آبله مرغان

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آبله مرغان کودکی مبتلا به آبله مرغان آی‌سی‌دی-۱۰ B01 آی‌سی‌دی-۹ 052 دادگان بیماری‌ها 29118 مدلاین پلاس 001592 ای‌مدیسین ped/2385 سمپ C02.256.466.175 آبله مُرغان (به انگلیسی: Chickenpox)‏، از بیماری‌های خفیف و بسیار واگیردار است. این بیماری که در کودکان شایع‌تر است، توسط ویروس هرپس زوستر ایجاد می‌شود. نشانه‌ها نشانه‌های زیر بیشتر در کودکان، خفیف بوده اما در بزرگسالان، شدید هستند: خارش سطحی پس از یک روز تب درد شکمی یا احساس ناخوشی همگانی که ۲-۱ روز به درازا می‌کشد. بثورات پوستی که کم و بیش در هر جای بدن می‌تواند پدید آید مانند روی پوست سر، آلت تناسلی، داخل دهان، بینی، گلو، یا مهبل. تاول‌ها ممکن است در نواحی بسیار گسترده‌ای از پوست گسترده شده باشند اما در دست و پا کمتر ظاهر می‌شوند. تاول‌ها در ۲۴ ساعت می‌ترکند و در محل آنها دلمه پایه ریزی می‌شود. هر ۴-۳ روز مجموعه‌هایی از تاولهای جدید به وجود می‌آیند. بثورات ابتدا روی تنه، سپس سر و صورت و با شیوع کمتری روی دست و پا ظاهر می‌شوند . بثورات ابتدا پاپولند وسپس به وزیکول و پوستول و در نهایت به پوسته تبدیل می‌شوند . پاپول‌ها و وزیکول‌ها در زمینه‌ای اریتماتوز قرار دارند . از خصوصیات بثورات آبله مرغان، ظهور سریع آن‌ها و نیز وجود همزمان پاپول، وزیکول و پوسته در یک زمان می‌باشد . خارش بطور تقریبی در همه بیماران وجود دارد . وزیکول می‌تواند در تمامی قسمت‌های مخاطی وجود داشته باشد . در بزرگسالان یک سری نشانه همانند آنفلوآنزا نیز وجود دارد. دلیل بیماری حمله آغازین آبله (smallpox) دربرابر آبله مرغان (chickenpox): حمله به بالاتنه ویژگی آبله مرغان است. دلیل بیماری عفونت با ویروس هرپس زوستر است. بیشترین شیوع آن در سن ۵ تا ۱۰ سالگی است. این ویروس از راه قطره‌های ریز در هوا یا تماس با ضایعات پوستی، از فرد بیمار انتقال می‌یابد. بیماری فوق العاده مسری است و انتقال ان بیشتر از راه قطرات تنفسی و هوا صورت می‌گیرد. ویروس در وزیکول‌ها هم وجود دارد و بنابراین بیماری از ۲۴ ساعت قبل از پیدایش بثورات تا وقتی که ضایعات دلمه ببندد، مسری خواهد بود (بین ۷ تا ۸روز) . بیماری بیشتر اوقات در زمستان و بهار دیده می‌شود. تا وقتی که تمام وزیکول‌ها تبدیل به دلمه نشوند کودک نباید به مدرسه برود . مبتلایان به آبله مرغان که بستری می‌شوند باید در اتاقی ایزوله شوند تا از انتقال هوایی ویروس جلوگیری شود. دوره نهفتگی بیماری، ۲۱-۷ روز است. اگر مادر یک نوزاد پیشتر یا در حین بارداری آبله مرغان گرفته باشد، کودک وی تا چندین ماه در برابر آبله مرغان ایمنی دارد اما این ایمنی در ۱۲-۴ ماه پس از زایش کاهش پیدا می‌کند. عوامل افزایش دهنده خطر بکارگیری داروهای سرکوب کننده دستگاه ایمنی بدن و همچنین بیمارانی که از ضعف سیستم ایمنی رنج می‌برند، از عوامل افزایش دهنده خطر هستند. پیشگیری در ابتدای سالهای ۱۹۷۰ در کشور ژاپن واکسنی به نام Varivax تولید شد که به طور مرتب از سال ۱۹۸۶ در ژاپن و از سال ۱۹۹۵ در آمریکا استفاده می‌شود که نتایج آن، مثبت بوده است. پس از استفاده انبوه این واکسن در این دو کشور شیوع بیماری آبله مرغان، چه در افراد واکسینه و چه در افرادی که واکسن را دریافت نکرده اند، به طور چشمگیری کاهش یافت. پیامدهای مورد انتظار بهبود خود به خودی: کودکان در ۱۰-۷ روز بهبود می‌یابند اما در بزرگسالان، این مدت بیشتر است و احتمال بروز عوارض در آن‌ها بیشتر است. پس از بهبودی، فرد برای تمام زندگی در برابر آبله مرغان ایمنی دارد. گاهی پس از طی شدن سیر بیماری آبله مرغان، ویروس در بدن به حالت خفته باقی می‌ماند(بطور مثال در ریشه اعصاب نزدیک نخاع). این ویروس خفته ممکن است سال‌ها بعد دوباره بیدار شده و بیماری زونا را ایجاد کند. عوارض احتمالی پشت یک پسر ۱۶ ساله مبتلا به آبله مرغان عفونت باکتریایی ثانویه برروی تاول‌های آبله مرغان :شایعترین عارضه آبله مرغان، عفونت‌های ثانویه جلدی است. عفونت ویروسی چشم به ندرت آنسفالیت (التهاب یا عفونت مغز) احتمال بروز زونا سال‌ها پس از دوران بزرگسالی به ندرت باقی‌ماندن جای تاول و ممکن است تاول عفونی شود میوکاردیت (التهاب عضله قلب) آرتریت (التهاب مفصل) بطور گذرا سینه پهلو (پنومونی) نشانگان رای (به انگلیسی: Reye syndrome)‏ در صورت مصرف آسپیرین وجود دارد پریکاردیت، هپاتیت، گلومرولونفریت، اورکیت، زخم معده و عوارض نورولوژیک(عصبی) از عوارض دیگر بیماری هستند. سربلیت یا همان التهاب مخچه به واسطه واکنش های ایمونولوژیک، یکی از عوارض نادر آبله مرغان است که بیمار دچار آتاکسی (اختلال در راه رفتن) می شود. آبله مرغان می‌تواند از مادر باردار به جنین سرایت کند و سبب وزن کم در هنگام تولد، آتروفی (زوال) کورتکس مغز، حملات تشنجی، عقب افتادگی ذهنی، آب مروارید و میکروسفالی شود. ابتلای مادر در 16 هفته اول بارداری به آبله مرغان با توجه به احتمال انتقال به جنین و عوارض