اندازهگیری توده یا حجم جریان [ویرایش]
A pair of
ترازو: An instrument for measuring mass in a force field by balancing forces.
Linear momentum [ویرایش]
سرعت و چرخش سنجش زاویهای بر پایه زمان [ویرایش]
انرژی منتقل شده توسط کمیتهای مکانیکی، کار مکانیکی [ویرایش]
الکتریستی، مهندسی الکترونیک [ویرایش]
Considerations related to بار الکتریکی dominate الکتریسیته و الکترونیک. Electrical charges interact via a میدان الکترومغناطیسی. That field is called میدان الکتریکی if the charge doesn't move. If the charge moves, thus realizing an electric current, especially in an electrically neutral conductor, that field is called میدان مغناطیسی. Electricity can be given a quality — a پتانسیل الکتریکی. And electricity has a substance-like property, the electric charge. Energy (or power) in elementary electrodynamics is calculated by multiplying the potential by the amount of charge (or current) found at that potential: potential times charge (or current). (See الکترومغناطیس کلاسیک and its Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism)
An instrument for detecting net charges, the
الکتروسکوپ.
جریان الکتریکی [ویرایش]
ابزارهای ترکیبی [ویرایش]
- مولتیمتر, combines the functions of ammeter, voltmeter and ohmmeter as a minimum.
- السیآر متر, combines the functions of ohmeter, capacitance meter and inductance meter. Also called component bridge due to the bridge circuit method of measurement.
دما-related considerations dominate thermodynamics. There are two distinct thermal properties: A thermal potential — the temperature. For example: A glowing coal has a different thermal quality than a non-glowing one.
And a substance-like property, — the انتروپی; for example: One glowing coal won't heat a pot of water, but a hundred will.
Energy in thermodynamics is calculated by multipying the thermal potential by the amount of entropy found at that potential: temperature times entropy.
Entropy can be created by friction but not annihilated.
- A physical quantity introduced in شیمی; usually determined indirectly. If mass and substance type of the sample are known, then جرم اتمی- or وزن مولکولیes (taken from a جدول تناوبی (استاندارد), masses measured by طیفسنجی جرمی) give direct access to the value of the amount of substance. See also the article about جرم مولیes. If specific molar values are given, then the amount of substance of a given sample may be determined by measuring volume, mass or concentration. See also the subsection below about the measurement of the boiling point.
- طیفسنجی
- دماسنج گالیله
- دماسنج گاز قانون: رابطه بین دما و حجم و فشار گازها (قوانین گاز).
- Liquid crystal thermometer
- دماسنج مایع principle: relation between temperature and volume of a liquid (ضریب انبساط گرمایی).
- Pyranometer principle: solar radiation flux density relates to surface temperature (قانون استفان‐بولتزمن)
- Pyrometers principle: temperature dependence of spectral intensity of light (قانون پلانک), i.e. the color of the light relates to the temperature of its source, range: from about −50 °C to +4000 °C, note: measurement of پرتو (instead of رسانش گرمایی, or همرفت) means: no physical contact becomes necessary in temperature measurement (pyrometry). Also note: thermal space resolution (images) found in دمانگاری.
- Resistance thermometer principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of metals (platinum) (مقاومت الکتریکی), range: 10 to 1,000 kelvins, application in physics and industry
- solid thermometer principle: relation between temperature and length of a solid (ضریب انبساط گرمایی).
- ترمیستورs principle: relation between temperature and electrical resistance of ceramics or polymers, range: from about 0.01 to 2,000 kelvins (−273.14 to 1,700 °C)
- ترموکوپلs principle: relation between temperature and voltage of metal junctions (اثر ترموالکتریک), range: from about −200 °C to +1350 °C
- دماسنج
- ترموپیل is a set of connected ترموکوپلs
- نقطه سهگانه used for calibrating thermometers.
فنآوری تصویری [ویرایش]
همچنین ببینید اندازهگیری دما و رده:دماسنجها. و تکنولوژیهای مرتبط با تجزیه گرمایی روشها در مهندسی و علم مواد.
An active
کالریمتر lacking a temperature measurement device.
This includes thermal capacitance or temperature coefficient of energy, reaction energy, انتقال گرما... Calorimeters are called passive if gauged to measure emerging energy carried by entropy, for example from chemical reactions. Calorimeters are called active or heated if they heat the sample, or reformulated: if they are gauged to fill the sample with a defined amount of entropy.
برای موارد مشابه کالریمتر و کالریسنجی را مطالعه نمائید
انتروپی برای اندازهگیری انرژی و دما کاربرد دارد
This includes mostly instruments which measure macroscopic properties of matter: In the fields of فیزیک حالت جامد; in فیزیک ماده چگال which considers جامدs, مایعs and in-betweens exhibiting for example viscoelastic behavior. Furthermore مکانیک شارهها, where liquids, گازes, پلاسما (فیزیک) and in-betweens like supercritical fluids are studied.
