hit → hit
to hold → held
to keep → kept
to know → knew
to learn → learned/learnt
to leave → left
to lend → lent
to let → let
to lose → lost
to make → made
to mean → meant
to meet → met
to pay → paid
to put → put
to read → read
to ride → rode
to run → ran
to say → said
to see → saw
to sell → sold
to send → sent
to set → set
to shine → shone
to show → showed (irregolare per il participle past diverso)
to shut → shut
to sing → sang
to sit → sat
to sleep → slept
to smell → smelled/smelt
to speak → spoke
to spend → spent
to steal → stole
to strike → struck
to swim → swam
to take → took
to teach → taught
to tell → told
to think → thought
to understand → understood
to wake → woke
to wear → wore
to win → won
to wind → wound
to write → wrote
برای سوالی کردن جملات گذشته از Did و برای منفی کردن از Didn't استفاده میکنیم. در جملات سوالی وقتی از did استفاده می کنیم فعل به حالت ساده نوشته می شود.
- مثال:
- Did you go out last night?.
- Did you have time to write the letter?.
- He didn't work for F.B.I.
- Your dog didn't bark loudly.
- آیا دیشب تو بیرون رفتی؟
- آیا تو وقت داشتی که نامه بنویسی؟
- او برای اف بی آی کار نمیکند.
- سگ شما با صدای بلند پارس نمی کرد.
منابع [ویرایش]
* English Grammar in Use 7th PRINTING 1998 by R.Murphy-2th edition-ISBN 0-521-43681-8