آن نیازمند به درمان با VZIg (ایمونوگلوبولین ضد VZV) دارد. متأسفانه در حال حاضر، این دارو در ایران در دسترس نیست. درمان در اکثر موارد نیاز به درمان ضد ویروسی نیست و فقط درمان حمایتی انجام می شود که شامل تجویز آنتی هیستامین برای کاهش خارش یا تجویز استامینوفن برای کنترل تب می شود. بر اساس آخرین ویرایش کتاب طب کودکان نلسون، دو گروه سنی زیر یکسال و بالای 13 سال، افرادی که به هر دلیل در حال استفاده از استروئید (برای مثال پردنیزولون) و همچنین افرادی که درحال مصرف آسپرین می باشند، نیاز به درمان ضدویروس (آسیکلوویر) دارند. پانویس منابع بر پایه داده‌هایی در پایگاه فراگیر اطلاع‌رسانی پزشکان ایران در ویکی‌انبار پرونده‌هایی دربارهٔ آبله مرغان موجود است.

For other uses, see Chickenpox (disambiguation). "Varicella" redirects here. For other uses, see Varicella (disambiguation). For the virus that causes Chickenpox, see Varicella zoster virus. Not to be confused with Fowlpox. Chickenpox Classification and external resources Male with varicella disease ICD-10 B01 ICD-9 052 DiseasesDB 29118 MedlinePlus 001592 eMedicine ped/2385 derm/74, emerg/367 MeSH C02.256.466.175 Chickenpox (or chicken pox) is a highly contagious disease caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). It usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery and becomes itchy, raw pockmarks, which mostly heal without scarring. On examination, the observer typically finds skin lesions at various stages of healing and also ulcers in the oral cavity & tonsil areas. Chickenpox is an airborne disease which spreads easily through coughing or sneezing of ill individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the rash. A person with chickenpox is infectious one to two days before the rash appears. They remain contagious until all lesions have crusted over (this takes approximately six days). Immunocompromised patients are contagious during the entire period as new lesions keep appearing. Crusted lesions are not contagious. Chickenpox has been observed in other primates, including chimpanzees and gorillas. There are several theories regarding the origin of the term chicken pox. It is often stated to be a modification of chickpeas (based on resemblance of the vesicles to chickpeas), or due to the rash resembling chicken pecks. Other theories include the designation chicken for a child (i.e., literally 'child pox') or a corruption of itching-pox. Samuel Johnson explained the designation as "from its being of no very great danger." Signs and symptoms The early (prodromal) symptoms in adolescents and adults are nausea, loss of appetite, aching muscles, and headache. This is followed by the characteristic rash and/or oral sores, malaise, and a low-grade fever that signal the presence of the disease. Oral manifestations of the disease (enanthem) not uncommonly may precede the external rash (exanthem). In children the illness is not usually preceded by prodromal symptoms, and the first sign is the rash or the spots in the oral cavity. The rash begins as small red dots on the face, scalp, torso and upper arms and legs; progressing over 10–12 hours to small bumps, blisters and pustules; followed by umbilication and the formation of scabs. At the blister stage, intense itching is usually present. Blisters may also occur on the palms, soles, and genital area. Commonly, visible evidence of the disease develops in the oral cavity & tonsil areas in the form of small ulcers which can be painful or itchy or both; this enanthem (internal rash) can precede the exanthem (external rash) by 1 to 3 days or can be concurrent. These symptoms of chickenpox appear 10 to 21 days after exposure to a contagious person. Adults may have a more widespread rash and longer fever, and they are more likely to experience complications, such as varicella pneumonia. Because watery nasal discharge containing live virus usually precedes both exanthem (external rash) and enanthem (oral ulcers) by 1 to 2 days, the infected person actually becomes contagious one to two days prior to recognition of the disease. Contagiousness persists until all vesicular lesions have become dry crusts (scabs), which usually entails four or five days, by which time nasal shedding of live virus also ceases. Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more severe in adult males than in adult females or children. Non-immune pregnant women and those with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious complications. Chickenpox is believed to be the cause of one third of stroke cases in children. The most common late complication of chickenpox is shingles (herpes zoster), caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus decades after the initial episode of chickenpox. Diagnosis The diagnosis of varicella is primarily clinical, with typical early "prodromal" symptoms, and then the characteristic rash and oral-cavity sores. Confirmation of the diagnosis can be sought through either examination of the fluid within the vesicles of the rash, or by testing blood for evidence of an acute immunologic response. Vesicular fluid can be examined with a Tzanck smear, or better by testing for direct fluorescent antibody. The fluid can also be "cultured", whereby attempts are made to grow the virus from a fluid sample. Blood tests can be used to identify a response to acute infection (IgM) or previous infection and subsequent immunity (IgG). Prenatal diagnosis of fetal varicella infection can be performed using ultrasound, though a delay of 5 weeks following primary maternal infection is advised. A PCR (DNA) test of the mother's amniotic fluid can also be performed, though the risk of spontaneous abortion due to the amniocentesis procedure is higher than the risk of the baby developing fetal varicella syndrome. Epidemiology Primary varicella is a disease that is endemic to all countries worldwide. Varicella has a prevalence that is stable from generation to generation. In temperate countries, chickenpox is primarily a disease of children, with most cases occurring during the winter and spring, most likely due to school contact. It is one of the classic diseases of childhood, with the highest prevalence in the 4–10 year old age group. Like rubella, it is uncommon in preschool children. Varicella is highly communicable, with an infection rate of 90% in close contacts. In temperate countries, most people become infected before adulthood, and 10% of young adults remain susceptible. In the tropics, chickenpox often occurs in older people and may cause more serious disease. In adults the pock marks are darker and the scars more prominent than in children. Pathophysiology Main article: Varicella zoster virus A single blister, typical during the early stages of the rash The back of a 30-year-old male, on day 5 of the rash Exposure to VZV in a healthy child initiates the production of host immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies; IgG antibodies persist for life and confer immunity. Cell-mediated immune responses are also important in limiting the scope and the duration of primary varicella infection. After primary infection, VZV is hypothesized to spread from mucosal and epidermal lesions to local sensory nerves. VZV then remains latent in the dorsal ganglion cells of the sensory nerves. Reactivation of VZV results in the clinically distinct syndrome of herpes zoster (i.e., shingles), postherpetic neuralgia, and sometimes Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II. Infection in pregnancy and neonates During pregnancy the dangers to the fetus associated with a primary VZV infection are greater in the first six months. In the third trimester, the mother is more likely to suffer from the adverse effects of the infection. For pregnant women, antibodies produced as a result of immunization or previous infection are transferred via the placenta to the fetus. Women who are immune to chickenpox cannot become infected and do not need to be concerned about it for themselves or their infant during pregnancy. Varicella infection in pregnant women could lead to viral transmission via the placenta and infection of the fetus. If infection occurs during the first 28 weeks of gestation, this can lead to fetal varicella syndrome (also known as congenital varicella syndrome). Effects on the fetus can range in severity from underdeveloped toes and fingers to severe anal