This refers to particle density of fluids and compact(ed) solids like crystals, in contrast to چگالی بالک of grainy or porous solids.
شکل و سطح جامدها [ویرایش]
Measurement results (a) brittle (b) ductile with breaking point (c) ductile without breaking point.
- Tomograph, device and method for non-destructive analysis of multiple measurements done on a geometric object, for producing 2- or 3-dimensional images, representing the inner structure of that geometric object.
- تونل باد
در این بخش ابزارهایی که به صورت گسترده در زمینههای رده:علم مواد, مهندسی و علم مواد فهرست میگردند.
The electrochemical cell: A device for measuring substance potentials.
Such measurements also allow to access values of دوقطبی الکتریکی.
فاز (ماده) conversions like changes of فازهای ماده, واکنش شیمیاییs or واکنش هستهایs transmuting substances, from واکنشگر نابs to محصول (شیمی), or پخش (فیزیک) through membranes have an overall energy balance. Especially at constant pressure and constant temperature molar energy balances define the notion of a substance potential or chemical potential or molar انرژی آزاد گیبس, which gives the energetic information about whether the process is possible or not - in a closed system.
Energy balances that include entropy consist of two parts: A balance that accounts for the changed entropy content of the substances. And another one that accounts for the energy freed or taken by that reaction itself, the انرژی آزاد گیبس change. The sum of reaction energy and energy associated to the change of entropy content is also called آنتالپی. Often the whole enthalpy is carried by entropy and thus measurable calorimetrically.
For standard conditions in chemical reactions either molar entropy content and molar Gibbs energy with respect to some chosen zero point are tabulated. Or molar entropy content and molar enthalpy with respect to some chosen zero are tabulated. (See آنتالپی استاندارد تشکیل and Standard molar entropy)
The substance potential of a اکسایش و کاهش واکنش شیمیایی is usually determined الکتروشیمی current-free using باتری قابل شارژs.
Other values may be determined indirectly by calorimetry. Also by analyzing phase-diagrams.
مقاله طیفسنجی و فهرست روشهای آنالیز مواد.
صدا مقایسه امواج در ماده [ویرایش]
میکروفونها به صورت کلی دقتشان با انعکاس و متمرکزسازی در آینههای آکوسیتیکی، افزایش مییابد.
A device for unmixing sun-light: the
prism.
اندازهگیری نیروی کلی نور ساطع شده
Ionizing radiation includes rays of "particles" as well as rays of "waves". Especially پرتو ایکسs and پرتو گاماs transfer enough energy in non-thermal, (single) collision processes to separate electron(s) from an atom.
A cloud chamber detecting alpha-rays.
Identification and content [ویرایش]
This could include مواد شیمیاییs, rays of any kind, ذرات بنیادیs, quasiparticles. Many measurement devices outside this section may be used or at least become part of an identification process. For identification and content concerning chemical substances see also شیمی تجزیه especially its List of chemical analysis methods and the فهرست روشهای آنالیز مواد.
A measure of the perceived power of light, luminous flux is adjusted to reflect the چشم انسان of the چشم انسان to different wavelengths of light.
دما (دما و حس) [ویرایش]
موارد مرتبط با خون در آزمایش خون فهرست شدهاند.
A spirometer, inhaling into pipe a fills volume b, the rest balances forces.
برای موارد بیشتر رده:ابزارها و تجهیزات هواشناسی را مطالعه نمائید.
برای موارد بیشتر رده:تجهیزات هدایتگر و رده:ناوبری. برای موارد بیشتر رده:تجهیزات تحقیق.
در ابزارهای نظامی تعدادی از ابزارها مانند تلسکوپ و ابزارهای ناوبری دریایی سدههای متوالی مورد استفاده بودهاست استفاده از ابزارها با پیشرفت تکنولوژی از سده ۱۹ تا به امروز رواج بیشتری نسبت به گذشته داشتهاست. ابزارهای نظامی در این مقاله در دستهبندیهای موقعیتیابی، نجومی، نورسنجی، تصویرنگاری و تشخیص مسیر حرکت اجسام و وسایل متحرک قرار گرفتهاند. مشخصه ویژه آنها دارا بودن سرعت، کاربردپذیری، قابل اعتماد بودن و دقت است.
ابزارهای دستهبندی نشده [ویرایش]
ابزارهای تخیلی [ویرایش]
- Tricorder, a multipurpose scanning device, originating from the science-fictional پیشتازان فضا series.
- Sonic Screwdriver, a multifunctional device used occasionally for scanning, originating from the science-fictional دکتر هو series.
جستارهای وابسته [ویرایش]