and bladder malformation. Possible problems include: Damage to brain: encephalitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, aplasia of brain Damage to the eye: optic stalk, optic cup, and lens vesicles, microphthalmia, cataracts, chorioretinitis, optic atrophy Other neurological disorder: damage to cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord, motor/sensory deficits, absent deep tendon reflexes, anisocoria/Horner's syndrome Damage to body: hypoplasia of upper/lower extremities, anal and bladder sphincter dysfunction Skin disorders: (cicatricial) skin lesions, hypopigmentation Infection late in gestation or immediately following birth is referred to as "neonatal varicella". Maternal infection is associated with premature delivery. The risk of the baby developing the disease is greatest following exposure to infection in the period 7 days prior to delivery and up to 7 days following the birth. The baby may also be exposed to the virus via infectious siblings or other contacts, but this is of less concern if the mother is immune. Newborns who develop symptoms are at a high risk of pneumonia and other serious complications of the disease. Shingles Main article: Herpes zoster After a chickenpox infection, the virus remains dormant in the body's nerve tissues. The immune system keeps the virus at bay, but later in life, usually as an adult, it can be reactivated and cause a different form of the viral infection called shingles (scientifically known as herpes zoster). The United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) suggests that any adult over the age of 60 years gets the herpes zoster vaccine as a part of their normal medical check ups. Many adults who have had chickenpox as children are susceptible to shingles as adults, often with the accompanying condition postherpetic neuralgia, a painful condition that makes it difficult to sleep. Even after the shingles rash has gone away, there can be night pain in the area affected by the rash. Shingles affects one in five adults infected with chickenpox as children, especially those who are immune suppressed, particularly from cancer, HIV, or other conditions. However, stress can bring on shingles as well, although scientists are still researching the connection. Shingles are most commonly found in adults over the age of 60 who were diagnosed with chickenpox when they were under the age of 1. When the immune system is very low in some cases the virus that was in your system when you were young can come back in the form of shingles A shingles vaccine is available for adults over 50 who have had childhood chickenpox or who have previously had shingles. The vaccine for shingles lessens the impact of shingles and its side effects. Prevention Hygiene measures The spread of chickenpox can be prevented by isolating affected individuals. Contagion is by exposure to respiratory droplets, or direct contact with lesions, within a period lasting from three days prior to the onset of the rash, to four days after the onset of the rash. The chickenpox virus (VZV) is susceptible to disinfectants, notably chlorine bleach (i.e., sodium hypochlorite). Also, like all enveloped viruses, VZV is sensitive to desiccation, heat and detergents. Therefore these viruses are relatively easy to kill in the environment.[citation needed] Vaccine Main article: Varicella vaccine A varicella vaccine was first developed by Michiaki Takahashi in 1974 derived from the Oka strain. It has been available in the US since 1995 to inoculate against the disease. Some countries require the varicella vaccination or an exemption before entering elementary school. Protection from one dose is not lifelong and a second dose is necessary five years after the initial immunization, which is currently part of the routine immunization schedule in the US. The chickenpox vaccine is not part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule in the UK. In the UK, the vaccine is currently only offered to people who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox. A vaccinated person is likely to have a milder case of chickenpox if infected. Treatment Varicella treatment mainly consists of easing the symptoms as there is no actual cure of the condition. Some treatments are however available for relieving the symptoms while the immune system suppresses the virus in the body. As a protective measure, patients are usually required to stay at home while they are infectious to avoid spreading the disease to others. Also, sufferers are frequently asked to cut their nails short or to wear gloves to prevent scratching and to minimize the risk of secondary infections. The condition resolves by itself within a couple of weeks but meanwhile patients must pay attention to their personal hygiene. The rash caused by varicella zoster virus may however last for up to one month, although the infectious stage does not take longer than a week or two. Although there have been no formal clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of topical application of calamine lotion, a topical barrier preparation containing zinc oxide and one of the most commonly used interventions, it has an excellent safety profile. It is important to maintain good hygiene and daily cleaning of skin with warm water to avoid secondary bacterial infection. Scratching may also increase the risk of secondary infection. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) but not aspirin may be used to reduce fever. Aspirin use by someone with chickenpox may cause the serious, sometimes fatal disease of the liver and brain, Reye syndrome. People at risk of developing severe complications who have had significant exposure to the virus may be given intra-muscular varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG), a preparation containing high titres of antibodies to varicella zoster virus, to ward off the disease. Children If oral acyclovir is started within 24 hours of rash onset it decreases symptoms by one day but has no effect on complication rates. Use of acyclovir therefore is not currently recommended for immunocompetent individuals (i.e., otherwise healthy persons without known immunodeficiency or on immunosuppressive medication). Children younger than 12 years old and older than one month are not meant to receive antiviral medication if they are not suffering from another medical condition which would put them at risk of developing complications. Treatment of chickenpox in children is aimed at symptoms while the immune system deals with the virus. With children younger than 12 years cutting nails and keeping them clean is an important part of treatment as they are more likely to scratch their blisters more deeply than adults. Aspirin is highly contraindicated in children younger than 16 years as it has been related with a potentially fatal condition known as Reye's syndrome. Some parents believe that it is better for children to contract chickenpox than to get the vaccine, and deliberately expose their children to the virus, sometimes by taking them to "chickenpox parties." Some doctors counter that children are safer getting the vaccine, which is a weakened form of the virus, than getting the disease, which can be fatal. Adults Infection in otherwise healthy adults tends to be more severe. Treatment with antiviral drugs (e.g. acyclovir or valacyclovir) is generally advised, as long as it is started within 24–48 hours from rash onset. Remedies to ease the symptoms of chickenpox in adults are basically the same as those used on children. Adults are more often prescribed antiviral medication as it is effective in reducing the severity of the condition and the likelihood of developing complications. Antiviral medicines do not kill the virus, but stop it from multiplying. Adults are also advised to increase water intake to reduce dehydration and to relieve headaches. Painkillers such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) are also recommended as they are effective in relieving itching and other symptoms such as fever or pains. Antihistamines relieve itches and may be used in cases where the itches prevents sleep, because they are also sedative. As with children, antiviral medication is considered more useful for those adults who are more prone to develop complications. These include pregnant women or people who have a weakened immune system. Sorivudine, a nucleoside analogue has been reported to be effective in the treatment of primary varicella in healthy adults (case reports only), but large-scale clinical trials are still needed to demonstrate its efficacy. After recovering from chickenpox, it is recommended adults take one injection of VZV immune globulin and one injection of varicella vaccine or herpes zoster vaccine.[citation needed] Prognosis The duration of the visible blistering caused by varicella zoster virus varies in children usually from 4 to 7 days, and the appearance of new blisters begins to subside after the 5th day. Chickenpox infection is milder in young children, and symptomatic treatment, with sodium bicarbonate baths or antihistamine medication may ease itching, it is recommended to keep new infants from birth till 6 months of age away from an infected person for 10 to 21 days as their immune systems are not developed enough to handle the stress it can bring on. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is widely used to reduce fever. Aspirin, or products containing aspirin, should not be given to children with chickenpox as it can cause Reye's Syndrome. In adults, the disease is more severe, though the incidence is much less common. Infection in adults is associated with greater morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia, hepatitis, and encephalitis. In particular, up to 10% of pregnant women with chickenpox develop pneumonia, the severity of which increases with onset later in gestation. In England and Wales, 75% of deaths due to chickenpox are in adults. Inflammation of the brain, or encephalitis, can occur in immunocompromised individuals, although the risk is higher with herpes zoster. Necrotizing fasciitis is also a rare complication. Varicella can be lethal to adults with impaired immunity. The number of people in this high-risk group has increased, due to the HIV epidemic and the increased use of immunosuppressive therapies. Varicella is a particular problem in hospitals, especially when there are patients with immune systems weakened by drugs (e.g., high-dose steroids) or HIV. Secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions, manifesting as impetigo, cellulitis, and erysipelas, is the most common complication in healthy children. Disseminated primary varicella infection usually seen in the immunocompromised may have high morbidity. Ninety percent of cases of varicella pneumonia occur in the adult population. Rarer complications of disseminated chickenpox also include myocarditis, hepatitis, and glomerulonephritis. Hemorrhagic complications are more common in the immunocompromised or immunosuppressed populations, although healthy children and adults have been affected. Five major clinical syndromes have been described: febrile purpura, malignant chickenpox with purpura, postinfectious purpura, purpura fulminans, and anaphylactoid purpura. These syndromes have variable courses, with febrile purpura being the most benign of the syndromes and having an uncomplicated outcome. In contrast, malignant chickenpox with purpura is a grave clinical condition that has a mortality rate of greater than 70%. The etiology of these hemorrhagic chickenpox syndromes is not known. See also List of cutaneous conditions Pox party References External links Chickenpox at the Open Directory Project "Chicken pox care map". Map of Medicine. London, UK: Map of Medicine Limited. (registration required) "Prevention of Varicella: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). July 12, 1996. Retrieved 18 May 2013.  "Management of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) Infections". Federal Bureau of Prisons: Clinical Practice Guideline. December 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2013.  John W. Gnann Jr. (2007). Chapter 65 Antiviral therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections. PMID 21348091.  Sarah McSweeney-Ryan; Megan Sandel. "The Health Care of Homeless Persons - Part I - Varicella (Chickenpox". Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved 18 May 2013.